{"id":1975,"date":"2025-12-07T21:17:36","date_gmt":"2025-12-07T13:17:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1975"},"modified":"2025-12-07T21:17:36","modified_gmt":"2025-12-07T13:17:36","slug":"%e4%b8%96%e7%95%8c%e9%80%9a%e5%8f%b2%ef%bc%88%e4%b8%8a%e5%86%8c%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1975","title":{"rendered":"\u4e16\u754c\u901a\u53f2\uff08\u4e0a\u518c\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<b><u><span style=\"font-size:24px;\">\u4e16\u754c\u901a\u53f2\uff08\u4e0a\u518c\uff09<\/span><span><\/span><\/u><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image00001-23-729x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"899\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-1976\" srcset=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image00001-23-729x1024.jpg 729w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image00001-23-213x300.jpg 213w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image00001-23-768x1079.jpg 768w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image00001-23-1093x1536.jpg 1093w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image00001-23-1457x2048.jpg 1457w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image00001-23.jpg 1461w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u901a\u53f2\u300b\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4ece<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6e14\u730e\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5f00\u59cb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5373\u65e7\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\uff09\u5230<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u76f4\u81f3\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\uff09\u3002\u5168\u4e66\u7ed3\u6784\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u4ee3\u8fd1\u4e1c\u8bf8\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u660e<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5982\u57c3\u53ca\u3001\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\uff09\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u53e4\u6b27\u6d32<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5730\u7406\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5e8f\u8a00\u90e8\u5206\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u672c\u4e66\u4f5c\u8005<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d77\u601d\u3001\u7a46\u6069\u548c\u5a01\u5170<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u672c\u4e66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u672c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u7740\u91cd\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53f2\u5b9e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5747\u8861\u53d9\u8ff0<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5730\u56fe\u548c\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\u91ca\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u901a\u53f2\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7531\u6d77\u601d\u3001\u7a46\u6069\u548c\u5a01\u5170\u5408\u8457\uff0c\u5218\u68c0\u6208\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e25\u8c28\u3001\u5185\u5bb9\u7fd4\u5b9e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u5171\u5206\u5341\u4e8c\u5377\u3001\u4e94\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u53d9\u8ff0\u8303\u56f4\u4ece\u53e4\u4ee3\u6e14\u730e\u65f6\u671f\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u53f2\u5b9e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7eb2\u4e3e\u76ee\u5f20\u3001\u53d9\u8ff0\u5177\u4f53\u627c\u8981\uff0c\u5e76\u7b49\u91cf\u9f50\u89c2\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u5168\u7403\u5404\u4e16\u4ee3\u3001\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377 \u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u5f00\u59cb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Beginning of Civilization)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u521d\u671f\u6f2b\u957f\u800c\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f13\u8a00<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Introduction):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6307\u51fa\u672c\u5377\u6700\u521d\u7684\u51e0\u7ae0\u6240\u6db5\u76d6\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u6781\u5176\u6f2b\u957f\uff0c\u4e14\u8d8a\u662f\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u8de8\u5ea6\u8d8a\u5927\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 \u6e14\u730e\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Fishing and Hunting Era):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f9d\u9760\u6e14\u730e\u4e3a\u751f\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5373\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Old and<br \/>\n     New Stone Age)<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282 \u77f3\u5934\u7684\u6545\u4e8b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Story of Stone):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u65e0\u6587\u5b57\u65f6\u4ee3\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u77f3\u5668\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u77f3\u5934\uff08\u5982\u66d9\u77f3\u5668\u548c\u65e7\u77f3\u5668\uff09\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282 \u5de8\u517d\u730e\u8005<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Hunters of Giant Beasts):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u53e4\u4ee3\u730e\u4eba\uff08\u5982\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u7279\u4eba\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u6355\u730e\u5de8\u8c61\u3001\u7280\u725b\u7b49\u5927\u578b\u91ce\u517d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u51b0\u6cb3\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c\u706b\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282 \u730e\u4eba\u7684\u6280\u672f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Technology of Hunters):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u65e7\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u514b\u7f57\u9a6c\u4fac\u4eba\u7684\u71e7\u77f3\u5de5\u5177\u5236\u4f5c\u6280\u5de7\u3001\u5bf9\u9aa8\u548c\u89d2\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff08\u9a6f\u9e7f\u65f6\u4ee3\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f13\u7bad\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u548c\u6d1e\u7a74\u7ed8\u753b\u827a\u672f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u519c\u4e1a\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Agricultural Era):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u8fd1\u4e1c\uff08\u7ea6\u4e03\u5343\u5e74\u524d\uff09\u4ee5\u79cd\u690d\u690d\u7269\u548c\u9a6f\u517b\u5bb6\u755c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282 \u6700\u521d\u7684\u519c\u4eba<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The First