{"id":693,"date":"2025-10-04T19:25:22","date_gmt":"2025-10-04T11:25:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=693"},"modified":"2025-10-04T19:25:22","modified_gmt":"2025-10-04T11:25:22","slug":"%e4%b8%9c%e6%96%b9%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e6%a6%82%e8%a6%81%e5%9c%b0%e5%9b%be%e9%9b%86-an-outline-atlas-of-eastern-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=693","title":{"rendered":"\u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u8981\u5730\u56fe\u96c6 An Outline Atlas of Eastern History"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0040 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u8981\u5730\u56fe\u96c6<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tAn
\nOutline Atlas of Eastern History<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tR. R. SELLMAN<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u8981\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b\uff08<\/span>An Outline Atlas of Eastern History<\/span>\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u4e8e <\/span>1954 <\/span><\/strong>\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span>\u8be5\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u9ad8\u5e74\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e <\/span>\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u4e0e <\/span>\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a<\/span><\/strong> \u6709\u5173\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\u7684\u5730\u56fe\uff08\u4ece\u65e9\u671f\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5230 <\/span><\/span>20 <\/span><\/strong>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f<\/span><\/strong> \u7684\u6b27\u4e9a\u5927\u9646\uff09\u6765\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u9644\u6709\u7b80\u77ed\u7684 <\/span>\u6ce8\u91ca\u548c\u89e3\u91ca<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u56fe\u548c\u6587\u5b57\u8bf4\u660e\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684 <\/span>\u5730\u7406\u7279\u5f81<\/span><\/strong>\u3001\u5404\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8870\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982 <\/span>\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u6269\u5f20<\/span><\/strong> \u7b49\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u8981\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b\uff08<\/span>AN OUTLINE ATLAS
\nOF EASTERN HISTORY<\/span>\uff09\u7531<\/span> R. R. SELLMAN <\/span>\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u79d1\u514b\u6bd4\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span>Malayan College, Kirkby<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb2\u5e08\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u4e8e <\/span>1954<\/span><\/b>\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u9ad8\u5e74\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6982\u8981\u6027\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u53c2\u8003\u4e86\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u6765\u53d6\u4ee3\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u672c<\/span>\u5730\u56fe\u96c6<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5730\u56fe\u90fd\u9644\u6709\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u6216\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u9644\u6ce8\u3002\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u5730\u56fe\u65f6\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u9075\u5faa\u4e86\u6807\u51c6\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6743\u5a01\u5b66\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u4e86 <\/span>Professor Coed\u00e8s<\/span><\/b> \u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u66f4\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u8003\u8651\u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u8fd8\u6536\u5f55\u4e86\u6b27\u4e9a\u5927\u9646\u7684\u5730\u56fe\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5185\u5bb9\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u4e3b\u9898\u8986\u76d6<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8be5\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u901a\u8fc7 53 \u5e45\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u4ece\u5730\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u5230 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u5730\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u6587\u660e<\/span> (Early Foundations)<\/span><\/b> \u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u9996\u5148\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5982\u5c71\u8109\u5c4f\u969c\u3001\u5fb7\u5e72\u9ad8\u539f\u3001\u5b63\u98ce\u5bf9\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff09 \u548c<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5982\u5317\u90e8\u8fb9\u5883\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u5357\u65b9\u9ad8\u5730\u3001\u5e73\u539f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6587\u660e\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff09<\/span> [2, 9, Map 3]<\/span>\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u519b\u961f\u548c\u79fb\u6c11\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5c71\u53e3\u8fdb\u5165\u3002\u5fb7\u5e72\u9ad8\u539f\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u901a\u5e38\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5bf9\u6052\u6cb3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5317\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u5bf9\u5165\u4fb5\u8005\u5f00\u653e\u3002
