{"id":633,"date":"2025-09-30T18:20:15","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T10:20:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=633"},"modified":"2025-09-30T18:20:15","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T10:20:15","slug":"%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%e5%9b%9e%e9%a1%bea-review-of-educational-thought","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=633","title":{"rendered":"\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u56de\u987eA Review of Educational Thought"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span><\/span><\/span>0025<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u56de\u987e<\/u><\/strong><\/span>A
\nReview of <\/u><\/strong><\/span>Educational<\/u><\/strong><\/span> Thought<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u56de\u987e\u300b\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6587\u672c\u9996\u5148\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u7a33\u56fa\u6587\u5316\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span><\/strong>\u5bf9\u5065\u5168\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86<\/span>\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u7f8e\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u672c\u80fd\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u667a\u529b\u6d4b\u9a8c\u7684\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6216\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u6279\u5224\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5219\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u4ece\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u3001\u5362\u68ad\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3<\/span>\u4e3b\u52a8\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u5b66\u6821\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\u548c\u5370\u5237\u793e\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u5728<\/span>\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e2a\u4f53\u5dee\u5f02<\/span><\/strong>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u504f\u91cd\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8457\u4f5c\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u6982\u89c8<\/span><\/b><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u56de\u987e\u300b\uff08<\/span>A Review of
\nEducational Thought<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u4e0e\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span>The University of
\nLondon Institute of Education<\/span>\uff09\u5408\u4f5c\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u6c47\u96c6\u4e86\u591a\u4f4d\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span> F. Clarke <\/span>\u6559\u6388\u3001\u96f7\u4e01\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb<\/span> F. A. Cavenagh <\/span>\u6559\u6388\u3001\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u517c\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb<\/span> C. W. Valentine <\/span>\u535a\u58eb\u3001\u7ebd\u7ea6\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u5b66\u9662\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u9662\u7684<\/span> I. L.
\nKandel <\/span>\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span> Gerard Milhaud<\/span>\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e3a\u4e24\u5148\u4ee4\u51c0\u4ef7\uff08<\/span>Two Shillings Net<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ee5\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u5e74\u9274\u300b\uff08<\/span>The Year Book
\nof Education<\/span>\uff09\u8054\u5408\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u4e3a<\/span> 35\/- <\/span>\u51c0\u4ef7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u5168\u9762\u56de\u987e\u548c\u63a2\u8ba8 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 20 \u5e74\u4ee3\u81f3 30 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u5168\u7403\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff08<\/span>The
\nConflict of Philosophies<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u7531<\/span> F. Clarke <\/span>\u6559\u6388\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6839\u672c\u76ee\u7684\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u9996\u5148\u610f\u5473\u7740<\/span>\u65e2\u5b9a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5ef6\u7eed<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>self-perpetuation of an accepted culture<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6587\u7ae0\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7bc7\u300b\uff08<\/span>Plato’s Laws<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u5362\u68ad\u300a\u7231\u5f25\u513f\u300b\uff08<\/span>Rousseau’s Emile<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/span>\u6743\u5a01<\/span><\/b>\u4e0e<\/span>\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u5f20\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u5f15\u5bfc\u513f\u7ae5\uff0c\u800c\u5362\u68ad\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u51fa\u81ea\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u4e4b\u624b\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u597d\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7ef4\u62a4\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5065\u5168\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6839\u672c\u57fa\u7840\u662f<\/span>\u4fe1\u5ff5<\/span><\/b>\uff08Faith\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u63a2\u7a76\uff08Enquiry\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148<\/span>\u57f9\u517b\u793e\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/b>\uff08produce the type\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d85\u8d8a\u6b64\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6210\u957f\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5c06\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Totalitarianism\uff09\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u4e3a\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5c06\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u8d85\u7ea7\u4eba\u683c\u201d\uff08super-Person\uff09\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4eba\u683c\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u6d3e\u751f\u7269\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u53cd\u4e4b\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u9700\u8981\u589e\u5f3a\u201c<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u201d\uff08inwardness\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u683c\u795e\u5723\u6027\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u907f\u514d\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u201chuman engineering\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u5d07\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u6807\u51c6\u5185\u5728\u5316\u7684\u201c<\/span>\u4e25\u8083\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u201d\uff08severity\uff09\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a<\/span>1920-1935 <\/span>\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff08<\/span>The Development of Educational Thought in
