{"id":1908,"date":"2025-12-04T15:15:48","date_gmt":"2025-12-04T07:15:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1908"},"modified":"2025-12-04T15:15:48","modified_gmt":"2025-12-04T07:15:48","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%af%b9%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e7%9a%84%e5%bd%b1%e5%93%8d%e3%80%8b-the-impact-of-education-on-society","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1908","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b The Impact of Education on Society"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66 <\/span>0273<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tThe
\nImpact of Education on Society<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tW. O. Lester Smith\u4e8e<\/span>1948<\/span>\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7ea6\u745f\u592b<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u4f69\u6069\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7814\u7a76\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u9996\u5148\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u5c0f\u73ed\u5236\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6587\u5316<\/span><\/b>\u53ca\u5bf9\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u6ce8\u6765\u57f9\u517b\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u540e\u7684<\/span>\u5b97\u6559\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u7ed9\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u8d44\u6e90\u532e\u4e4f\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0d\u5747\u7684\u6c89\u91cd\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f53\u4e0b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u6f14\u8bb2\u6307\u51fa\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u514b\u670d\u56e0<\/span>\u5b66\u6821\u5efa\u7b51\u758f\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4<\/span><\/b>\u548c\u6218\u65f6\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6311\u6218\uff0c<\/span>1944<\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6784\u5efa\u672a\u6765\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u5316\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u3002\u5c55\u671b\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e0e\u591a\u6837\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b66\u672f\u5353\u8d8a\u4e0e\u5bf9<\/span>\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u9700\u6c42<\/span><\/b>\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u7ed3\u9053\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6559\u80b2\u80fd\u5426\u4ea7\u751f\u79ef\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e<\/span>\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u6559\u5e08\u5bcc\u6709\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span><\/b>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u539f\u5219\u7684\u575a\u6301\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff08\u7ae0\u8282\uff09\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u8fc7\u53bb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>The Past<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u73b0\u5728<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>The Present<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u672a\u6765<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>The Future<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e00\uff1a\u8fc7\u53bb<\/span> (LECTURE I: THE PAST)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u6838\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u8bb2\u5ea7\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684<\/span>\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\uff08\u5982<\/span> Sir Fred Clarke<\/span>\u3001<\/span>Dr. Tawney<\/span>\u3001<\/span>Karl Mannheim<\/span>\uff09\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4efb\u52a1\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u6216\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5b66\u6821\u5728\u4fc3\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u4e2d\u7684\u529f\u80fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u70ed\u7231\u548c\u5bf9\u64cd\u7eb5\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u538c\u6076\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u613f\u7814\u7a76\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u653f\u7b56\uff08\u5982\u300a\u54c8\u591a\u62a5\u544a\u300b<\/span>Hadow Report<\/span>\uff09\u503e\u5411\u4e8e<\/span>\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u76f8\u4e92\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u5e73\u8861<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6b63\u8fc5\u901f\u5c06\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u63a8\u5411\u652f\u6301\u516c\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4f2f\u7279\u5170<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7f57\u7d20\uff08<\/span>Lord Russell<\/span>\uff09\u4e5f\u8ba4\u540c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5c31\u65f6\u4ee3\u9700\u6c42\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5728\u9996\u4f4d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u7406\u60f3\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bfb\u6c42<\/span>\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u65b0\u7efc\u5408<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u671f\u6c72\u53d6\u5b9d\u8d35\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5229\u7528\u300a\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08<\/span>Butler Act<\/span>\uff09\u5960\u5b9a\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u7840\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u5851\u9020\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7279\u5f81\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u963f\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u5927\u5e1d\uff08<\/span>Alfred the Great<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5927\u81e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\u4eba\u5851\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u963f\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0e<\/span> 1944 <\/span>\u5e74\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\u5148\u751f\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u7c7b\u6bd4\u3002\u8bfa\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7235\u58eb\uff08<\/span>Sir Cyril Norwood<\/span>\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u963f\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd<\/span>\u201d (Unity, service,
