{"id":1984,"date":"2025-12-07T21:26:50","date_gmt":"2025-12-07T13:26:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1984"},"modified":"2025-12-07T21:26:50","modified_gmt":"2025-12-07T13:26:50","slug":"%e8%a5%bf%e6%b4%8b%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%e5%8f%b2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1984","title":{"rendered":"\u897f\u6d0b\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u897f\u6d0b\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u897f\u6d0b\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u300b<\/span>\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ece<\/span><\/b>\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3<\/span>\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u548c\u6838\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u76ee\u5f55\u8be6\u7ec6\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86<\/span><\/b>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u3001\u65af\u591a\u4e9a\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u65e9\u671f<\/span><\/b>\u57fa\u7763\u6559<\/span>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3<\/span><\/b>\u8fd1\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6<\/span>\u5982\u6d1b\u514b\u3001\u5362\u68ad\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7eea\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span><\/b>\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u653f\u6cbb<\/span>\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u5f53<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u89e3\u51b3\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e<\/span>\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7eea\u8bba<\/span> (Introduction)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7eea\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u754c\u5b9a\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5e94\u5173\u6ce8<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u5f53<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5305\u62ec\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u539f\u7406\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u501f\u9274\u53e4\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0e\u667a\u6167\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u5404\u79cd\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u771f\u8c1b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u9009\u53d6\u5386\u4ee3\u6700\u8457\u540d\u3001\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u627c\u8981\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e0e\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4f7f\u8bfb\u8005\u638c\u63e1\u51e0\u4f4d\u5927\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u7cbe\u9ad3<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e0a\u5377 \u53e4\u4ee3\u53ca\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span> (Ancient and Medieval)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 \u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd<\/span> (The Greek City-State)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/h4>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u5730\u7406\u73af\u5883\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd\uff08<\/span>City-state<\/span>\uff09\u56e0\u5730\u7406\u4ea4\u901a\u4e0d\u4fbf\u800c\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u70ed\u7231\u5728\u9732\u5929\u8ba8\u8bba\u653f\u6cbb<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u5e0c\u814a\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u3001\u4fa8\u6c11\u548c\u5974\u96b6\u4e09\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5ea6\u4f7f\u5c11\u6570\u516c\u6c11\u5f97\u4ee5\u6709\u95f2\u6687\u4ece\u4e8b\u6587\u5316\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53d1\u6e90\u4e8e\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5176\u53d1\u8fbe\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u8fc1\u548c\u5404\u5c0f\u56fd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0e\u6279\u5224<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u7279\u522b\u8be6\u8ff0\u4e86\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u53ca\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u673a\u5173\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u65e5\u5e38\u884c\u653f\u7531\u4e94\u767e\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f1a\u8bae\u8d1f\u8d23<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u56fd<\/span> (<\/span>\u4e00<\/span>)<\/span>\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u901a\u4fd7\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2\u7684\u6279\u9a73<\/span> (Plato’s Republic I: Critique of Popular Views of Justice)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/h4>\n

\n\t\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u300a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u300b\u539f\u540d\u610f\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u4f55\u4e3a\u6b63\u4e49<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u4f20\u7edf\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2<\/span> (Traditional View):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u585e\u83f2\u7f57\u65af\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u6ce2\u5229\u9a6c\u6f88\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b63\u4e49\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8bf4\u771f\u8bdd\u4e0e\u8fd8\u6b20\u503a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ed9\u670b\u53cb\u4ee5\u6069\u60e0\uff0c\u7ed9\u4ec7\u654c\u4ee5\u635f\u5bb3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u52a9\u957f\u6076\u884c<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u8fc7\u6fc0\u6d3e\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2<\/span> (Radical View):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u524c\u62c9\u585e\u9a6c\u5f7b\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b63\u4e49\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f3a\u8005\u7684\u5229\u76ca<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff1b\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e3a\u8c0b\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6b63\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u884c\u4e3a\u5373\u662f\u670d\u4ece\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u3001\u727a\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u5229\u76ca<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u6280\u827a\uff08\u5982\u533b\u7597\uff09\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u8c0b\u6c42\u7684\u662f\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u5229\u76ca<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2<\/span> (Utilitarian View):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u845b\u82e5\u5eb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b63\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ffd\u6c42\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u6709\u7528\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5b88\u6b63\u4e49\u662f\u754f\u60e7\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4e49\u8005\u53cd\u800c\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5229\u76ca<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b63\u4e49\u5e76\u975e\u5916\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u81ea\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3001\u5408\u4e4e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u56fd <\/span>(<\/span>\u4e8c<\/span>)<\/span>\uff1a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u7684\u6784\u9020<\/span> (Plato’s Republic II: Structure of the Ideal State)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
    \n<\/h4>\n