\nUnited Kingdom, 1920-35<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tF. A. Cavenagh \u6559\u6388\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u6218\u540e\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6d3b\u8dc3\u671f\uff0c\u5176\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u52a0\u5f3a\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86 Sir Percy Nunn \u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2a\u4eba\u7537\u5973\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fdb\u5165\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u201d\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u8d1f\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46 Nunn \u4ecd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u805a\u5408\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0cF. Clarke \u6559\u6388\u6279\u8bc4 Nunn \u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u201d\uff08Reality as a whole\uff09\u7684\u628a\u63e1\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5728\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f7f\u5f97\u8bb8\u591a\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5982\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3001\u8003\u8bd5\uff09\u4e0d\u518d\u9002\u5408\u5148\u9a8c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u91cd\u70b9\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u5174\u8da3\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff08Doctrine of Interest\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u6e38\u620f\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\uff08play-way\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c<\/span>\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\u4e0e<\/span>\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e5f\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u4ee5\u5021\u5bfc\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u51b3\u65ad\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684<\/span>\u81ea\u5f8b<\/span><\/b>\uff08self-discipline\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5916\u90e8\u5f3a\u5236\u3002\u5728\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0a\uff0cWhitehead \u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u6280\u672f\u6027\u7684\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u901a\u8bc6\u6027\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u4f11\u95f2\u6559\u80b2\u201d\uff08Education for Leisure\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f11\u95f2\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u597d\u574f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e<\/span>\u6574\u4e2a\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u7d20\u8d28\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u5e94\u5c06\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u4f11\u95f2\u5272\u88c2\u5f00\u6765\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Educational
\nPsychology in the United Kingdom<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tC. W. Valentine \u535a\u58eb\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u82f1\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u5b66\u8bf4\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u5ff5\u8f83\u4e3a\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86 <\/span>McDougall <\/span>\u7684\u672c\u80fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5929\u8d4b\u503e\u5411\uff08<\/span>innate propensities<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u81ea\u6211\u7ef4\u62a4\uff08<\/span>self-assertion<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u9192\uff0c\u8981\u8b66\u60d5\u5c06\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u57f9\u517b\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u63a8\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5bf9\u4e8e<\/span>\u6f5c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u65b0\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>New
\nPsychology of the Unconscious<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u5173\u4e8e\u538b\u6291\uff08<\/span>repression<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u60c5\u7ed3\uff08<\/span>complex<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5938\u5927\u6027\u51b2\u52a8\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u513f\u7ae5\u65e9\u671f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u653e\u4efb\uff08mere licence\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u66f4\u9ad8\u51b2\u52a8\u7684\u538b\u6291\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u575a\u51b3\u53cd\u5bf9<\/span>\u5f62\u5f0f\u8bad\u7ec3\u5b66\u8bf4<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>doctrine
\nof formal training<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u67d0\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b98\u80fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u8bb0\u5fc6\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\uff09\u6765\u5168\u9762\u63d0\u5347\u8be5\u5b98\u80fd\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc1\u79fb\uff08<\/span>Transfer of improvement<\/span>\uff09\u4ec5\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u5171\u540c\u53ef\u7528\u5143\u7d20<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>common usable elements<\/span>\uff09\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5173\u4e8e\u513f\u7ae5\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5a74\u513f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5982\u5bf9<\/span>\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff08\u5f3a\u8c03\u9057\u4f20\u548c\u5148\u5929\u5dee\u5f02\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u8fc7\u65e9\u5f00\u59cb\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b66\u4e60\uff08\u5982 5 \u5c81\u5f00\u59cb\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u7b97\u672f\uff09\u6548\u679c\u4e0d\u4f73\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u4e5f\u5bf9<\/span>\u6e38\u620f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6e38\u620f\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u201c\u4e3a\u81ea\u8eab\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u80fd\u6fc0\u53d1\u672a\u88ab\u5229\u7528\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\uff08<\/span>American