    \n \u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u62ec\u65e9\u671f\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u65e9\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd [2, Maps 2, 4]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5165\u4fb5 [2, Map 5]\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e0e\u53e4\u5178\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span> (Ancient and Classical Empires)<\/span><\/b> \u4e66\u8bc4\u8ff0\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5982<\/span>\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Mauryan Empire<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u5e1d\u56fd\u59cb\u4e8e\u6469\u63ed\u9640\u5bf9\u6052\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u9738\u6743\u7684\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5176\u7586\u57df\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u897f\u5317\u95e8\u6237\u548c\u5fb7\u5e72\u5730\u533a<\/span> [12, Map 6]<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5e45\u5458\u8fbd\u9614\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u3002 \u4e66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86<\/span>\u6c49\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><\/b> [2, Map 7] <\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u7b08\u591a\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Gupta Empire<\/span>\uff09<\/span> [3, Map 10]<\/span>\u3002\u7b08\u591a\u738b\u671d\u7684\u6269\u5f20\uff08\u5982\u6c99\u59c6\u5fb7\u62c9\u7b08\u591a\u548c\u65c3\u9640\u7f57\u7b08\u591a\u4e8c\u4e16\u7684\u5f81\u670d\uff09\u5c06\u6052\u6cb3\u5e73\u539f\u7eb3\u5165\u7248\u56fe\uff0c\u5e76\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e0e\u5b54\u574e\u6e2f\u53e3\uff08Konkan ports\uff09\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u533a\u57df\u4e92\u52a8\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u4f20\u64ad<\/span> (Regional Interaction and Diffusion)<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u4e66\u5173\u6ce8\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5916\u754c\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5927\u7ea6\u516c\u5143<\/span> 150 <\/span>\u5e74\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u7a0b\u5ea6<\/span> [3, Map 9]<\/span>\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u56e0\u76f4\u822a\u9a6c\u62c9\u5df4\u5c14\u822a\u7ebf\u7684\u5f00\u901a\u800c\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u6c34\u624b\u6240\u719f\u77e5\u3002 \u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u4e5f\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5b\u6559\u671d\u5723\u8def\u7ebf<\/span><\/b>\u6765\u53cd\u6620\u6587\u5316\u4ea4\u6d41 [3, Map 14]\u3002\u7384\u5958\u3001\u6cd5\u663e\u548c\u4e49\u51c0\u7b49\u671d\u5723\u8005\u8fdc\u884c\u81f3\u5317\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u548c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f53\u4ee3\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u624b\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u722a\u54c7\u548c\u5ba4\u5229\u4f5b\u901d\uff08Srivijaya\uff09\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6cd5\u663e\u548c\u4e49\u51c0\u91c7\u7528\u6d77\u8def\u65c5\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u5f53\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u5b9a\u671f\u7684\u6d77\u4e0a\u8d38\u6613\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  4. \n\t\t\u4e2d\u53e4\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8f6c\u79fb<\/span> (Medieval Power Shifts)<\/span><\/b> \u4e66\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a<\/span><\/b>\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u7406\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u6e17\u900f\u5bf9\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6d77\u5ce1\u4e2d\u7684\u6d77\u76d7\u6d3b\u52a8\u627c\u6740\u4e86\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u9646\u8def\u548c\u5730\u5ce1\u8def\u7ebf\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5316\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span>\u6276\u5357<\/span><\/b>\uff08Funan\uff09\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807 [17, Map 12]\u3002\u6276\u5357\u8870\u843d\u540e\uff0c<\/span>\u771f\u814a<\/span><\/b>\uff08Chenla\uff09\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002 \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684<\/span>\u5510\u671d\u8870\u843d<\/span><\/b>\uff08Decline of the Tang\uff09\u671f\u95f4 [3, Map 16]\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5317\u5883\u571f\u8033\u5176\u52bf\u529b\u88ab\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u4f46\u6765\u81ea\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u5410\u8543\u548c\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u5357\u8bcf\uff08Nan-Chao\uff09\u7ed9\u5510\u671d\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5916\u90e8\u538b\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u5b89\u7984\u5c71\u4e4b\u4e71\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u540e\u5730\u65b9\u85e9\u9547\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u65e7\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5411\u5357\u65b9\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002
    \n \u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\uff0c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684<\/span>\u4e09\u4f5b\u9f50<\/span><\/b>\uff08Srivijaya\uff09\u6d77\u6d0b\u5e1d\u56fd\u5d1b\u8d77 [21, 23, Map 17, 19]\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u9a6c\u516d\u7532\u548c\u5dfd\u4ed6\u6d77\u5ce1\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\u957f\u8fbe\u4e94\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e09\u4f5b\u9f50\u7684\u6d77\u519b\u529b\u91cf\u5728 11 \u4e16\u7eaa\u88ab<\/span>\u6ce8\u8f87<\/span><\/b>\uff08Cholas\uff09\u6682\u65f6\u52a8\u6447\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8d38\u6613\u7e41\u8363\u4f9d\u65e7\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  5. \n\t\t\u5f81\u670d\u4e0e\u5206\u88c2<\/span> (Conquests and Divisions)<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u4e66\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86<\/span>\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u5f81\u670d<\/span><\/b> [4, Map 