    \n\t\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u5c06\u4eba\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\uff1a\u519c\u5de5\u5546\u4eba\uff08\u94dc\u94c1\uff09\u3001\u536b\u58eb\u6216\u8f85\u52a9\u8005\uff08\u767d\u94f6\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u56fd\u738b\uff08\u9ec4\u91d1\uff09<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u9636\u7ea7\u5212\u5206\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6839\u636e\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u6210\u5206\uff1a\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u611f\u60c5\uff08\u7cbe\u795e\uff09\u548c\u7406\u667a<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u56fd\u738b<\/span> (Philosopher-Kings):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u7406\u667a\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u771f\u5584\u7f8e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5f62\u5f0f\u6216\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u536b\u58eb<\/span>\/<\/span>\u8f85\u52a9\u8005<\/span> (Guardians\/Auxiliaries):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u62e5\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u611f\u60c5<\/span>\/<\/span>\u7cbe\u795e\uff08\u52c7\u6bc5\uff09\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u6267\u884c\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u4fdd\u536b\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5b9e\u884c<\/span>\u5171\u4ea7\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u62e5\u6709\u79c1\u4ea7\uff0c\u62a5\u916c\u4e3a\u516c\u5178\u548c\u516c\u98df\uff0c\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u81ea\u79c1\u4e4b\u5fc3<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u5171\u4ea7\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u5171\u59bb\u5b50\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u536b\u58eb\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u4e0d\u5f97\u8ba4\u8bc6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u79c1\u4ea7\u7834\u574f\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span> (Justice):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u662f\u6307\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u5404\u5c3d\u5176\u804c\u3001\u5404\u5f97\u5176\u6240\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u8c03\u548c\u7684\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\uff1b\u4e2a\u4eba\u6b63\u4e49\u5219\u662f\u7075\u9b42\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u667a\u3001\u611f\u60c5\u548c\u6b32\u671b\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u5f97\u5230\u7406\u6027\u7edf\u6cbb\u548c\u8c03\u5242<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u56fd<\/span> (<\/span>\u4e09<\/span>)<\/span>\uff1a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2<\/span> (Plato’s
      \nRepublic III: Education in the Ideal State)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
      \n<\/h4>\n

      \n\t\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u9020\u5c31\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u9002\u5408\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u7684\u7ed3\u6784<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2<\/span> (General Education):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u9488\u5bf9\u536b\u58eb\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u4f53\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u8bad\u7ec3\u5f3a\u5065\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u5fcd\u8010\u3001\u52c7\u6562\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u97f3\u4e50<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u9676\u51b6\u5fc3\u6027\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u9053\u5fb7\u611f\uff09<\/span>(,)<\/span>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u827a\u672f\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u9752\u5e74\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u7edf\u5236\u827a\u672f\u548c\u5b97\u6559<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u4e0d\u826f\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5982\u67d0\u4e9b\u795e\u8bdd\u548c\u523a\u6fc0\u6027\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u7b26\u5408<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ec8\u6781\u4e4b\u597d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u76ee\u7684<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span> (Higher Education):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u9488\u5bf9\u5c11\u6570\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u5929\u624d\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u536b\u58eb\u548c\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u7b97\u5b66\u3001\u51e0\u4f55\u3001\u5929\u6587\u3001\u548c\u58f0\u5b66\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u4e8b\u7269\u539f\u7406\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e86\u89e3<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u597d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u628a\u63e1\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\uff09<\/span>(,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0 \u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7<\/span> (<\/span>\u4e00<\/span>)<\/span>\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u7684\u6279\u8bc4<\/span> (Aristotle I: Critique of Plato’s Republic)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
        \n<\/h4>\n

        \n\t\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u90e8\u5206\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5bf9\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u4e4b\u4e0a<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \n\t\t\u6279\u8bc4\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/span> (Critique of Unity):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u6751\u5e84\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d8\u6210\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5355\u97f3\u7684\u4e50\u8c31<\/span>\u201d ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        2. \n\t\t\u6279\u8bc4\u5171\u4ea7\u5236\u5ea6<\/span> (Critique of Communism):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u5171\u6709\u5236<\/span>\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u884c\u4f7f\u5bbd\u539a\u4e0e\u6177\u6168\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u673a\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u662f\u5c55\u73b0\u5b8c\u6574\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        3. \n\t\t\u6279\u8bc4\u5171\u59bb\u5b50\u5236\u5ea6<\/span> (Critique of Shared Wives\/Children):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5171\u6709\u59bb\u5b50\u548c\u5b50\u5973\u4f1a\u51b2\u6de1\u4eba\u7c7b\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u611f\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u6de1\u8584\uff0c\u800c<\/span>\u5bb6\u5ead\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u513f\u7ae5\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/strong> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0 \u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7<\/span> (<\/span>\u4e8c<\/span>)<\/span>\uff1a\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2<\/span> (Aristotle II: Teleological View of the State)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
          \n<\/h4>\n

          \n\t\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6838\u5fc3\u662f<\/span>\u76ee\u7684\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u90fd\u8d8b\u5411\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u597d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u76ee\u7684<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u6027\u8d28<\/span> (Origin and Nature):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f<\/span>\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u521b\u9020\u7269<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ece\u5bb6\u5ead\uff08\u6ee1\u8db3\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u5b58\uff09\u8fdb\u5316\u5230\u6751\u5e84\uff08\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u4fbf\u5229\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd\uff08<\/span>\u6ee1\u8db3\u66f4\u7f8e\u6ee1\u7684\u597d\u751f\u6d3b<\/span><\/strong>\uff09<\/span>(,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u76ee\u7684<\/span> (Highest Purpose):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4fdd\u969c\u751f\u547d\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u66f4\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u589e\u8fdb\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5fb7\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f7f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u6210\u4e3a\u6709\u5fb7\u6027\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u56e2\u4f53<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u5e76\u6276\u52a9\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u6751\u5e84\u7b49\u4f4e\u7ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6d88\u706d\u5b83\u4eec<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0 \u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7<\/span> (<\/span>\u4e09<\/span>)<\/span>\uff1a\u56fd\u4f53\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u653f\u6cbb<\/span> (Aristotle III: Constitution and Practical Politics)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
            \n<\/h4>\n