\nPhilosophy of Education<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tI. L. Kandel \u535a\u58eb\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u53cd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Pragmatism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u675c\u5a01\uff08<\/span>John Dewey<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u57fa\u5c14\u5e15\u7279\u91cc\u514b\uff08<\/span>W. H. Kilpatrick<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6700\u5177\u7f8e\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u662f<\/span>\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u5b83\u53cd\u5bf9\u9884\u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6216\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff08\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u771f\u7406\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u6210\u529f\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u91cd\u6784<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>reconstruction
\nof experience<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u7684<\/span>\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u5174\u8da3<\/span><\/b>\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u667a\u529b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u5de5\u5177\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u7684\uff08instrumental\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u9884\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u601d\u8003\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ece\u201c\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u6216\u9700\u6c42\u201d\uff08felt difficulty or need\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5047\u8bbe\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u521d\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4f53\u201c\u6210\u957f\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5927\u8427\u6761\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3b\u5f20\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u6210\u4e3a\u5851\u9020<\/span>\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u91cd\u6784\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u56e0\u5176\u201c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u201d\u800c\u975e\u6210\u719f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6559\u80b2\u6807\u51c6\u964d\u4f4e\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u8bc4\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\uff08<\/span>French
\nEducational Philosophy<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tGerard Milhaud \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u6743\u5a01\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u5f20\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u81ea 1789 \u5e74\u5927\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e16\u4fd7\u3001\u514d\u8d39\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u9075\u5faa<\/span>\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4f20\u7edf<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c<\/span>\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\u201d\uff08liberty of the mind\uff09\u3001\u667a\u529b\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f80\u5f80\u727a\u7272\u4e86\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u5185\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a<\/span>\u6559\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff08instruction\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u5851\u9020\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u5982\u6bd4\u5185<\/span> Binet <\/span>\u548c\u76ae\u4e9a\u6770<\/span> Piaget <\/span>\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u513f\u7ae5<\/span>\u4e2a\u4f53\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u529f\u80fd\u9700\u6c42<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86<\/span>\u4e3b\u52a8\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Active Methods<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65b0\u6559\u80b2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>New Education<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u5728<\/span>\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>\u00e9coles maternelles<\/span>\uff09\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53d7\u63a7\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c\u611f\u5b98\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u5728\u5c0f\u5b66\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c<\/span>\u5b66\u6821\u5408\u4f5c\u793e<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>School
\nCo-operative Societies<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u5b66\u6821\u5370\u5237\u793e<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>School Printing
\nPress<\/span>\uff09\u7b49\u8fd0\u52a8\u5c06\u5b66\u6821\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u611f\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9650\u5236\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u5e38\u89c4\u4ee5\u53ca\u73ed\u7ea7\u4eba\u6570\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u4e2d\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6539\u9769\u8fdb\u5c55\u7f13\u6162\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u9636\u7ea7\u5dee\u5f02\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u610f\u4e49<\/span><\/b><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u56de\u987e\u300b\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e94\u5927\u7ae0\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8be6\u5c3d\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u6f6e\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u201c\u6743\u5a01\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u3001\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u83b7\u53d6\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u91cd\u6784\u201d\u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5728\u53d8\u52a8\u4e0d\u5c45\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u5065\u5168\u4eba\u683c\u3001\u5e94\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u9053\u5fb7\u5371\u673a\u65b9\u9762\u6240\u80a9\u8d1f\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a8\u5378\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t