Farmers):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u519c\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6447\u7bee<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u2014\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fd1\u4e1c\uff08\u57c3\u53ca\u548c\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8c37\u7269\u79cd\u690d\uff08\u5927\u9ea6\u3001\u5c0f\u9ea6\uff09\u548c\u5bb6\u755c\u9a6f\u517b\uff08\u72d7\u3001\u725b\u3001\u7f8a\u3001\u732a\uff09\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u98df\u7269\u4f9b\u7ed9\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282 \u65b0\u7684\u53d1\u73b0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (New Discoveries):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u78e8\u77f3\u548c\u65a7\u5934\u7b49\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8f66\u5b50\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b9a\u5c45\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u6b65\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282 \u519c\u4eba\u7684\u827a\u672f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Art of the Farmers):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u9ebb\u5e03\u548c\u9676\u5668\uff08\u4e0e\u519c\u4e1a\u540c\u6b65\uff09\u7684\u5236\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u623f\u5c4b\u548c\u8239\u53ea\u7684\u5efa\u9020\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u8fd1\u4e1c\u8bf8\u5e1d\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u827a\u672f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Empires and Art of the Near East):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5173\u6ce8\u4ece\u524d\u4e09\u5343\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u5230\u524d\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd1\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u4ece\u94dc\u5668<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u94c1\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u57c3\u53ca\uff08\u5c3c\u7f57\u6cb3\u5973\u513f\u3001\u8c61\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u3001\u65e7\u738b\u56fd\uff09\u548c\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\uff08\u82cf\u7f8e\u5c14\u4eba\u3001\u6954\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u7684\u6c49\u7a46\u62c9\u6bd4\u6cd5\u5178\uff09\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u9a6c\u5339\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u5e0c\u514b\u7d22\u65af\u4eba\u3001\u5580\u8d5b\u4eba\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u57c3\u53ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u7231\u7434\u6587\u660e\u3001\u514b\u5229\u5730\u5c9b\u7684\u6d77\u6743\uff08\u8fc8\u8bfa\u65f6\u671f\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u94c1\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08\u4e9a\u8ff0\u3001\u65b0\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\uff09\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff08\u5c45\u9c81\u58eb\u3001\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u7279\u6559\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 \u8fdc\u4e1c\u4e0e\u8fdc\u897f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Far East and the Far West):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8f6c\u5411\u7814\u7a76\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5468\u671d\uff08\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u3001\u5b54\u5b50\u548c\u8001\u5b50\uff09\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\uff08\u96c5\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\u3001\u5420\u9640\u7ecf\u3001\u65e9\u671f\u6587\u660e\u3001\u68b5\u6587\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6587\u660e\uff08\u739b\u96c5\u3001\u6258\u5c14\u7279\u514b\u3001\u5370\u5361\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377 \u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u660e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Classical Civilization of the Greek<br \/>\nCity-States)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6210\u957f\u53ca\u5176\u901a\u8fc7\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5bf9\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f13\u8a00<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Introduction):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c06\u5e0c\u814a\u4e0e\u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u660e\u5e76\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u5178\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u6307\u5176\u827a\u672f\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\u5353\u8d8a\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u8ba4\u672c\u4e66\u4e5f\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u660e\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u5178\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0 \u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5174\u8d77<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Rise of the Greek City-States):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u514b\u5229\u5730<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fc8\u9521\u5c3c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8377\u9a6c\u53f2\u8bd7\u4e2d\u7684\u963f\u5951\u6069\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u7231\u5965\u8fde\u57ce\u5e02\uff08\u5982\u7c73\u5229\u90fd\uff09\u5728\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u7684\u5353\u8d8a\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u8428\u65af\u540c\u76df\uff09\u548c\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff08\u5fb7\u52d2\u53ef\u3001\u68ad\u4f26\u3001\u514b\u5948\u65af\u5730\u91cc\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0 \u6ce2\u65af\u6218\u4e89\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u4e4b\u80dc\u5229<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Persian Wars and the Athenian Victory):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6ce2\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6269\u5f20\uff08\u5927\u6d41\u58eb\u3001\u859b\u897f\u65af\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u90a6\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9a6c\u62c9\u677e\u548c\u8428\u62c9\u5bc6\u65af\u6218\u5f79\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u80dc\u5229\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u90a6\u4e0e\u8fe6\u592a\u57fa\u7684\u6218\u4e89\uff08\u897f\u897f\u5229\u5c9b\u4e0a\u7684\u53d9\u62c9\u53e4\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u96c5\u5178\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff08\u63d0\u6d1b\u90a6\u8054\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u4f2f\u91cc\u514b\u5229\u65af\u65f6\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8f89\u714c\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u56e0\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u8428\u65af\u6218\u4e89\u800c\u8870\u843d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0 \u5e0c\u5229\u5c3c\u4e4b\u81a8\u80c0\u4e0e\u4e9a\u529b\u5c71\u5927\u4e4b\u6b66\u529f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Expansion of