            \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u56fd\u4f53\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u56fd\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u56fd\u4f53\u7684\u610f\u4e49<\/span> (Meaning of Constitution):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u56fd\u4f53\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6307\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6807\u51c6\u3001\u98ce\u4fd7\u4e60\u60ef\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u72b6\u51b5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u52bf\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u7ef4\u6301\u56fd\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span> (Maintaining the Constitution):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u4e24\u79cd\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span>\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u5c06\u513f\u7ae5\u5851\u9020\u6210\u9002\u5408\u56fd\u4f53\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u6027\u683c\u9676\u51b6\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u6cd5\u6cbb<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c<\/span>\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b32\u671b\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u662f\u7ef4\u6301\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff09<\/span>(,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u653f\u4f53\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u653f\u6cbb<\/span> (Regimes and Practical Politics):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u4e9a\u6c0f\u5c06\u653f\u4f53\u5206\u4e3a\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff08<\/span>Monarchy<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u653f\u6cbb\uff08<\/span>Aristocracy<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u5e73\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\uff08<\/span>Democracy<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u5be1\u5934\u653f\u6cbb\uff08<\/span>Oligarchy<\/span>\uff09\u7b49\u516d\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d2b\u6c11\uff08\u591a\u6570\uff09\u548c\u5bcc\u4eba\uff08\u5c11\u6570\uff09\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u5e38\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u662f<\/span>\u6df7\u5408\u653f\u4f53\uff08<\/span>Polity<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7edf\u6cbb<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u653f\u4f53<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0d\u6613\u8d70\u5411\u8352\u6deb\u6216\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u662f\u8c03\u548c\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u9009\u62e9<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0 \u65af\u591a\u4e9a\u5b66\u6d3e<\/span> (The Stoics)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
              \n<\/h4>\n

              \n\t\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd\u7684\u8870\u5fae\uff08\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5f81\u670d\uff09\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u5173\u6ce8\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u5411\u5173\u6ce8\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89c2\u5ff5<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5174\u8d77<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n\t\t\u65af\u591a\u4e9a\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (Stoic Philosophy):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6838\u5fc3\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f52\u4f9d\u81ea\u7136<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f52\u4f9d\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/span>\u201d ()<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7406\u6027\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u672c\u80fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e94\u4f9d\u7406\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u8d85\u8131\u6b32\u671b\u548c\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u65e0\u79c1\u65e0\u6b32\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u72b6\u6001<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u5f71\u54cd<\/span> (Political Influence):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u65af\u591a\u4e9a\u5b66\u6d3e\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u4ea7\u751f\u95f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5206\u79bb<\/span><\/strong>\u3001\u5021\u5bfc<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Cosmopolitanism<\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u7c7b\u7686\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff09\u3001\u63a8\u5d07<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Law
                \n of Nature<\/span>\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u6027\u76f8\u901a\uff0c\u5e94\u9075\u5b88\u540c\u4e00\u7406\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u7686\u662f\u6709\u7406\u6027\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff09<\/span>(,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \n\t\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0 \u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3<\/span> (Roman Political Thought)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                \n<\/h4>\n

