{"id":1884,"date":"2025-12-02T05:44:41","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T21:44:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1884"},"modified":"2025-12-02T05:44:41","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T21:44:41","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%ad%99%e9%80%b8%e4%bb%99%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e7%9a%84%e7%b2%be%e9%ab%93%e3%80%8b-the-essence-of-sun-yat-sens-political-philosophy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1884","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5b59\u9038\u4ed9\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u300b The Essence of Sun Yat-Sen’s Political Philosophy"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0265 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u5b59\u9038\u4ed9\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tThe
\nEssence of Sun Yat-Sen’s Political Philosophy<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5f20\u6d5a\u6cc9\uff08<\/span>Tsun-chuan Chang<\/span>\uff09\u5bf9\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u56fd\u7236\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5168\u9762\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5c06\u6b64\u601d\u60f3\u4f53\u7cfb\u89c6\u4e3a\u6307\u5bfc\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7eb2\u9886\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740<\/span>\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u6c11\u6743\u3001\u6c11\u751f\uff09\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u590d\u5174\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u6307\u5bfc\u4e86<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u7edf\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4e94\u6743\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u6c11\u6743<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6c11\u4e3b\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5<\/span>\u6c11\u751f<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u8ba1\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9a71\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6838\u5fc3\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u8bad\u653f\u548c\u5baa\u653f\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u672c\u5c06\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u575a\u6301<\/span>\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e92\u52a9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u800c\u975e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5f15\u8a00<\/span> (Foreword)<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u9610\u8ff0<\/span>\u5b59\u9038\u4ed9\u535a\u58eb\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u548c\u7cbe\u795e<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u6307\u5bfc\u4e86\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4e2d\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6750\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n

\n\tI. <\/span><\/b>\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/span> (The Ideology)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff08<\/span>San Min Chu I<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u5728\u4e89\u53d6<\/span><\/b>\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u516c\u6b63<\/span>\u76ee\u6807\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u5b83<\/span><\/b>\u7efc\u5408\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ecf\u53d7\u4f4f\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u8003\u9a8c\u7684\u957f\u671f\u9769\u547d\u7eb2\u9886\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n\t\t\u6838\u5fc3\u6784\u6210\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Nationalism<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u6c11\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Democracy<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>People’s
    \n Livelihood<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<\/span>\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684<\/span>\u5927\u540c\uff08<\/span>Ta-tung<\/span>\uff09\u6216\u5927\u540c\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u6587\u5316\u6e0a\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u9769\u547d\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4ee5<\/span>\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u539f\u5219\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u62ef\u6551\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u539f\u5219<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u9762\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \n\tII. <\/span><\/b>\u9769\u547d<\/span> (The Revolution)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u9769\u547d\u751f\u6daf\u548c\u9769\u547d\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u65e9\u5e74\u4e0e\u542f\u8499\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\uff08\u751f\u4e8e<\/span> 1866 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e2d\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u3002\u5728<\/span> 1884-85 <\/span>\u5e74\u4e2d\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u51b3\u5b9a\u6295\u8eab\u4e8e\u62ef\u6551\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u9769\u547d\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u65e9\u671f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1894 \u5e74\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5728\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u6210\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u5174\u4e2d\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>Hsing Chung Hui<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5176\u7eb2\u9886\u662f\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9a71\u9010\u9791\u864f\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u4e2d\u534e\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u5021\u5bfc\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5171\u548c\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u915d\u917f\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6d41\u4ea1\u671f\u95f4\uff08\u5305\u62ec<\/span> 1896 <\/span>\u5e74\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u88ab\u6e05\u5ef7\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u7ed1\u67b6\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff09\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0<\/span> 19 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6784\u60f3\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u9769\u547d\u540c\u65f6\u89e3\u51b3<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u6c11\u6743\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u9769\u547d\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1905 \u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u540c\u76df\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>Tung Meng Hui<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u4e09\u9636\u6bb5\u9769\u547d\u6784\u60f3\uff1a\uff08<\/span>1<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u519b\u653f<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>rule of martial law<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\uff08<\/span>2<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u8bad\u653f<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>rule of a provisional constitution<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\uff08<\/span>3<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u5baa\u653f<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>rule of a permanent