Hellenism and Alexander&#8217;s Military<br \/>\n     Achievements):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u90a6\u95f4\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u56e2\u7ed3\u548c\u8870\u5f31\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7eaa\u5143\u524d\u56db\u4e16\u7eaa\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u5316\u5728\u827a\u672f\u3001\u96c4\u8fa9\u672f\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u9a6c\u5176\u987f\u7684\u8153\u529b\u4e8c\u4e16\u5f81\u670d\u5e0c\u814a\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u4e9a\u529b\u5c71\u5927\u4e1c\u5f81\uff08\u653b\u9677\u6ce2\u65af\u3001\u57c3\u53ca\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u8fb9\u5883\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5e0c\u814a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9a6c\u5176\u987f\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4e9a\u529b\u5c71\u5927\u6b7b\u540e\u5e1d\u56fd\u5206\u88c2\u6210\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u738b\u56fd\uff08\u9a6c\u5176\u987f\u3001\u57c3\u53ca<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u738b\u671d\u3001\u585e\u7409\u606f\u738b\u56fd\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e0c\u5229\u5c3c\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Hellenistic Age<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377 \u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u660e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Classical Civilization of the Roman<br \/>\nEmpire)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u7f57\u9a6c\u4ece\u57ce\u90a6\u5230\u6a2a\u8de8\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8870\u53ca\u5176\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0 \u7f57\u9a6c\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5174\u8d77<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Rise of the Roman City-State):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u5d1b\u8d77\u524d\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff08\u62c9\u4e01\u65cf\u3001\u4f0a\u7a81\u65af\u5e72\u4eba\u3001\u5927\u5e0c\u814a\uff09\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u7f57\u9a6c\u57ce\uff08\u4ece\u738b\u653f\u5230\u5171\u548c\uff0c\u53d7\u4f0a\u7a81\u65af\u5e72\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d35\u65cf\u4e0e\u5e73\u6c11\u4e89\u593a\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u519b\u4e8b\u673a\u6784\uff08\u65c5\u56e2\uff09\u7edf\u4e00\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff08\u8428\u59c6\u5948\u4eba\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u76ae\u6d1b\u58eb\u6218\u4e89\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u548c\u516c\u8def\u52a0\u5f3a\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0 \u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e4b\u5f97\u5931<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Gains and Losses of the Roman Republic):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e0e\u8fe6\u592a\u57fa\uff08\u5e03\u533f\u514b\u6218\u4e89\uff09\u4e89\u593a\u897f\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u9738\u6743\u7684\u957f\u671f\u6218\u4e89\uff08\u6c49\u5c3c\u62d4\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u3001\u897f\u5e87\u963f\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff09\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u5f81\u670d\u5e0c\u5229\u5c3c\u5316\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c1a\u5e0c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u5bf9\u7f57\u9a6c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u53d8\u8fc1\uff08\u5927\u5e84\u56ed\u3001\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u6b66\u58eb\u9636\u7ea7\u5174\u8d77\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u9636\u7ea7\u8870\u843d\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u683c\u62c9\u53e4\u5144\u5f1f\u7684\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9a6c\u7acb\u963f\u65af\u3001\u82cf\u62c9\u3001\u5e9e\u57f9\u7b49\u717d\u52a8\u5bb6\u548c\u72c4\u514b\u63a8\u591a\uff08\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\uff09\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8be6\u8ff0\u4e86\u607a\u6492\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb\u548c\u9047\u523a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08\u666e\u6797\u897f\u5e15\u7279\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0 \u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53ca\u5e0c\u7f57\u6df7\u5408\u6587\u5316<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Roman Empire and Greco-Roman Mixed Culture):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff08\u5982\u63d0\u6bd4\u7559\u3001\u5c3c\u7984\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f57\u9a6c\u548c\u5e73<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65f6\u671f\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Pax<br \/>\n     Romana<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5e1d\u56fd\u540e\u671f\u7684\u52a8\u4e71\uff08\u519b\u4e8b\u72ec\u88c1\u3001\u86ee\u65cf\u5165\u4fb5\u3001\u6234\u514b\u7406\u5148\u7684\u5206\u6cbb\u3001\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u67e5\u58eb\u4e01\u5c3c\u6cd5\u5178\uff09\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\uff08\u5546\u4e1a\u7e41\u8363\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u3001\u519c\u5974\u5236\u5ea6\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f57\u9a6c\u6df7\u5408\u6587\u5316\u5728\u827a\u672f\uff08\u62f1\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u5706\u9876\uff09\u3001\u6587\u5b66\uff08\u5473\u5409\u5c14\u3001\u8d3a\u62c9\u65af\u3001\u5854\u897f\u4f57\uff09\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5377 \u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u4e4b\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Classical Age of China and India)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u91cd\u65b0\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u4e0e\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u4e16\u754c\u76f8\u5bf9\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u660e\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0 \u5370\u5ea6\u53ca\u5176\u5723\u4eba<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (India and Its