                \n\t\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u6734\u8bda\u3001\u5b88\u4fe1\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8457\u79f0<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n\t\t\u65af\u591a\u4e9a\u5b66\u6d3e\u4e4b\u590d\u5174<\/span> (Stoic Revival):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u65af\u591a\u4e9a\u5b66\u6d3e\u4f20\u5165\u7f57\u9a6c\u540e\u88ab\u6f58\u5185\u79c0\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86<\/span>\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u8272\u5f69\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5bf9\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u60f3\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u585e\u5e0c\u7f57<\/span> (Cicero):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u6838\u5fc3\u662f<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6b63\u4e49\u548c\u516c\u76ca\u4e4b\u4e0a<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u5bf9\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5ea6<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u5b59\u5185\u5609<\/span> (Seneca):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u540c\u6837\u63a8\u5d07<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7136<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5929\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5929\u771f\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u65e0\u79c1\u4ea7\u3001\u65e0\u5f3a\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u56e0\u8d2a\u5a6a\u548c\u6076\u5fb7\u624d\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u9650\u5236\u6076\u884c<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6<\/span> (Roman Jurists):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee5\u65af\u591a\u4e9a\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>Jus Gentium<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>Jus Civile<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6388\u6743<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0 \u521d\u671f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span> (Early Christianity)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                  \n<\/h4>\n
                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u6559\u4e49\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49<\/span> (Doctrine and Equality):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7686\u6709\u7f6a\u6076\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8654\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u53ef\u5f97\u6551\u8d4e\uff1b\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u90fd\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff08\u535a\u7231\u7cbe\u795e\uff09<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3<\/span> (Political Thought):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u76f8\u4fe1<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u5f8b\u523b\u5728\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u53d6<\/span>\u6d88\u6781\u670d\u4ece<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\u548c\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u90fd\u4e3b\u5f20\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6307\u5b9a\u6765\u60e9\u6076\u626c\u5584\u7684\uff0c\u670d\u4ece\u653f\u5e9c\u5373\u662f\u670d\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span>\u541b\u6743\u795e\u6388\u8bf4<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6765\u6e90<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u795e\u7236\u8bba\u653f<\/span> (Church Fathers):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u5723\u5b89\u6ce2\u8def\u65af<\/span> (St. Ambrose):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0a\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6743\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7687\u5e1d\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6559\u4f1a<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u5723\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5766<\/span> (St. Augustine):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u63d0\u51fa<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Christendom<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u7cbe\u795e\u62ef\u6551\uff09\u548c<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u51e1\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u7ba1\u7406\u4f4e\u7b49\u6b32\u671b\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u516c\u9053\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u5e94\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u7684<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u5723\u683c\u96f7\u9ad8\u52d2<\/span> (St. Gregory):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6781\u529b\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bf9\u51e1\u4fd7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u88ab\u52a8\u670d\u4ece<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u597d\u574f\u90fd\u5e94\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5956\u60e9\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u662f<\/span>\u541b\u6743\u795e\u6388<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6700\u660e\u663e\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0 \u6559\u6743\u4e0e\u653f\u6743\u7684\u7eb7\u4e89<\/span> (Conflict between Papal and Secular Authority)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                      \n<\/h4>\n
                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\u4e8c\u5251\u8bba<\/span> (Doctrine of Two Swords):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u6559\u7687\u76d6\u6765\u6d89\u65af\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7531\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u795e\u5723\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u4fd7\u4e16\u6743\u529b\u5171\u540c\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e24\u6743\u5e73\u884c\u4e0d\u6096<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u6559\u7687\u6d3e\u7406\u8bba<\/span> (Papal Theories):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u4ee5\u6559\u7687\u683c\u96f7\u9ad8\u52d2\u7b2c\u4e03\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6559\u7687\u6709\u6743\u5f00\u9664\u72af\u9519\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u6559\u7c4d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u89e3\u9664\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u6559\u6743\u9ad8\u4e8e\u653f\u6743<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u8428\u91cc\u65af\u5821\uff08<\/span>John
                        \n of Salisbury<\/span>\uff09\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e24\u5251\u7686\u5c5e\u6559\u7687\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6743\u662f\u6559\u4f1a\u8f6c\u6388\u7ed9\u56fd\u738b\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u652f\u6301<\/span>\u8c0b\u6740\u66b4\u541b<\/span><\/strong> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u7687\u5e1d\u6d3e\u7406\u8bba<\/span> (Imperial Theories):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u4ee5\u7687\u5e1d\u4ea8\u5229\u7b2c\u56db\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u575a\u51b3\u53cd\u5bf9\u6559\u7687\u5e72\u6d89\u4fd7\u4e16\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u81ea\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u6559\u7687\u4e0e\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u5723\u591a\u739b\u963f\u6606\u7eb3\u65af<\/span> (St. Thomas Aquinas)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                        \n<\/h4>\n

                        \n\t\u5723\u591a\u739b\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u8005\uff0c\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \n\t\t\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u590d\u73b0<\/span> (Aristotelian Revival):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5723\u591a\u739b\u7ee7\u627f\u4e9a\u6c0f\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u5927\u5bb6\u8fbe\u5230<\/span>\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6709\u5fb7\u6027\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u751f\u6d3b\uff09<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6027\u8d28<\/span> (Nature of Law):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7406\u6027\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u88ab\u7ba1\u7406\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u5ba3\u626c\uff0c\u85c9\u4ee5\u8c0b\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca<\/span>\u201d ()<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u79cd\uff1a<\/span>\u6c38\u4e45\u6cd5\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u3001\u795e\u5723\u6cd5\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u56db\u8005\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u8d2f\u7684<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u6559\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb<\/span> (Government and Church):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5723\u591a\u739b\u4e3b\u5f20\u541b\u4e3b\u5e94\u670d\u4ece\u5408\u4e8e\u516c\u9053\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u66b4\u541b\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e76\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e9a\u6c0f\u7684<\/span>\u6df7\u5408\u653f\u4f53<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u6df7\u5408\uff09<\/span>(,)<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f15\u4eba\u8fbe\u5230<\/span>\u5fb7\u6027\u751f\u6d3b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f46\u6559\u58eb\u5f15\u4eba\u8fbe\u5230<\/span>\u5929\u5802\u6c38\u4e45\u5e78\u798f<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0a\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u5e94\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0 \u9a6c\u585e\u6d41<\/span> (Marsilio of Padua)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                          \n<\/h4>\n

                          \n\t\u9a6c\u585e\u6d41\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6559\u7687\u52bf\u529b\u8870\u5fae\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u8005\u300b\u62a8\u51fb\u4e86\u6559\u7687\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u52bf<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • \n\t\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bba<\/span> (Theory of the State):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u5927\u5bb6\u5bf9<\/span>\u5171\u540c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u6709\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u6cbb\u5b89\u3001\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5408\u4f5c<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u4e3a\u516d\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u50e7\u4fa3\uff0c\u4f46\u5f3a\u8c03\u50e7\u4fa3\uff08\u6559\u58eb\uff09\u53ea\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e94\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u8f96<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u6559\u4f1a\u8bba<\/span> (Theory of the Church):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6559\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e94\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5f3a\u5236\u6216\u60e9\u7f5a\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5360\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u6559\u58eb\u5e94\u53d7\u51e1\u4fd7\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u5a01\u5e94\u5c5e\u4e8e<\/span>\u6559\u5f92\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>General
                            \n Council<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6559\u7687\u6216\u6559\u58eb\u4e2a\u4eba<\/span> (,,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u8bba<\/span> (Popular Sovereignty):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u5168\u4f53\u6216\u4eba\u6c11\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u5206<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u591a\u6570\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u6267\u884c\u4eba<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u4eba\u6c11\u62e5\u6709\u6536\u56de\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6d1b\u514b\u548c\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u76f8\u4f3c<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0 \u9a6c\u5f00\u5916\u91cc<\/span> (Niccolo Machiavelli)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                            \n<\/h4>\n