    \n citizenship)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e16\u754c<\/span> (United Christendom)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7956\u5148\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u907f\u514d\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b97\u6559\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c\u53cc\u91cd\u5236\u5ea6\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u5c0f\u73ed\u6388\u8bfe\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u524d\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u901a\u5e38\u89c4\u6a21\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u6559\u5e08\u53ea\u6559\u5c11\u6570\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5c0f\u73ed\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<\/span>3<\/span>\u3001<\/span>4 <\/span>\u6216<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\uff09\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u95e8\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684<\/span> 2,081 <\/span>\u4e2a\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span> 50 <\/span>\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u73ed\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c<\/span>\u5927\u73ed\u6388\u8bfe\u5bf9\u793e\u533a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5371\u9669<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u957f\u4e45\u7684\u5e08\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u6027\u683c\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  4. \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u5c0f\u7fa4\u4f53\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u53d7\u4eba\u7fa4\u62e5\u6324\u7684\u56f0\u6270\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u4f8d\u4ece\u548c\u89c1\u4e60\u9a91\u58eb\u8bad\u7ec3\uff08<\/span>squire and page training<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u5f92\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u57f9\u517b\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u826f\u597d\u516c\u6c11\u7cbe\u795e\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u62e5\u6324\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u533a\uff08\u88ab\u89c4\u5212\u8005\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201cconurbation\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u96be\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u573a\u5730\u548c\u4eba\u5458\u6765\u8fd0\u8425\u5c0f\u578b\u9752\u5e74\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  5. \n\t\t\u76ee\u7684\u660e\u786e\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2<\/span> (Vocation)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u5728\u5bf9\u5f85\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0a\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u5e76\u975e\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u548c\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2d\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u7528\u3002\u7d22\u7f57\u5c14\u5fb7<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7f57\u6770\u65af\uff08<\/span>Thorold Rogers<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u524d\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u5de5\u5320\u5728\u62fc\u5199\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u9762\u6bd4\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u540e\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  6. \n\t\t\u793e\u533a\u751f\u6d3b\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u64c5\u957f\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u63a8\u5e7f\u6559\u80b2\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u9636\u5c42\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u601d\u60f3\u53d1\u9175<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>intellectual
    \n ferment<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ba8\u8bba\u5c0f\u7ec4\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u82f1\u683c\u5170<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Merrie England<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u533a\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u8bb8\u591a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u793e\u533a\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u5e02\u653f\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u73b0\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u969c\u788d<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n\t\t\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u51b2\u7a81<\/span> (Clash of Ideologies)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u59cb\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u9769\u547d\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u5b83\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6597\u4e89\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u6559\u4e0e\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u5bfb\u6c42\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u51b2\u7a81\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u548c\u975e\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u516c\u5b66\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u6148\u5584\u5b66\u6821\u7b49\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u76f4\u5230<\/span> 1944 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u624d\u518d\u6b21\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u771f\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7edf\u4e00<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    2. \n\t\t\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Laissez Faire)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u957f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u53e3\u5411\u65b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u9020\u6210\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81f4\u547d\u6253\u51fb<\/span>\u201d (knock-out blow)<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u9057\u7559\u7684\u540e\u679c\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u91cd\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1<\/span> 80% <\/span>\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u4f5c\u6559\u80b2\u7528\u9014\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u5361\u83b1\u5c14\uff08<\/span>Carlyle<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u6c42\u6301\u6d88\u6781\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ecd\u672a\u4ece\u4eba\u4eec\u5fc3\u4e2d\u6d88\u4ea1<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5361\u5c14<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff08<\/span>Karl Marx<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u79ef\u6781\u548c\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u51b3\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fe1\u6761\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t <\/p>\n
      \n