Sages):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u53e4\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u79cd\u59d3\u5236\u5ea6\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u91ca\u8fe6\u725f\u5c3c\uff08\u4f5b\u9640\uff09\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u3001\u89c9\u609f\u548c\u6559\u4e49\uff08\u56db\u5723\u8c1b\u3001\u516b\u6b63\u9053\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4e1c\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\uff08\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d\u7684\u65c3\u9640\u7f57\u7b08\u591a\u548c\u963f\u80b2\u738b\uff08\u63a8\u5e7f\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c\u523b\u77f3\u7891\uff0c\u4e0e\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u4e16\u754c\u4ea4\u6d41\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u65fa\u76db\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u7b08\u591a\u738b\u671d\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Gupta<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5a46\u7f57\u95e8\u6559\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5308\u5974\u5165\u4fb5\u540e\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ed1\u6697\u65f6\u671f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u4e2d\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u54f2\u4eba<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (China and Its Philosophers):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u94c1\u5668\u4f20\u5165\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8001\u5b50\u7684\u9053\u6559\uff08\u9053\uff09\u548c\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u793c\u4eea\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7bb4\u8a00\u3001\u4e94\u7ecf\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u54c1\u683c\u7684\u5851\u9020\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6c49\u6b66\u5e1d\u5f00\u901a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e1d\u9053<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u53ca\u8fd1\u4e1c\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u8d38\u6613\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u4f5b\u6559\u4f20\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5916\uff08\u9ad8\u4e3d\u3001\u65e5\u672c\uff09\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\u7edf\u4e00\u4e2d\u56fd\uff08\u7ed3\u675f\u5c01\u5efa\u3001\u4fee\u7b51\u957f\u57ce\uff09\u548c\u6c49\u671d\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u6587\u5b98\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u5370\u5237\u672f\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5e94\u7528\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5510\u671d\u7684\u590d\u5174\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e94\u5377 \u81ea\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u660e\u8fc7\u6e21\u81f3\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u660e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Transition from Classical Civilization<br \/>\nto Christian Civilization)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u86ee\u65cf\u5165\u4fb5\u4e0b\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ed1\u6697\u65f6\u671f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0 \u56de\u987e\u4e0e\u524d\u77bb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Review and Outlook):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u5e76\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5f31\u70b9\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5974\u96b6<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u519c\u5974\u5236\u4e0a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u5962\u4f88\u4e0e\u8150\u5316\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u4e13\u5236\uff08\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9009\u62e9\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff09\u3001\u5bf9\u6b66\u529b\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3001\u5bf9\u5916\u65cf\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u8f6f\u5f31\u4ee5\u53ca\u5d07\u53e4\u7684\u98ce\u6c14\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6307\u51fa\u514b\u670d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f31\u70b9\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u529b\u91cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0 \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Christianity in the Roman Empire):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u3001\u6559\u8bf2\uff08\u7231\u4eba\u5982\u5df1\u3001\u5929\u56fd\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u9489\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u540e\u5176\u95e8\u5f92\uff08\u4f7f\u5f92\uff09\u7684\u4f20\u9053\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4fdd\u7f57\u5411\u5f02\u90a6\u4eba\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e0e\u5f02\u6559\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff08\u8feb\u5bb3\u3001\u6b89\u9053\u8005\uff09\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u4e89\u7aef\uff08\u5f02\u7aef\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff08\u4f3d\u7565\u3001\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8bcf\u4e66\uff0c\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u72c4\u5965\u591a\u4fee\u7acb\u4e3a\u56fd\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0 \u6765\u81ea\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u86ee\u65cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Barbarians from the North):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u6c11\u65cf\uff08\u54e5\u5fb7\u4eba\u3001\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u3001\u6c6a\u8fbe\u5c14\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u4eba\uff08\u53d7\u5230\u5308\u5974\u5a01\u80c1\uff09\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5165\u4fb5\u897f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08\u5982\u897f\u54e5\u5fb7\u4eba\u52ab\u63a0\u7f57\u9a6c\u3001\u6c6a\u8fbe\u5c14\u4eba\u5360\u9886\u8fe6\u592a\u57fa\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u86ee\u65cf\u738b\u56fd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5728\u86ee\u65cf\u4e2d\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e4c\u5c14\u6590\u62c9\u5411\u54e5\u5fb7\u4eba\u4f20\u6559\uff08\u4e9a\u5229\u4e4c\u6d3e\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\uff08\u514b\u7f57\u6e29\uff09\u548c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4eba\uff08\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff09\u7688\u4f9d\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u7ae0 \u6765\u81ea\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e4b\u4fb5\u7565\u8005<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Invaders from the East):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u6ce2\u65af\u8428\u8428\u5c3c\u738b\u671d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u957f\u671f\u6218\u4e89\uff08\u79d1\u65af\u7f57\u4f0a\u3001\u5e0c\u62c9\u514b\u7565\uff09\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u4e0e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff08\u4e00\u795e\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u53ef\u5170\u7ecf\u3001\u9ed1\u86a9\u62c9\u7eaa\u5143\uff09\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5e1d\u56fd\u5bf9\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u57c3\u53ca\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u5f81\u670d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff08\u5927\u9a6c\u58eb\u9769\u3001\u5df4\u683c\u8fbe\u3001\u79d1\u591a\u74e6\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u5b97\u6559\u800c\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u7ae0 \u9ed1\u6697\u65f6\u671f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Dark Age):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u5728\u86ee\u65cf\u5165\u4fb5\u540e\u9000\u56de\u5230\u9ed1\u6697\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f46\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u67e5\u7406\u66fc\u5927\u5e1d\uff08\u5efa\u7acb\u5361\u7f57\u6797\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u88ab\u52a0\u5195\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b66\u95ee\uff09\u548c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u4e9a\u5c14\u5f17\u5927\u5e1d\uff08\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5b58\u7eed\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u6587\u5316\u3001\u827a\u672f\u548c\u4e1c\u897f\u6559\u4f1a\u5206\u88c2\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5728\u5317\u6b27\u548c\u4e1c\u6b27\uff08\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ef4\u91d1\u4eba\u3001\u739b\u672d\u513f\u4eba\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6d77\u76d7\uff08\u8428\u62c9\u68ee\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff08\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u53d6\u4ee3\u5965\u7f8e\u96c5\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u9996\u90fd\u8fc1\u81f3\u5df4\u683c\u8fbe\uff09\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u7684\u5149\u8f89\u6210\u5c31\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u516d\u5377 \u4e2d\u53e4\u6b27\u6d32\u4e4b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u660e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Christian Civilization of Medieval<br \/>\nEurope)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u516c\u5143\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u5230\u5341\u56db\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u53e4\u6587\u660e\uff08\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u548c\u86ee\u65cf\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff09\u7684\u6210\u957f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u7ae0 \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u751f\u6d3b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Life in the Middle Ages):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5c01\u5efa\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u9886\u4e3b\u3001\u9644\u5eb8\u3001\u5c01\u4e1a\u3001\u9a91\u58eb\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u548c\u6027\u8d28\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e61\u6751\u751f\u6d3b\uff08\u9886\u5730\u3001\u519c\u5974\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u519c\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u5408\u4f5c\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u6734\u7d20\u8270\u82e6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5e02\u9547\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff08\u7f57\u9a6c\u65e7\u57ce\u548c\u65b0\u57ce\uff0c\u7279\u8bb8\u72b6\uff09\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\uff08\u5546\u4eba\u57fa\u5c14\u7279\u3001\u827a\u5de5\u57fa\u5c14\u7279\u3001\u5b66\u5f92\u3001\u5e02\u96c6\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u5408\u4f5c\uff08\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u6148\u5584\u3001\u533b\u9662\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u9a91\u58eb\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u8363\u8a89\u4e0e\u9ad8\u8d35\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0 \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u653f\u5e9c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Medieval Government):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u767e\u8872\u88ab<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c40\u9762\uff08\u516c\u56fd\u3001\u4f2f\u56fd\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u4e16\u4fd7\u541b\u4e3b\uff09\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6559\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u5165\u4e16<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u51fa\u4e16\u6559\u804c\uff09\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5ead\u3001\u7b56\u5c01\u6743\u4e4b\u4e89\uff08\u683c\u52d2\u54e5\u91cc\u4e03\u4e16\u4e0e\u4ea8\u5229\u56db\u4e16\uff09\u548c\u6559\u7687\u6743\u529b\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\uff08\u82f1\u8bfa\u68ee\u4e09\u4e16\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u540d\u5b58\u5b9e\u4ea1\uff08\u9009\u4faf\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u4e00\u4e16\u4e0e\u6559\u7687\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u79ef\u5f31\u4e0d\u632f\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u5982\u5a01\u5c3c\u601d\u3001\u70ed\u8bfa\u4e9a\u3001\u5f17\u7f57\u68f1\u65af\u3001\u7c73\u5170\u3001\u6c49\u8428\u540c\u76df\uff09\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff08\u5f81\u670d\u8005\u5a01\u5ec9\u3001\u672b\u65e5\u4e66\u3001\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u3001\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff09\u548c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\uff08\u5361\u4f69\u738b\u671d\u3001\u8153\u529b\u4e8c\u4e16\u3001\u8153\u529b\u56db\u4e16\u4e0e\u6559\u7687\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5316\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u7ae0 \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u6587\u5316<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Medieval Culture):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f5c\u4e3a\u901a\u7528\u5b66\u672f\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b9\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff08\u7f57\u66fc\u65af\u3001\u53f2\u8bd7\u3001\u4f46\u4e01\u3001\u4e54\u53df\uff09\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\uff08\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u548c\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff08\u81ea\u7531\u827a\u672f\u4e03\u79d1\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u751f\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u969c\u788d\uff08\u8ff7\u4fe1\u3001\u6f14\u7e79\u6cd5\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u4ee3\u6570\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u7f57\u5409\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57f9\u6839\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u54e5\u5fb7\u5f0f\u548c\u7f57\u66fc\u65af\u5f0f\u5efa\u7b51\uff08\u98de\u67f1\u3001\u5f69\u7ed8\u73bb\u7483\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ed8\u753b\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e03\u5377 \u6b27\u6d32\u4e4b\u6269\u5f35<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Expansion of Europe)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u5728\u4e2d\u53e4\u672b\u671f\u5230\u8fd1\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u5e76\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0 \u5341\u5b57\u519b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Crusades):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u585e\u5c14\u67f1\u571f\u8033\u57fa\u4eba\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3001\u6559\u7687\u7684\u53f7\u53ec\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u56db\u6b21\u4e3b\u8981\u8fdc\u5f81\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8be6\u8ff0\u4e86\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u653b\u9677\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\uff08\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5e1d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\uff09\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8499\u53e4\u65cb\u98ce\uff08\u6210\u5409\u601d\u6c57\u3001\u5e16\u6728\u513f\uff09\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5965\u6258\u66fc\u571f\u8033\u57fa\u4eba\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u548c\u6269\u5f20\uff08\u653b\u9677\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\uff0c\u52d2\u73ed\u591a\u6d77\u6218\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u53e4\u5b66\u4e4b\u590d\u5174<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Revival of Ancient Learning):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff08\u5bf9\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u660e\u7684\u70ed\u70c8\u7814\u7a76\uff09\uff0c\u5148\u9a71\u8005\uff08\u4f2f\u5854\u814a\u514b\u3001\u8584\u4f3d\u4e18\uff09\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u5b66\u8005\u897f\u8fc1\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u7687\u548c\u541b\u4e3b\u5bf9\u65b0\u5b66\u7684\u63d0\u5021\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff08\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u3001\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5d07\u53e4\u3001\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6587\u5b66\uff08\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff1a\u585e\u4e07\u63d0\u65af\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\uff1a\u5361\u6469\u6069\u65af\uff09\u548c\u827a\u672f\uff08\u5efa\u7b51\uff1a\u53e4\u5178\u5f0f\u3001\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u6559\u5802\uff1b\u96d5\u523b\uff1a\u7c73\u5f00\u6717\u57fa\u7f57\uff1b\u7ed8\u753b\uff1a\u8fbe\u82ac\u5947\u3001\u62c9\u6590\u5c14\u3001\u63d0\u9999\uff09\u7684\u8f89\u714c\u6210\u5c31\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0 \u65b0\u53d1\u660e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (New Inventions):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u57f9\u6839\u548c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u548c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5bf9\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u5730\u5fc3\u8bf4\uff08\u5929\u6587\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8be6\u8ff0\u4e86\u5370\u5237\u672f\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u53e4\u8001\u5199\u5b57\u6750\u6599\uff08\u7eb8\u8349\u3001\u7f8a\u76ae\u7eb8\uff09\u548c\u6d3b\u5b57\u5370\u5237\u672f\uff08\u53e4\u767b\u5821\uff09\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u666e\u53ca\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u706b\u836f\u548c\u706b\u5668\uff08\u589e\u5f3a\u541b\u4e3b\u6743\u529b\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u822a\u6d77\u8005\u7f57\u76d8\uff08\u52a9\u63a8\u5730\u7406\u53d1\u73b0\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0 \u8fdc\u65b9\u63a2\u9669\u4e0e\u5546\u4e1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Exploration and Commerce Afar):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5bf9\u5916\u63a2\u9669\u7684\u52a8\u56e0\uff08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u70ed\u5ff1\uff09\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u5546\u4eba\uff08\u9a6c\u53ef<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6ce2\u7f57\uff09\u4e0e\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u901a\u5f80\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u65b0\u822a\u7ebf\uff08\u4ea8\u5229\u4eb2\u738b\u3001\u8fea\u4e9a\u58eb\u3001\u8fbe\u4f3d\u9a6c\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u897f\u884c\u53d1\u73b0\u7f8e\u6d32\uff0c\u5361\u4f2f\u7279\u3001\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u7684\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u6d32\u88ab\u786e\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u4e16\u754c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e9a\u6d32\uff08\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u672c\uff09\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u83ab\u5367\u513f\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8870\uff1b\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\uff1b\u975e\u6d32\u5974\u96b6\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u5174\u8d77<br \/>\n      \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5730\u7406\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u672c\u571f\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\uff08\u5546\u4e1a\u3001\u8d22\u5bcc\u3001\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u58ee\u5927\u3001\u6b96\u6c11\u6218\u4e89\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u516b\u5377 \u6b27\u6d32\u8bf8\u56fd\u53ca\u6559\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e4b\u52a8\u4e71<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Turbulence Among European Nations and<br \/>\nthe Church)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u5173\u6ce8<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">15<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">18<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u541b\u6743\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5927\u52a8\u4e71\u548c\u53d8\u9769 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0 \u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u4e4b\u590d\u5174<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Revival of Absolute Monarchy):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f3a\u5927\u541b\u4e3b\u7edf\u6cbb\u590d\u5174\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u56e0\u7d20 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u7ae0 \u65b0\u9769\u547d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The New Revolutions):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u53ca\u5176\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u65b0\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3001\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff08\u53cd\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\uff09\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u8feb\u5bb3\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u6d3e\u522b \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u7ae0 \u8377\u5170\u4e0e\u82f1\u9769\u5170\u4e4b\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u6743\u906d\u53d7\u6253\u51fb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Absolute Regimes in Holland and England Receive