{"id":686,"date":"2025-10-04T19:14:49","date_gmt":"2025-10-04T11:14:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=686"},"modified":"2025-10-04T19:14:49","modified_gmt":"2025-10-04T11:14:49","slug":"%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e5%af%bc%e8%ae%ba-an-introduction-to-the-philosophy-of-education-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=686","title":{"rendered":"\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba  An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">0038 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><strong><u>\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba<\/u><\/strong><\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><strong><u>An<br \/>\nIntroduction to the Philosophy of Education<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00006-3-637x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"637\" height=\"1024\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00006-3-637x1024.jpg 637w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00006-3-187x300.jpg 187w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00006-3-768x1235.jpg 768w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00006-3-955x1536.jpg 955w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00006-3-1274x2048.jpg 1274w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00006-3.jpg 1350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5e8f\u8a00\u8d5e\u626c\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u67ef\u8482\u65af\u535a\u58eb\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u7684<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u900f\u5f7b\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6e05\u6670\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u7684<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9053\u5fb7\u672c\u8d28<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6b63\u6587<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7b49\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e38\u8bc6\u89c2\u70b9\u5c40\u9650\u6027<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u542b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d1b\u514b\u3001\u4f11\u8c1f\u548c\u5eb7\u5fb7<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5bf9<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u8fd8\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u5173\u7cfb\u53ca\u5176\u5728<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u548c\u675c\u5a01<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">S. J. \u67ef\u8482\u65af\u535a\u58eb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Dr. S.<br \/>\nJ. Curtis<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY<br \/>\nOF EDUCATION<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u65e8\u5728\u5411\u7f3a\u4e4f\u54f2\u5b66\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u900f\u5f7b\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5165\u95e8\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7531\u5229\u5179\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u4ec0\uff08William Walsh\uff09\u4f5c\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d5e\u626c\u67ef\u8482\u65af\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ee5<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u6807\u4e0e\u4f5c\u8005\u7acb\u573a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u9610\u660e\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u6240\u8d56\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u5df2\u4ece\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u513f\u7ae5\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u201c\u624b\u6bb5\u201d\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5ffd\u89c6\u6559\u80b2\u201c\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u67ef\u8482\u65af\u535a\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u6559\u5e08\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u786e\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u751f\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u660e\u786e\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u786e\u7acb\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u67ef\u8482\u65af\u535a\u58eb\u5199\u4f5c\u6b64\u4e66\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bfb\u8005\u601d\u8003\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6839\u690d\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u201c\u6c38\u6052\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\uff08<\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">philosophia perennis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3b\u6d41\uff09\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u4ed6\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u5185\u5bb9\u7ed3\u6784\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5faa\u5e8f\u6e10\u8fdb\u5730\u5e26\u9886\u8bfb\u8005\u8fdb\u5165\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (What is<br \/>\nPhilosophy?)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u67ef\u8482\u65af\u535a\u58eb\u9996\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u7406\u89e3\u54f2\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\uff08<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Epistemology<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u63a2\u8ba8\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6709\u7528\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5e38\u8bc6\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u548c\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\uff09\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u5165\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u5982\u539f\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff09\u3002\u968f\u540e\u8be6\u7ec6\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b\uff08John Locke\uff09\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\uff08\u533a\u5206\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6027\u54c1\u8d28\uff09\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u4e3b\u6559\uff08Bishop Berkeley\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u552f\u5fc3\u8bba\uff08<\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">esse is percipi<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5373\u88ab\u611f\u77e5\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4f11\u8c1f\uff08David Hume\uff09\u7684\u6000\u7591\u8bba\uff08\u5c06\u81ea\u6211\u89e3\u6784\u4e3a\u5370\u8c61\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff09\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7b80\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u91cc\u5fb7\uff08Thomas Reid\uff09\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u4f0a\u66fc\u52aa\u5c14\u00b7\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08Immanuel Kant\uff09\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff08phenomena\uff09\u4e0e\u672c\u4f53\uff08noumena\uff09\u7684\u533a\u5206\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\uff08<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Axiology<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u63a2\u8ba8\u4ef7\u503c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u7ec8\u6781\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u5982\u5e78\u798f\u3001\u771f\u7406\u3001\u7f8e\u548c\u5584\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e86\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Utilitarianism\uff09\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u4eab\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Psychological Hedonism\uff09\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Logical Positivists\uff09\u5bf9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08Pragmatists\uff09\u5bf9\u6c38\u6052\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Philosophy of<br \/>\nEducation)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Aim of Education)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5f3a\u8c03\u4efb\u4f55\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u7684\u90fd\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u751f\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u675c\u5a01\uff08John Dewey\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u5176\u5c06\u201c\u6210\u957f\u201d\u89c6\u4f5c\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u6478\u7d22\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u51fa<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u4eca\u751f\u53d1\u5c55\u53d7\u6559\u8005\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6f5c\u80fd\uff08\u8eab\u4f53\u3001\u667a\u529b\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u6765\u4e16\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u201c\u539f\u7f6a\u201d\u7684\u626d\u66f2\u89c2\u70b9\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u4f53\u7f5a\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u8bba\u53ca\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u201c\u704c\u8f93\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Types of Philosophy)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\u5bf9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u5b58\u5728\u56f0\u96be\u4e14\u5206\u7c7b\u754c\u9650\u5e38\u5e38\u6a21\u7cca\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\uff1a <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Idealism)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7406\u578b\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Hegel<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Absolute Idealism<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6574\u4f53\u4f18\u4e8e\u90e8\u5206<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (dialectic)<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Realism)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4e3b\u5f20\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u8ba4\u77e5\u8005\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u4e0e\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u6027\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fa9\u8bc1\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Dialectical