{"id":613,"date":"2025-09-29T10:15:30","date_gmt":"2025-09-29T02:15:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=613"},"modified":"2025-09-29T10:16:58","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T02:16:58","slug":"%e8%a5%bf%e6%96%b9%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%8f%b2-a-history-of-western-education","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=613","title":{"rendered":"\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u53f2  A History of Western Education"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><span style=\"color:#222222;font-family:&quot;font-size:18px;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:700;\">\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0019<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><strong><u>\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u53f2<\/u><\/strong><\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><strong><u>A<br \/>\nHistory of Western Education<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image00007-1-688x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"953\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-614\" srcset=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image00007-1-688x1024.jpg 688w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image00007-1-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image00007-1-768x1144.jpg 768w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image00007-1-1032x1536.jpg 1032w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image00007-1-1375x2048.jpg 1375w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image00007-1-scaled.jpg 1719w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u53f2\u300b<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ece<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u4ee3\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6f14\u53d8\u3002\u5185\u5bb9\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5982\u53e4\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u548c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u4eba\u56e0\u6587\u5b57\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u9700\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\uff1b\u8be6\u7ec6\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee5\u519b\u4e8b\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u96c5\u5178<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f3a\u8c03\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u667a\u529b\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f57\u9a6c<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\uff0c<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65f6\u671f\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u5982\u5938\u7f8e\u7ebd\u65af\u3001\u6d1b\u514b\u3001\u5362\u68ad\u3001\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u3001\u8d6b\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\u548c\u798f\u7984\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b49\u56fd\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u5e08\u8303\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u4e2d\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u4e2d\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u7684<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e0d\u540c\u8d8b\u52bf\u548c\u6311\u6218<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6210\u529f\u63a2\u9669<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">H. G. Good \u64b0\u5199\u7684\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u53f2\u300b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">A<br \/>\nHistory of Western Education<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1948 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7531\u9ea6\u514b\u7c73\u4f26\u516c\u53f8\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4e3a\u4fc4\u4ea5\u4fc4\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> H. G. Good<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u63cf\u7ed8\u4eba\u7c7b\u8d70\u5411\u6587\u660e\u548c\u5f00\u660e\u7684\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u63a8\u8fdb\u6587\u660e\u751f\u6d3b\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u8d64\u88f8\u3001\u65e0\u77e5\u3001\u6050\u60e7\u7684\u91ce\u86ee\u4eba\u6210\u529f\u8fc8\u5411\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4eba\u9053\u3001\u6587\u660e\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u6fc0\u52a8\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u5192\u9669\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5185\u5bb9\u6982\u89c8\uff1a\u5b8f\u5927\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u671f<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u7ed3\u6784\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u4e3b\u9898\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u68b3\u7406\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u53e4\u4ee3\u81f3\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\uff09<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u6587\u660e\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7279\u6709\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff1a\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d1\u660e\u548c\u5236\u9020\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4e66\u7a3f\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff1a<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u4ee3\u8fd1\u4e1c\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e86\u5e95\u683c\u91cc\u65af\u6cb3\u548c\u5e7c\u53d1\u62c9\u5e95\u6cb3\uff08\u4e24\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\uff09\u6587\u660e\u4e2d\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u516d\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d 2000 \u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u4e66\u5199\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u7b49\u3002\u4e9a\u8ff0\u4eba\u5219\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5b8f\u4f1f\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u641c\u96c6\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u54c1\u683c\u548c\u795e\u5723\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6280\u80fd\u6216\u8d22\u5bcc\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u957f\u671f\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u516c\u5143 64 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5927\u796d\u53f8\u7ea6\u4e66\u4e9a\u00b7\u672c\u00b7\u52a0\u9a6c\u62c9\uff08Joshua ben Gamala\uff09\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6751\u5e84\u5f00\u8bbe\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u5bf9\u516d\u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7537\u5b69\u5b9e\u884c\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u80b2\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e0c\u814a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5f3a\u8c03\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u94c1\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u96c5\u5178\u5219\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u201d\u3002\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u201c\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u53cd\u8bbd\u201d\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u5f04\u6e05\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5728\u300a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u300b\u4e2d\u5219\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5c06\u516c\u6c11\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff08\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u3001\u6218\u58eb\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff09\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u660e\u8d21\u732e\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u7b49\u5b9e\u7528\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u683c\u8a00\u201c\u5b66\u6821\u5373\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\u5f3a\u8c03\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff08\u516c\u5143 500 \u5e74\u81f3 1100 \u5e74\uff09\u662f\u6587\u5316\u8870\u843d\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5b66\u6821\u627f\u62c5\u4e86\u4fdd\u5b58\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u624b\u7a3f\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u672c\u7b03\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u516c\u5143 1100 \u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5546\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u5f00\u59cb\u590d\u5174\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b66\u8005\uff08\u5982\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u897f\u897f\u91cc\u5c9b\uff09\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5927\u91cf\u56de\u5f52\u6b27\u6d32\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u56de\u5f52\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u5df4\u9ece\u3001\u725b\u6d25\uff09\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7531\u5e02\u6c11\u9636\u5c42\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u578b\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u5199\u4f5c\u548c\u7c3f\u8bb0\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\uff0814-15<br \/>\n     \u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u53e4\u5178\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u7ef4\u6770\u91cc\u4e4c\u65af\uff08Vergerius\uff09\u548c\u7ef4\u6258\u91cc\u8bfa\uff08Vittorino\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u95ee\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u5370\u5237\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff08\u7ea6 1425 \u5e74\u81f3 1456 \u5e74\uff09\u6781\u5927\u5730\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\uff0816 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2a\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6559\u80b2\u804c\u80fd\u9010\u6e10\u4ece\u6559\u4f1a\u5411\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u7b49\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u673a\u6784\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u6821\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u4ece\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u6784\uff09<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u5411\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4ece\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8f6c\u5411\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Realism\uff09\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u53cd\u5bf9\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5177\u4f53\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5b66\u8005\u80e1\u5b89\u00b7\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u7ef4\u97e6\u65af\uff08Juan Luis Vives\uff09\u63d0\u5021\u7814\u7a76\u81ea\u7136\u5e76\u91cd\u89c6\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u8654\u4fe1\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u5f17\u5170\u514b\uff08Francke\uff09\u5728\u54c8\u96f7\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4ee5\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e3a\u7279\u8272\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u6784\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d1b\u514b\u4e0e\u5362\u68ad\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6d1b\u514b\uff08Locke\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e5d\u662f\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u800c\u975e\u9057\u4f20\u5851\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u8fdb\u6b65\u7406\u8bba\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5362\u68ad\uff08Rousseau\uff09\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u7231\u5f25\u513f\u300b\uff08Emile\uff09\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u60e9\u7f5a\u201d\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u7b26\u5408\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6210\u957f\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\uff08<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Pestalozzi<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4ed6\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u57fa\u7840\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e3a\u7a77\u4eba\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u201c\u76f4\u89c2\u201d\uff08Anschauung\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5c06\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u5370\u8c61\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u4e09\u5927\u8981\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u63d0\u4f9b\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d6b\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\uff08<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Herbart<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4ed6\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8054\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u201c\u7edf\u89c9\u201d\uff08apperception\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u73b0\u6709\u89c2\u5ff5\uff08\u7edf\u89c9\u56e2\uff09\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5438\u6536\u65b0\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u57f9\u517b\u201c\u591a\u6837\u4e14\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u201d\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u54c1\u683c\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u798f\u7984\u8d1d\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Froebel<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4ed6\u662f\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Kindergarten<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u7cfb\u7edf\u57fa\u4e8e\u79ef\u6781\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">activism<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u9020\u6027\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u8fbe\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Darstellung<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6069\u7269<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201dGifts<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\uff08\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u4f53\u5236\uff09\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\uff08\u5728\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u53d7\u5230\u72ec\u88c1\u538b\u5236\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\uff08\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u5c55\u7f13\u6162\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u8d1d\u5c14\u548c\u5170\u5361\u65af\u7279\u7684\u5bfc\u751f\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u4ee5\u53ca 1870 \u5e74\u7684\u300a\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u9010\u6e10\u5efa\u7acb\uff09 \u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff09<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u91cd\u70b9\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u53f2\uff0c\u4ece\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u5230 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u571f\u5730\u62e8\u6b3e\uff08\u300a1785 \u5e74\u571f\u5730\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\uff09\u652f\u6301\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\uff0c\u5170\u5361\u65af\u7279\u5bfc\u751f\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5f15\u5165\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f62\u6210\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u5317\u90e8\u5dde\u666e\u904d\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u83ab\u91cc\u5c14\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08Morrill Act\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u8d60\u5730\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4e3a\u201c\u5de5\u4e1a\u9636\u5c42\u201d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u7b49\u5b9e\u7528\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4ece\u8bc6\u5b57\u6559\u80b2\u5230\u5168\u9762\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u601d\u60f3\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u516c\u5171\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\uff08Public Kindergarten\uff09\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff081873 \u5e74\u5728\u5723\u8def\u6613\u65af\uff09\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u5e15\u514b\uff08F. W. Parker\uff09\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u675c\u5a01\uff08John Dewey\uff09\u5728\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u5c06\u5de5\u4e1a\u804c\u4e1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79ef\u6781\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:left;\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u4e2d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9ad8\u4e2d\uff08High 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