      \t<\/span>\n<\/div>\n

      \n\t\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e8c\uff1a\u73b0\u5728<\/span> (LECTURE II: THE PRESENT)<\/span>
      \n<\/h3>\n

      \n\t\u8bc4\u4f30\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6311\u6218<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7740\u91cd\u4e8e\u8bc4\u4f30<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u73b0\u5728<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5386\u53f2\u900f\u89c6\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u5168\u9762\u628a\u63e1\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u7164\u70ad\u3001\u68c9\u82b1\u7b49\u8001\u5de5\u4e1a\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff1a<\/span>\u5728\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u65b0\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u8fc5\u901f\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u6218\u7565\u89c4\u5212\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5fae\u5999\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u635f\u5bb3<\/span>\u57fa\u672c\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5c31\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u5176\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u706b\u82b1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u7684\u6c89\u91cd\u9057\u4ea7\uff08\u6570\u91cf\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u4f17\u5e76\u672a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u957f\u671f\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u653f\u7b56\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u3002\u867d\u7136\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u826f\u513f\u7ae5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216\u5b64\u513f\u5145\u6ee1\u540c\u60c5\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u5173\u6ce8\u666e\u901a\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u73af\u5883\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u653f\u7b56\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u53e3\u6fc0\u589e\u548c\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b66\u6821\u5efa\u7b51\u5927\u591a\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5175\u8425\u5f0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f4d\u4e8e\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u573a\u5730\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6291\u5236\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u6ede\u540e\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> 1870 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u798f\u65af\u7279\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08<\/span>Forster Act<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span> 1902 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u8d1d\u5c14\u798f\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08<\/span>Balfour Act<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u90fd\u5e26\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u7684\u5370\u8bb0\u3002\u5728<\/span> 1902 <\/span>\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f18\u5148\u53d1\u5c55\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c<\/span>\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u513f\u7ae5\u4ecd\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u4e3a\u9650\u5236\u6027\u3001\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u800c\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u963b\u788d\u6539\u9769\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> 1944 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6446\u8131\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u5bf9\u79ef\u538b\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u6b20\u8d26\u8fdb\u884c\u6e05\u7b97\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u7684\u6c89\u91cd\u9057\u4ea7\uff08\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u867d\u7136\u521b\u9020\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u73cd\u8d35\u7684\u73e0\u5b9d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u6539\u9769\u540e\u7684\u516c\u5b66\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u6574\u4f53\u56fe\u666f\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u6559\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e72\u9884\u4f20\u7edf\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u4e0d\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b66\u6821\u5e94\u6559\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u6307\u5bfc\uff08\u5982\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u5efa\u8bae\u624b\u518c\u300b\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u5e08\u5e94<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u8003<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5b66\u6821\u9700\u8981\u53d1\u5c55\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5728<\/span> 1905 <\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span> 1935 <\/span>\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u53d1\u5c55<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6210\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u88ab\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5b83\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u907f\u514d\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\u5e7b\u706d\u65f6\u671f\u96be\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span>egoism<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u4e3a\u6210\u719f\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5960\u5b9a\u575a\u5b9e\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4ece\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/span>D. H. Lawrence <\/span>\u66fe\u65a5\u8d23\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u8fbe\u9636\u6bb5\u4ea7\u751f\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u81ea\u6211<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u81ea\u5927\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u5fcd\u53d7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u8fc8\u5411\u672a\u6765<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u6b63\u5728\u4ece\u6781\u81f4\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u8f6c\u5411\u91cd\u65b0\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u7ed3\u8bf4\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u9ebb\u70e6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t1944 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u901d\u53bb\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c1a\u672a\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u98de\u8dc3\u7684\u6cd5\u5b9a\u8df3\u677f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u6570\u91cf\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5bfb\u627e<\/span> 100,000 <\/span>\u540d\u6559\u5e08\u3001\u5efa\u9020\u65b0\u8bbe\u65bd\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u8981\u5173\u6ce8<\/span><\/strong>\u8d28\u91cf\uff08\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u624d\u5e72\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u53d1\u5c55\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6700\u540e\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u7ec8\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e<\/span>\u5bcc\u4e8e\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u5185\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u65b0\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t <\/p>\n
          \n

          \t<\/span>\n<\/div>\n

          \n\t\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e09\uff1a\u672a\u6765<\/span> (LECTURE III: THE FUTURE)<\/span>
          \n<\/h3>\n