Blows):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u8377\u5170\u9769\u547d\uff08\u53cd\u6297\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff09\u3001\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u9769\u547d\u3001\u738b\u653f\u590d\u8f9f\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u7ae0 \u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\u76db\u884c\u4e8e\u5927\u9646<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Absolute Monarchy Prevails on the Continent):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5927\u9646\u4e0a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u738b\u671d\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u6ce2\u672c\u738b\u671d\u3001\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u7684\u8377\u6f20\u7d22\u4f26\u738b\u671d\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u7f57\u66fc\u8bfa\u592b\u738b\u671d\u548c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684\u8d6b\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u5bb6\u65cf\u95f4\u7684\u6218\u4e89<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5377 \u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\u57fa\u7840<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Modern Civilization and the Foundations of<br \/>\nRevolution)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5960\u5b9a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u9769\u547d\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5404\u9879\u56e0\u7d20<br \/>\n\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0 \u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The American Revolution):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5206\u6790\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u53d1\u8868\u3001\u8d62\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u53ca\u5176\u91cd\u5927\u610f\u4e49 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u7ae0 \u667a\u8bc6\u9769\u547d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Intellectual Revolution):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u8fdb\u6b65\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4ee5\u53ca\u6279\u5224\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0 \u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The French Revolution):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u6210\u529f\u3001\u5916\u60a3\u3001\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u7684\u6b66\u529b\u72ec\u88c1\u3001\u590d\u8f9f\u4ee5\u53ca\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u6548\u679c \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e4b\u9769\u547d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Latin American Revolutions):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u897f\u3001\u8461\u5728\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7c73\u5170\u8fbe\u3001\u6ce2\u5229\u74e6\u5c14\u7b49\u4eba\u7269\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u95e8\u7f57\u4e3b\u4e49<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0 \u4ea7\u4e1a\u9769\u547d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Industrial Revolution):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9610\u660e\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u65b0\u7eba\u7ec7\u673a\u3001\u74e6\u7279\u84b8\u6c7d\u5f15\u64ce\u3001\u7164\u4e0e\u94c1\u3001\u6c7d\u8239\u4e0e\u84b8\u6c14\u673a\u5173\u8f66\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u6751\u843d\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u65e0\u6b62\u5883\u7684\u9769\u547d<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u5377 \u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Nationalism and Democracy)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">19<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u51b2\u7a81 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u56db\u7ae0 \u52a8\u8361\u4e2d\u7684\u6b27\u6d32<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Europe in Turmoil):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6885\u7279\u6d85\u7684\u53cd\u52a8\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u6212\u4e71\u3001\u6ce2\u672c\u738b\u671d\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1830<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1848<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u4e24\u6b21\u9769\u547d \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0 \u82f1\u56fd\u4e4b\u6539\u9769<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Reforms in Great Britain):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e2d\u7b49\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u548c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u95ee\u9898 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u7ae0 \u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u6539\u9769<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Reforms in the British Empire):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u3001\u4ece\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5230\u81ea\u6cbb\u9886\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6269\u5f20<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e03\u7ae0 \u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u4e4b\u81a8\u80c0\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Expansion and Unification of the United States):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u548c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6f14\u53d8<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u7ae0 \u610f\u5927\u5229\u4e4b\u89e3\u653e\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Liberation and Unification of Italy):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u9a6c\u5fd7\u5c3c\u3001\u52a0\u91cc\u6ce2\u5e95\u3001\u4e54\u4f2f\u5c14\u63d0\u7b49\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u5965\u5730\u5229\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u73b0\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u7edf\u4e00<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0 \u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u4e4b\u7edf\u4e00<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Unification of Germany):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5173\u7a0e\u540c\u76df\u4e0e\u90a6\u8054\u3001\u4ffe\u65af\u9ea6\u7684\u94c1\u8840\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5efa\u7acb\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u7ae0 \u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e09\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The French Third Republic):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u3001\u8272\u5f53\u4e4b\u6218\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u53ca\u5176\u6301\u4e45\u6027<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0 \u4e1c\u6b27\u6d32<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Eastern Europe):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5965\u6258\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6ca1\u843d\u3001\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u5377 \u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The White Man&#8217;s Burden)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<br \/>\n\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f15\u8a00<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Introduction):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u70b9\u660e\u4e86\u672c\u5377\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e66\u540d\u672c\u8eab\u5e26\u6709<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6279\u6ce8\u6307\u51fa\u5409\u535c\u6797\u662f\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9f13\u624b\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u4e1c\u4e0e\u897f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (East and West):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u897f\u98ce\u4e1c\u6e10\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u89c9\u9192\u3001\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u65d7\u5e1c\u4e0b\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e9a\u6d32\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0 \u975e\u6d32\u4e4b\u5f81\u670d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Conquest of Africa):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5f81\u670d\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u5584\u56e0\u4e0e\u6076\u56e0\u3001\u5e1d\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8005\u7f57\u5179<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u897f\u5e2d\u5c14\u3001\u82f1\u6cd5\u59a5\u534f\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u4e49<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u5377 \u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u8bd5\u9a8c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Test of Modern Civilization)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u5377\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">20<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u8003\u9a8c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5371\u673a \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u56db\u7ae0 \u56fd\u9645\u7684\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u72b6\u6001<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (International Anarchy):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u52a8\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u79d8\u5bc6\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0e\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u8d77\u56e0 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0 \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The First World War):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u5927\u6218\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u9646\u4e0a\u80dc\u5229\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6d77\u4e0a\u80dc\u5229\u3001\u5168\u7403\u6027\u6218\u5c40\uff09\uff0c\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6218\u4e89\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u60b2\u5267\u4e0e\u635f\u5931<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u516d\u7ae0 \u65b0\u5730\u56fe\u4e0e\u65b0\u6cd5\u5f8b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The New Map and the New Law):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u4f1a\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5171\u548c\u9769\u547d\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u72ec\u88c1\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u7684\u51fa\u73b0<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u4e03\u7ae0 \u6218\u540e\u8bf8\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4e1c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Post-War Problems, Far East and Near East):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u7eb7\u6270\u3001\u8fd1\u4e1c\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u81ea\u51b3\u4ee5\u53ca\u59d4\u4efb\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u95ee\u9898<br \/>\n     \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u516b\u7ae0 \u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u6cd5\u5ead<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The League of Nations and the World Court):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u56fd\u8054\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u5baa\u7ae0\u3001\u5904\u7406\u4e89\u6267\u4e0e\u8d54\u507f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bcc\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u4e4b\u65f6\u671f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0 \u548c\u5e73\u65f6\u671f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Period of Peace):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u7684\u7f29\u5c0f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u52a0\u5f3a\u3001\u52b3\u5de5\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u6821\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e94\u5341\u7ae0 \u5371\u673a\u65f6\u671f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Period of Crisis):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5371\u673a \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e94\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Second World War):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u5bf9\u5185\u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u53cd\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u5907\u6218\u3001\u904d\u5e03\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6218\u573a\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u80dc\u5229 \u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u53d9\u8ff0\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u6d41\u7545\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u8bfb\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77ac\u606f\u4e07\u53d8\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/18p2dci4PTRXUvKs0DKxF_aiVXTVdvedN\/preview\" width=\"800\" height=\"1080\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e16\u754c\u901a\u53f2\uff08\u4e0a\u518c\uff09 &nbsp; \u300a\u4e16\u754c\u901a\u53f2\u300b\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4ece\u6e14\u730e\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff08\u5373\u65e7\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\uff09\u5230\u8fd1\u4ee3 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1976,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1975","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1975"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1975\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1977,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1975\/revisions\/1977"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1976"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1975"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1975"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1975"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}