                            \n\t\u9a6c\u5f00\u5916\u91cc\u751f\u4e8e\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u610f\u5927\u5229\u56db\u5206\u4e94\u88c2\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u7edf\u4e00\u610f\u5927\u5229<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \n\t\t\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba<\/span> (The Prince):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u9a6c\u5f00\u5916\u91cc\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d<\/span>\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba8\u8bba\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u53ea\u7814\u7a76\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u7ef4\u6301\u653f\u6743\u548c\u6269\u5f20\u52bf\u529b<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u6027\u901a\u5e38\u662f<\/span>\u81ea\u79c1\u81ea\u5229<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5e94\u6a21\u4eff\u72d0\u72f8\u7684\u72e1\u733e\u548c\u72ee\u5b50\u7684\u6c14\u9b44<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u6280\u672f<\/span> (Political Technique):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u53ea\u5e94\u5173\u6ce8<\/span>\u5f81\u670d\u53ca\u7ef4\u6301\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u62e9\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u597d\u5c31\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u5bbd\u6055<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u79bb\u7684\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u4e0e\u79c1\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \n\t\u4e0b\u5377 \u8fd1\u4ee3<\/span> (Modern)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                              \n<\/h3>\n

                              \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0 \u970d\u5e03\u65af<\/span> (Thomas Hobbes)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                              \n<\/h4>\n

                              \n\t\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f00\u5c71\u9f3b\u7956\uff0c\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u91c7\u7528\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u5f0f\u7684\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • \n\t\t\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u57fa\u7840<\/span> (Psychological Basis):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u662f<\/span>\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Self-preservation<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u662f\u62b5\u6297\u4fb5\u7565\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u81ea\u79c1\u81ea\u5229\u7684<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5<\/span> (State of Nature and Law of Nature):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u95f4\u6700\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u7406\u6027\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u666e\u901a\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u6559\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\u8ffd\u6c42\u6700\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e09\u6761\u662f\uff1a\u8ffd\u6c42\u548c\u5e73\uff1b\u82e5\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e5f\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5e94\u653e\u5f03\u7edd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u6743\uff1b\u4eba\u5e94\u5b88\u4fe1\u7ea6<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u4e0e\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u6743\u5a01<\/span> (Social Contract and Sovereign Power):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u4e3a\u9003\u8131\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u4e92\u76f8\u7acb\u7ea6\uff0c\u5c06\u7ba1\u7406\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u4e00\u4f19\u4eba\uff08<\/span>\u4e3b\u6743\u8005<\/span>\/<\/span>\u81f3\u5c0a\u8005<\/span><\/strong>\uff09<\/span>(,)<\/span>\u3002\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5fc5\u987b\u662f<\/span>\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u3001\u7edd\u5bf9\u65e0\u9650\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u66f4\u6539<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u5fc5\u987b\u7edd\u5bf9\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c06\u56de\u5230\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u72b6\u6001<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u7ae0 \u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e<\/span> (Benedict de Spinoza)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                \n<\/h4>\n

                                \n\t\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u662f\u552f\u5fc3\u8bba\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u65e0\u5229\u5bb3\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f<\/span>\u5f3a\u6743\u5373\u516c\u7406<\/span><\/strong> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229<\/span> (Natural Right):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u5c31\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u4ee5\u5176\u529b<\/span>\u91cf\u6240\u80fd\u4f5c\u5230\u7684\u4e8b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5229\u7b49\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u529b\u91cf<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5a01<\/span> (Sovereign Authority):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u867d\u7136\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6743\u5229\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u82e5\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e0d\u8c0b\u6c42\u4eba\u6c11\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5176\u529b\u91cf\u5c06\u524a\u5f31<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531<\/span> (Democracy and Freedom):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u4eba\u6c11<\/span>\u8a00\u8bba\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u4f1a\u59a8\u788d\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e14\u80fd\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u5f97\u5230\u771f\u5b9e\u610f\u89c1<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb<\/span> (International Relations):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5904\u4e8e<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u662f\u5929\u7136\u7684\u4ec7\u654c\uff0c\u5f3a\u6743\u5373\u516c\u7406\uff0c\u6761\u7ea6\u6548\u529b\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5229\u5bb3\u5173\u7cfb<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u7ae0 \u6d1b\u514b<\/span> (John Locke)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                  \n<\/h4>\n