Materialism)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Marx<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u63a5\u53d7\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u53f2\u89c2\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Pragmatism\/Instrumentalism)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u6e90\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u95ee\u9898\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5de5\u5177<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u76ae\u5c14\u58eb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Peirce<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">James<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u675c\u5a01\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Dewey<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u675c\u5a01\u5bf9\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u601d\u7ef4\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Reflective Thinking<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Naturalism)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4ee5\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Herbert Spencer<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u5c06\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6982\u5ff5\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\uff0c\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u751f\u5b58\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Personalist<br \/>\n      Philosophy\/Existentialism)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4ee5\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Kierkegaard<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u9a6c\u4e01<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e03\u4f2f\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Martin Buber<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5ba2\u89c2\u5316\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5c06\u5174\u8da3\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8f6c\u5411\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u601d\u8003<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Educator and Educand<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u63a2\u8ba8\u5e08\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4f20\u9012\/\u704c\u8f93\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5723\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff08St Augustine\uff09\u548c\u5723\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\uff08St Thomas Aquinas\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b66\u4e60\uff08\u4ece\u6f5c\u80fd\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\uff09\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002\u968f\u540e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\uff08Sir J. Adams\uff09\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53cc\u6781\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08Bi-Polar Theory\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u4e3b\u52a8\u5851\u9020\u53d7\u6559\u8005\uff09 \u548c\u4e9a\u5f53\u900a\uff08Sir J. E. Adamson\uff09\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e09\u6781\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08Tri-Polar Theory\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5916\u90e8\u56e0\u7d20\u8f85\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u6574\uff09\u3002\u4e5f\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u5f3a\u8c03\u670d\u4ece\u96c6\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\uff09<br \/>\n     \u4e0e\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u73af\u5883\u7684\u521b\u8bbe\uff09 \u4e0b\u7684\u5e08\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5e03\u4f2f\u5219\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08Dialogical Relation\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u201c\u6211\u4e0e\u4f60\u201d\uff08I\u2014Thou\uff09\u7684\u76f8\u9047\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u6743\u5a01<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Freedom and Authority)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff08\u514d\u4e8e\u53d7\u9650\uff09\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff08\u53bb\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff09\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u603b\u662f\u53d7\u9650\u4e14\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u5362\u68ad\uff08Rousseau\uff09\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u70b9\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7406\u6027\u672c\u6027\u7684\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u5373<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7edd\u5bf9\u547d\u4ee4<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08Categorical Imperative\uff09\u3002\u675c\u5a01\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u9053\u5fb7\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Curriculum and Method)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u6307\u51fa\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u53d7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u529f\u5229\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e8e\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u3001\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\uff08Spencer\uff09\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u4f55\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u6700\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\uff0c\u6309\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7f6e\u4e8e\u9996\u4f4d\u3002\u4f11\u8c1f\uff08Huxley\uff09\u5219\u5021\u5bfc\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u5747\u8861\u7684\u201c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u3002\u675c\u5a01\u6279\u8bc4\u4f20\u7edf\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u201c\u81f4\u547d\u8131\u8282\u201d\u548c\u201c\u60f0\u6027\u601d\u60f3\u201d\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5f15\u5165<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u804c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08occupations\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fde\u63a5\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u57fa\u5c14\u5e15\u7279\u91cc\u514b\uff08W. H. Kilpatrick\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9879\u76ee\u6cd5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08Project Method\uff09\u3002\u6000\u7279\u6d77\uff08A. N. Whitehead\uff09\u53cd\u5bf9\u201c\u60f0\u6027\u601d\u60f3\u201d\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8282\u594f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08Rhythm of Education\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6d6a\u6f2b\uff08Romance\uff09\u3001\u7cbe\u786e\uff08Precision\uff09\u548c\u6982\u62ec\uff08Generalisation\uff09\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u59cb\u7ec8\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u704c\u8f93\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Individual and Society)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Antithesis<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff09\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u963f\u594e\u90a3\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u7b80\u8ff0\u4e86\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u3001\u6d1b\u514b\u548c\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7740\u91cd\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u88ab\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8bef\u7528\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u5b54\u5fb7\uff08Auguste Comte\uff09\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff08Sociology\uff09\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u65b9\u9762\u6df1\u53d7\u675c\u5a01\u5173\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08a way of life\uff09\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u8fd8\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u5212\uff08\u4ee5\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\u6d77\u59c6 Karl Mannheim \u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\uff08Culture\uff09\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u6280\u672f\u65f6\u4ee3\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff08\u5982\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff09\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u5e76\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u7f57\u5217\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u8003\u5bdf\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u65e5\u5e38\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6f5c\u5728\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672a\u7ecf\u5ba1\u89c6\u7684\u5047\u8bbe<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u66f4\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u66f4\u7406\u6027\u3001\u66f4\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u67ef\u8482\u65af\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u65e8\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u505a\u51fa\u5f00\u660e\u800c\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1117PQqoiwZrwHGfXOtIkUsckqGFkCKeA\/preview\" width=\"800\" height=\"1080\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660038 &nbsp; \u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba An Introduction to the Philosop [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":687,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[140,168],"class_list":["post-686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-5","tag-140","tag-168"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=686"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":688,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686\/revisions\/688"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/687"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}