20]<\/span>\u3002\u5317\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u54c8\u5c14\u6c99\u5e1d\u56fd\u5d29\u6e83\u540e\u5206\u88c2\u6210\u8bb8\u591a\u62c9\u5176\u666e\u7279\u5c0f\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u4f3d\u8272\u5c3c\u7684\u9a6c\u54c8\u8302\u5fb7\u7684\u52ab\u63a0\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u52bf\u529b\u6700\u7ec8\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5e73\u539f\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5728\u5357\u65b9\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u9a6c\u5229\u514b\u00b7\u5361\u5bcc\u5c14\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u4f7f\u5357\u65b9\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5c48\u670d\uff0c\u4f46\u5174\u90fd\u6559\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u4ee5<\/span>\u7ef4\u67e5\u8036\u7eb3\u52a0\u5c14<\/span><\/b>\uff08Vijayanagar\uff09\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff081336\u5e74\uff09\u91cd\u65b0\u786e\u7acb\u3002 \u4e2d\u56fd\u7684<\/span>\u5b8b\u671d\u4e0e\u91d1\u671d<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Sung and Kin<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5bf9\u5cd9\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u4e3b\u9898<\/span> [4, Map 21]<\/span>\u3002\u5b8b\u671d\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f46\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u4e0d\u5f3a\u3002\u5973\u771f\u5728\u5f81\u670d\u8fbd\u56fd\u540e\u8fc5\u901f\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u5317\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5357\u5317\u5206\u88c2\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u8499\u53e4\u5f81\u670d\u3002\u5317\u65b9\u9646\u8def\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\u5173\u95ed\u540e\uff0c\u5357\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u6d77\u4e0a\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u74f7\u5668\u8d38\u6613\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  6. \n\t\t\u8499\u53e4\u4e0e\u5927\u822a\u6d77\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span> (Mongols and The Age of Discovery)<\/span><\/b> \u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86<\/span>\u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><\/b>\u5728\u516c\u5143<\/span> 1290 <\/span>\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u6269\u5f20<\/span> [4, Map 23]<\/span>\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6d77\u5728\u5730\u7406\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u51fa\u73b0\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u722a\u54c7\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u662f\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\u3002
    \n \u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u722a\u54c7\u52bf\u529b\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5982<\/span>\u6ee1\u8005\u4f2f\u5937\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><\/b>\uff08Majapahit\uff09 [4, Map 25]\u3002 \u672c\u4e66\u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86<\/span>\u660e\u671d<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd [4, Map 29] \u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u660e\u671d\u6d77\u519b\u5c06\u9886\u7684\u822a\u6d77<\/span><\/b> [4, Map 30]\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  7. \n\t\t\u897f\u65b9\u6269\u5f20\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e9a\u6d32<\/span> (Western Expansion and Modern Asia)<\/span><\/b> \u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86<\/span>\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><\/b> [5, Map 33]<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5728\u4e1c\u65b9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<\/span>\u9a6c\u516d\u7532<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u52bf\u529b<\/span> [5, Map 35]<\/span>\u3002\u968f\u540e\u662f<\/span>\u8377\u5170\u5728\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u52bf\u529b<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77 [5, Map 37]\u3002 \u5173\u4e8e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u8be6\u7ec6\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\uff081800-1914\u5e74\u6b27\u4e9a\u5927\u9646\uff09 [5, Map 42]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u7f05\u7538 [5, 6, Maps 43-45]\u3001<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5f00\u653e<\/span><\/b>\uff081842-1914\u5e74\uff09 [6, Map 46]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca 1937-1942 \u5e74<\/span>\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u6269\u5f20<\/span><\/b> [6, Map 53]\u3002\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u6700\u7ec8\u5c55\u793a\u4e86<\/span>20 <\/span><\/b>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u6b27\u4e9a\u5927\u9646<\/span><\/b>\u6982\u51b5 [6, Map 51]\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u8981\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u6db5\u76d6\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u60a0\u4e45\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5730\u7406\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\uff0c\u4ece\u65e9\u671f\u5730\u7406\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u548c\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u9644\u6ce8\uff0c\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u52fe\u52d2\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u95f4\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8054\u7cfb\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u7406\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e86\u89e3\u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u8f6e\u5ed3\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u6781\u5177\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t