                                  \n\t\u6d1b\u514b\u662f\u82f1\u56fd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001<\/span> (State of Nature):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6d1b\u514b\u53cd\u5bf9\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u5e76\u975e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u53cb\u597d\u3001\u4e92\u52a9\u548c\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u53d7\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff08\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5f8b\uff09\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6<\/span> (Social Contract):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5951\u7ea6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u7ed9<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\uff08\u4eba\u6c11\u591a\u6570\uff09\u7684<\/span>\u53d7\u6258\u8005\u6216\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u5e76\u975e\u7edd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u59d4\u6258\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u6743\u53d6\u6d88\u6216\u64a4\u6362\u5b83<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u653f\u5e9c\u89e3\u4f53\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u89e3\u4f53\u7684\u533a\u5225<\/span> (Dissolution):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6d1b\u514b\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u89e3\u4f53\uff08\u4eba\u6c11\u9769\u547d\u63a8\u7ffb\u66b4\u653f\uff09\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u89e3\u4f53\uff08\u88ab\u5916\u65cf\u5f81\u670d\u7834\u574f\u79e9\u5e8f\uff09\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u89e3\u4f53\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5d29\u6e83<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u4e49\u52a1<\/span> (Political Obligation):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6d1b\u514b\u4e3b\u5f20\u653f\u6cbb\u4e49\u52a1\u57fa\u4e8e<\/span>\u9053\u5fb7\u4e49\u52a1<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u4e3b\u6743\u4ecd\u5c5e\u4e8e<\/span>\u4eba\u6c11<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5e94\u7531<\/span>\u591a\u6570\u8005<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u6765\u7edf\u6cbb\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e8b\u52a1<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u7ae0 \u9b4f\u5bc7<\/span> (Giambattista Vico)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                    \n<\/h4>\n

                                    \n\t\u9b4f\u5bc7\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6839\u636e\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7814\u7a76\u653f\u6cbb<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • \n\t\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d77\u6e90\u8bba<\/span> (Origin of the State):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u975e\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u5b64\u7acb\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u7075\u9b42\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u4e14\u6df1\u9083\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b97\u6559\u4e0a\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u51b2\u52a8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u5bb6\u5ead\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u5b97\u65cf\u3001\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                    • \n\t\t\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span> (Comparative Method):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u9b4f\u5bc7\u4e3b\u5f20\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u7406\u6027\uff09\u4e0e\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\uff08\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff09\u5e94\u5f53\u76f8\u8f85\u800c\u884c\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5168\u4f53<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                    • \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5<\/span> (Historical Stages):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u5faa\u73af\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff1a<\/span>\u795e\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u795e\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u82f1\u96c4\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u8d35\u65cf\u653f\u6cbb\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u6587\u660e\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff09<\/span>()<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u9002\u5e94\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6027\u60c5\u548c\u73af\u5883<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0 \u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20<\/span> (Baron de Montesquieu)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                      \n<\/h4>\n

                                      \n\t\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u6cd5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\u5bf9\u5404\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • \n\t\t\u8bba\u6cd5\u5f8b<\/span> (On Laws):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ece\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u672c\u6027\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u5fc5\u7136\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u4e00\u56fd\u7684<\/span>\u6c14\u5019\u3001\u571f\u58e4\u3001\u73af\u5883\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4e60\u4fd7\u3001\u5b97\u6559<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u54e5\u6d1b\u6d89\u65af\u5173\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u6743\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9119\u6076\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                      • \n\t\t\u8bba\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531<\/span> (On Government and Liberty):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5b5f\u6c0f\u5c06\u653f\u4f53\u5206\u4e3a\u5171\u548c\u3001\u541b\u4e3b\u548c\u4e13\u5236\u4e09\u7c7b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u548c\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u5149\u8363\uff0c\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u6050\u60e7<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                      • \n\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531<\/span> (Political Liberty):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5141\u8bb8\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u8981\u4fdd\u969c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u9632\u6b62\u6743\u529b\u6ee5\u7528\uff0c\u5373\u8457\u540d\u7684<\/span>\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u4e0e\u5e73\u8861\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Checks and Balances<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6743\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u5fc5\u987b\u5206\u638c\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u7275\u5236<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u7ae0 \u5362\u68ad<\/span> (Jean Jacques Rousseau)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                        \n<\/h4>\n

                                        \n\t\u5362\u68ad\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5148\u9a71\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u662f<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u8c03\u548c\u670d\u4ece\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/strong> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6<\/span> (Social Contract):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5951\u7ea6\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u6bcf\u4eba\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u53ca\u5176\u5168\u90e8\u6743\u529b\u8f6c\u8ba9\u7ed9<\/span>\u5168\u4f53\u793e\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5362\u68ad\u8ba4\u4e3a\u670d\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u5373\u662f\u670d\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u7531<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                        • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span> (Definition of Freedom):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5362\u68ad\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u5206\u4e3a<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u53d7\u79c1\u6b32\u5f15\u5bfc\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u6587\u660e\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u670d\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7acb\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff09\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u670d\u4ece\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                        • \n\t\t\u516c\u5171\u610f\u5fd7<\/span> (General Will):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5362\u68ad\u63d0\u51fa<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516c\u5171\u610f\u5fd7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83<\/span>\u6765\u81ea\u5168\u4f53\u3001\u65bd\u7528\u4e8e\u5168\u4f53\u3001\u53ea\u987e\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u516c\u5171\u610f\u5fd7\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\uff0c\u5b83<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u3001\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u7834\u574f<\/span><\/strong> (,,,)<\/span>\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u53ea\u662f\u6267\u884c\u516c\u5171\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0 \u5eb7\u5fb7<\/span> (Immanuel Kant)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                          \n<\/h4>\n