          \n\t\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u8f6e\u5ed3<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u8bb2\u5ea7\u5c55\u671b\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u300a\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6269\u5927\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u65e0\u8bba\u653f\u6cbb\u503e\u5411\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u5728\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u9886\u57df\u5185\u884c\u4f7f\u5de8\u5927\u6743\u529b\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89c4\u5212\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\u8fdb\u884c\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u652f\u6301\u827a\u672f\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u7b49\u673a\u6784\u6216\u5411\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u65bd\u52a0\u538b\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5371\u9669\u5728\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u754c\u9650\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c<\/span>\u89c4\u5212\u8005\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u800c\u975e\u591a\u6837\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5728\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\u5931\u53bb\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8c03\u97f3\u53c9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6765\u5851\u9020\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u52a0\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u5c06\u66f4\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u6838\u5fc3\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u771f\u6b63\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5de6\u7ffc\u4e0e\u53f3\u7ffc\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u652f\u6301<\/span>\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u793e\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u4eba\u6743\uff09\u7684\u4eba\u4e0e\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/span>1944 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u662f\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u800c\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u672a\u6765\u6559\u80b2\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u56db\u5927\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u56db\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u957f\u671f\u5360\u636e\u5173\u6ce8\u7126\u70b9\u7684\u884c\u653f\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t(i) <\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0d\u727a\u7272\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u83b7\u5f97\u7edf\u4e00\uff1f<\/span><\/span>
            \n<\/h4>\n
              \n
            • \n\t\t\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7edf\u4e00\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\u8d4b\u4e88\u6559\u80b2\u5927\u81e3\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5145\u5206\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u97f3\u7b26<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u65e7\u4e89\u8bae\u9057\u7559\u7684\u8fc7\u65f6\u5b66\u6821\u5efa\u7b51\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u591a\u6837\u6027\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u80fd\u5426\u4fdd\u6301<\/span>\u5bbd\u5bb9<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>tolerance<\/span>\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00<\/span> 1870 <\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u8ba9\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u548c\u6559\u5e08\u961f\u4f0d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b58\u7eed\u3002\u6cd5\u6848\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u8005<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u673a\u5236\u6765\u5236\u8861\u4e2d\u592e\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u57f9\u517b\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t(ii) <\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0d\u964d\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7ed9\u4e88\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u4f1a\uff1f<\/span><\/span>
              \n<\/h4>\n
                \n
              • \n\t\t\u5168\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6559\u80b2\u6574\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u5c11\u6570\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u5927\u591a\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e66\u672c\u6559\u80b2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u51fa\u8eab\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u4ee5\u975e\u5b66\u672f\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u601d\u8003\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u878d\u5408\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0e\u6570\u91cf\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u7eb3<\/span>\u975e\u719f\u7ec3\u5de5\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5360\u4eba\u53e3\u7ea6<\/span> 70%<\/span>\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4e0d\u964d\u4f4e\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c06\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0e\u6570\u91cf\u878d\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \n\t(iii) <\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u6559\u80b2\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u987b\u52e4\u52b3\u624d\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\uff1f<\/span><\/span>
                \n<\/h4>\n
                  \n
                • \n\t\t\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e54\u6cbb<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u8212\u65af\u7279\u7235\u58eb\uff08<\/span>Sir George Schuster<\/span>\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8c03\u8282\u4e00\u79cd\u53cd\u5e94<\/span>\u201d (condition a response)<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u5e94\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u9762\u5bf9\u8c0b\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c06\u8c0b\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u89c6\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u9003\u907f\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u88c2\u75d5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u52a9\u957f\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u7435\u7436\u4e2d\u7684\u88c2\u75d5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6697\u793a\u6210\u529f\u548c\u5730\u4f4d\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u300a\u8bfa\u4f0d\u5fb7\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e09\u5143\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u547c\u5401\u6d88\u9664\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u88c2\u75d5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\t(iv) <\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e0d\u727a\u7272\u57fa\u672c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u79ef\u6781\u800c\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f<\/span><\/span>
                  \n<\/h4>\n
                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u62d2\u7edd\u6781\u7aef\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u82f1\u56fd\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u56fd\u5bb6\u7f16\u8f91\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8c03\u97f3\u53c9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u5a01\u7edf\u4e00\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3001\u89c4\u5b9a\u6838\u5fc3\u77e5\u8bc6\u6216\u6559\u6761\u5316\u6587\u5316\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u5f97\u8fc7\u4e8e\u591a\u5143\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6d88\u6781\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u5e72\u6d89<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u5927\u81e3\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u5f85\u4ed6\u6240\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e08\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5426\u53cb\u597d\u548c\u6709\u76ca\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba8\u8bba\u5851\u9020\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4f5c\u8005\u9884\u89c1\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u6027\u8d28\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u8fdb\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\uff09\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u5927\u81e3\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u82f1\u56fd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u4e0d\u89c4\u5b9a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5374\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u704c\u8f93\u4e86<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u610f\u89c1\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u76f8\u4fe1\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u7ed3\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u4e00\u6837\u4ea7\u751f\u79ef\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \n\t\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t\u5728\u77ac\u606f\u4e07\u53d8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u84dd\u56fe\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e<\/span>\u5bf9\u793e\u533a\u751f\u6d3b\u53d8\u5316\u654f\u611f\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u529b<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<\/span>\u5e08\u8d44\u57f9\u8bad<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Training of teachers<\/span>\uff09\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u9996\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u5728\u5145\u6ee1\u6311\u6218\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u6700\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba1\u5212\u6216\u65b0\u6559\u6761\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b66\u6821\u5185\u90e8\u5bcc\u6709\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7684<\/span>\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t <\/p>\n
                    \n

                    \t<\/span>\n<\/div>\n

                    \n\t\u6bd4\u55bb\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t\u5982\u679c\u8bf4<\/span> 1944 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u9a76\u5411\u672a\u6765\u7684\u65b0\u822a\u9053\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u8239\u8231\u91cc\u79ef\u538b\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u6545\u969c\u548c\u6c61\u79fd\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u4fee\u7f2e\u8239\u4f53\uff08\u89e3\u51b3\u6570\u91cf\u95ee\u9898\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8239\u957f\u548c\u8239\u5458\uff08\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u548c\u6559\u5e08\uff09\u5fc5\u987b\u62e5\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u9ad8\u5c1a\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u64c5\u957f\u901a\u8fc7\u6c9f\u901a\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u6765\u5f15\u5bfc\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u6e2f\u53e3\u53d1\u6765\u7684\u50f5\u786c\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u624d\u80fd\u786e\u4fdd\u8fd9\u8258\u8239\u5728\u591a\u53d8\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e2d\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\uff09\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u76ee\u7684\u5730\uff08\u672a\u6765\uff09\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u79ef\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t
                    \n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t