                                          \n\t\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7ee7\u627f\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u4e4b\u66f4\u5177\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7cbe\u5bc6\u6027<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • \n\t\t\u81ea\u52a8\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6<\/span> (Autonomous Will and Social
                                            \n Contract):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\u610f\u5fd7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u7684<\/span>\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u547d\u4ee4<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Categorical
                                            \n Imperative<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u8981\u6c42\u884c\u4e3a\u7b26\u5408<\/span>\u666e\u904d\u6cd5\u5219<\/span><\/strong> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u670d\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u5a01\u6743\u5373\u662f\u670d\u4ece\u81ea\u52a8\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fdd\u6301\u7edd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                          • \n\t\t\u62d2\u7edd\u5feb\u4e50\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6<\/span> (Rejection of Happiness as Standard):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5f7b\u5e95\u5426\u8ba4\u5feb\u4e50\uff08\u6216\u5e78\u798f\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5feb\u4e50\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u7acb\u6cd5\u539f\u5219<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                          • \n\t\t\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u7406<\/span> (Principle of Right):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u7ef4\u6301<\/span>\u6b63\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6cd5\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0b\u76f8\u8c03\u548c<\/span>\u201d (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u9ed1\u683c\u5c14<\/span> (Hegel)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                            \n<\/h4>\n

                                            \n\t\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u662f\u6d6a\u6f2b\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3a<\/span>\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u8bba<\/span><\/strong> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • \n\t\t\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span> (National Spirit and State):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7edd\u5bf9\u89c2\u5ff5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8868\u767d\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u5fd7<\/span>\u201d (,)<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u5fd7\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u64cd\u7eb5\u529b<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                            • \n\t\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a<\/span> (State and Civil Society):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u4ed6\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u5206\u4e3a<\/span>\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6ee1\u8db3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e92\u52a9\u5408\u4f5c\u56e2\u4f53\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u4e4b\u6700\u5177\u8c61\u548c\u6700\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u8868\u767d\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7edd\u5bf9\u5408\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7edf\u4e00\u4f53<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                            • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span> (Realization of Freedom):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u5373\u662f\u610f\u5fd7<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u98ce\u4fd7\u4e60\u60ef\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7b49\u6b63\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u5fd7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e2a\u4eba\u670d\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u5373\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0 \u8fb9\u6c81<\/span> (Jeremy Bentham)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                              \n<\/h4>\n

                                              \n\t\u8fb9\u6c81\u662f<\/span>\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Utilitarianism<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u540e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u9700\u6c42<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • \n\t\t\u529f\u5229\u539f\u5219<\/span> (Principle of Utility):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d7<\/span>\u75db\u82e6\u4e0e\u5feb\u4e50<\/span><\/strong>\u4e24\u5927\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u5207\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u975e\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u770b\u5176\u80fd\u5426\u589e\u8fdb\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u76f8\u5173\u8005\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ec4\u5408\u793e\u4f1a\u8bb8\u591a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u603b\u548c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6700\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5e78\u798f<\/span>\u201d (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                              • \n\t\t\u5feb\u4e50\u8ba1\u5206\u6cd5<\/span> (Hedonistic Calculus):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u8fb9\u6c81\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5feb\u4e50\u8ba1\u5206<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u8fdc\u8fd1\u3001\u4ea7\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u7eaf\u6027\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u6570\u4e03\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u975e<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                              • \n\t\t\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b<\/span> (Government and Law):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u8fb9\u6c81\u53cd\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u4eba\u6743<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u57fa\u4e8e\u529f\u5229\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u5e94\u79ef\u6781\u63a8\u52a8<\/span>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u7f16\u7e82\u6cd5\u5178\u3001\u6539\u9769\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u5211\u7f5a\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4ee5\u5a01\u5413\u548c\u611f\u5316\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\uff09<\/span> (,,,)<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8d5e\u6210\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e76\u503e\u5411<\/span>\u653e\u4efb\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u7f6a\u6076<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u5e72\u6d89\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0 \u7a46\u52d2<\/span> (John Stuart Mill)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                                \n<\/h4>\n

                                                \n\t\u7a46\u52d2\u662f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\u548c\u6539\u826f\u8005\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u5176\u59bb\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u611f\u60c5\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u81ea\u7531<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • \n\t\t\u6539\u826f\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Modified Utilitarianism):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u7a46\u52d2\u540c\u610f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6700\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5e78\u798f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u8ba1\u7b97\u5feb\u4e50\u65f6\u5e94\u540c\u65f6\u987e\u53ca<\/span>\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u6027\u8d28<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u6709\u80dc\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u75f4\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/strong> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7531\u8bba<\/span> (On Liberty):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u7a46\u52d2\u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u575a\u51b3\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u538b\u8feb\u81ea\u7531\u5373\u662f\u538b\u8feb\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u9700\u5728\u8fa9\u96be\u4e2d\u6108\u53d1\u6e05\u6670<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                • \n\t\t\u884c\u4e3a\u9650\u5236<\/span> (Limit on Actions):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5e94\u6709\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u4e0d\u80fd\u59a8\u788d\u4ed6\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u4e3a<\/span>\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2a\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5e94\u7edd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u5173\u7cfb\u4ed6\u4eba<\/span>\/<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5e94\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\uff09\u4e24\u7c7b\uff0c\u4f46\u627f\u8ba4\u4e24\u8005\u754c\u9650\u96be\u4ee5\u5212\u5206<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                • \n\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u539f\u7406<\/span> (Political Economy):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u7a46\u52d2\u65e9\u671f\u8d5e\u6210\u653e\u4efb\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u665a\u5e74\u601d\u60f3\u53d1\u751f\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u503e\u5411\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u7cca\u7684<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u7ade\u4e89<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5e76\u975e\u6c38\u8fdc\u80fd\u8c03\u548c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u7acb\u6cd5\u6551\u6d4e\u5931\u4e1a\u8005<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0 \u9a6c\u514b\u65af<\/span> (Karl Marx)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                                  \n<\/h4>\n

                                                  \n\t\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u662f<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u53d7\u5230\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • \n\t\t\u552f\u7269\u53f2\u89c2<\/span> (Dialectical Materialism):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6784\u9020\uff08\u7269\u8d28\u751f\u4ea7\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u7684<\/span>\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u751f\u6d3b\u751f\u4ea7\u72b6\u51b5\u51b3\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u53ca\u7cbe\u795e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684<\/span>\u5927\u81f4\u6027\u8d28<\/span><\/strong> (,)<\/span>\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u8fdb\u5c55\u5f00\u7aef\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u4ea7\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7cbe\u795e\u89c2\u5ff5<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                  • \n\t\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u6027\u8d28<\/span> (Origin and Nature of the State):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u539f\u59cb\u793e\u4f1a\u6ca1\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u540c\u65f6\u6765\u4e34\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u662f\u9636\u7ea7\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5360\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u638c\u63e1\u7684<\/span>\u5f3a\u5236\u529b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u538b\u8feb\u5176\u4ed6\u9636\u7ea7\u7684<\/span>\u5de5\u5177<\/span><\/strong> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                  • \n\t\t\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u4e0e\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e13\u653f<\/span> (Class Struggle and Proletariat
                                                    \n Dictatorship):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4<\/span>\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e13\u653f<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4e13\u653f\u662f<\/span>\u7531\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5230\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u9636\u6bb5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5c06\u5229\u7528\u56fd\u5bb6\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u6d88\u706d\u8d44\u672c\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u4e00\u5207\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8fbe\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                  • \n\t\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u840e\u53bb<\/span> (The Withering Away of the State):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u8fbe\u5230\u65e0\u9636\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u4f5c\u7528\u5c06\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u5931\uff0c<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u9010\u6e10<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u840e\u53bb<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u88ab\u7ba1\u7406\u7269\u8d28\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u6240\u4ee3\u66ff<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u7ae0 \u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Fascism)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                                    \n<\/h4>\n

                                                    \n\t\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53cd\u52a8\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u8d2f\u6027\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u884c\u52a8\u800c\u975e\u7406\u8bba<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • \n\t\t\u884c\u52a8\u5148\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba<\/span> (Action Precedes Theory):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u7a7a\u865a\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u7528<\/span>\u70ed\u8840\u6765\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u8fd0\u52a8\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e<\/span>\u884c\u52a8\u4e0a\u7684\u9700\u8981<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cbe\u5bc6\u601d\u8003\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4ea7\u7269<\/span> (,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                    • \n\t\t\u53cd\u7406\u77e5\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Anti-Rationalism):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u7406\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u64cd\u7eb5\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd<\/span>\u672c\u80fd\u4e0a\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c9<\/span><\/strong>\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ce8\u91cd<\/span>\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u5ba3\u4f20<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5ba2\u89c2\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u58a8\u68ad\u91cc\u5c3c\u548c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u90fd\u8d5e\u626c\u6b66\u529b\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u6218\u4e89\u80fd\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u80fd\u529b\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7d27\u5f20<\/span> (,,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                    • \n\t\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u795e\u8c1c<\/span> (Myth of the State and Race):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u795e\u8c1c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u523a\u6fc0\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u51b2\u52a8<\/span> ()<\/span>\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • \n\t\t\t\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6cd5\u897f\u65af<\/span> (Italian Fascism):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u795e\u8c1c\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6062\u590d\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u4e0e\u5149\u8363\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u662f\u76ee\u7684<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                                      • \n\t\t\t\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u793e\u515a<\/span> (German National Socialism):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u795e\u8c1c\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u79cd\u65cf<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u96c5\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u96c5\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\u662f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u79cd\u65cf\u7eaf\u6d01\u548c\u6269\u5f20\u9886\u571f\u7684\u5de5\u5177<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                      • \n\t\t\u9886\u8896\u539f\u7406<\/span> (The Leader Principle):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u53cd\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u7edd\u5bf9\u4fe1\u4ef0\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c<\/span>\u81ea\u4e0a\u81f3\u4e0b\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9886\u8896\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5373\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u516c\u5171\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u9886\u8896\u5bf9\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u8d1f\u5b8c\u5168\u8d23\u4efb<\/span> (,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                      • \n\t\t\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bba<\/span> (Totalitarian State):<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u89c6\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u670d\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u6269\u5c55\u81f3\u6781\u81f4\uff0c\u5e72\u6d89\u548c\u7edf\u5236\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff09<\/span>(,,)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                        \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                        \n\t