constitution<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u4e0e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5141\u8bb8\u5c11\u6570\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u52a0\u5165\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\uff08<\/span>Kuomintang<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46<\/span>1923 <\/span>\u5e74\u4ed6\u4e0e\u8d8a\u98de\uff08<\/span>Joffe<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u8054\u5408\u58f0\u660e<\/span><\/b>\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b59\u535a\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u79e9\u5e8f\u751a\u81f3\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u9645\u63a8\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6210\u529f\u5efa\u7acb\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u963b\u6b62\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u690d\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5f0f\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u6700\u7ec8\u7406\u8bba\u5316\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1924 \u5e74\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u4e86<\/span> 16 <\/span>\u6b21\u7cfb\u5217\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\tIII. <\/span><\/b>\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Nationalism)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u6c11\u6743\uff08<\/span>Min Tsu<\/span>\uff09\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u5f3a\u5927\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u62e5\u62a4\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u6c11\u65cf\u590d\u5174\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\uff08<\/span>Chunghua<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6c11\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\u5e94\u4eab\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5728\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ca6\u4e3a<\/span> 19 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u538b\u8feb\uff08\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\uff09\u3002\u63a8\u7ffb\u6ee1\u6e05\uff08<\/span>1911 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7136\u6f14\u8fdb\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u6027\uff08<\/span>nationality<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8840\u7f18\u3001\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u4e60\u4fd7\u7b49\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u91cf\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86<\/span>\u738b\u9053\uff08<\/span>wangtao<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6b63\u4e49\u4e4b\u9053\uff09\u800c\u975e\u9738\u9053\uff08<\/span>patao<\/span>\uff09\uff08\u5f3a\u6743\u4e4b\u9053\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6c49\u65cf\u66fe\u88ab\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u548c\u6ee1\u4eba\u5f81\u670d\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u88ab\u6587\u5316\u6240\u5438\u6536\u548c\u540c\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5f3a\u8c03\u590d\u5174\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u9053\u5fb7\uff08\u5982\u5fe0\u3001\u5b5d\u3001\u4ec1\u3001\u7231\u3001\u4fe1\u3001\u4e49\u3001\u548c\u3001\u5e73\uff09\u548c\u9f13\u52b1\u4f20\u7edf\u5b66\u95ee\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u632f\u5174\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u5f3a\u5927\u7684<\/span>\u5bb6\u5ead\u60c5\u611f<\/span><\/b>\u5ef6\u4f38\u4e3a\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u79cd\u65cf\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u79d1\u6280\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9e\u73b0\u5112\u5bb6<\/span>\u5927\u540c\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u6c11\u65cf\u5730\u4f4d\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d1f\u6709<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u62ef\u6551\u5f31\u8005\uff0c\u6276\u52a9\u5371\u4ea1<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>rescue the weak and raise up the fallen<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u795e\u5723\u4f7f\u547d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c06\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7f6e\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u524d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\tIV. <\/span><\/b>\u6c11\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Democracy)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u805a\u7126\u4e8e<\/span>\u6c11\u6743\uff08<\/span>Min Chuan<\/span>\uff09\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5373\u62e5\u62a4<\/span>\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u7c7b\u52aa\u529b\u521b\u9020\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u5929\u8d4b\u80fd\u529b\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u624d\u80fd\u6c38\u4e45\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u4e94\u6743\u5baa\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>Fivefold
          \n Constitution<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7ed3\u5408\u4e2d\u897f\u65b9\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u653f\u6743<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\uff0c<\/span>chuan<\/span>\uff0c\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u6301\u6709\uff09\u4e0e<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u6cbb\u6743<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u529b\uff0c<\/span>neng<\/span>\uff0c\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u6301\u6709\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u5206\u79bb<\/span><\/b>\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            \n
          • \n\t\t\t\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u6743<\/span><\/b>\u5305\u62ec\u56db\u79cd\u4e3b\u6743\u6743\u5229\uff1a<\/span>\u9009\u4e3e\u3001\u7f62\u514d\u3001\u521b\u5236\u548c\u590d\u51b3<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\t\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6cbb\u6743<\/span><\/b>\u5305\u62ec\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e09\u6743\uff08\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\uff09\u5916\u52a0\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u6743\u529b\uff1a<\/span>\u8003\u8bd5\u6743<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u76d1\u5bdf\u6743<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          • \n\t\t\u8bad\u653f\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u957f\u671f\u5904\u4e8e\u541b\u4e3b\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u7684<\/span>\u4e09\u9636\u6bb5<\/span><\/b>\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08\u519b\u653f\u3001\u8bad\u653f\u3001\u5baa\u653f\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u8bad\u653f\u9636\u6bb5<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\u7531\u53d1\u8d77\u653f\u515a\uff08\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\uff09\u6765\u57f9\u517b\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u6253\u4e0b\u575a\u5b9e\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\tV. <\/span><\/b>\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (People’s Livelihood)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u6c11\u751f\uff08<\/span>Min Sheng<\/span>\uff09\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ee5<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b89\u5168\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u6b63<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6c11\u751f\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u8ba1\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u751f\u547d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u9996\u8981\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/span><\/b>\u6765\u6ee1\u8db3\u4eba\u6c11\u8863\u98df\u4f4f\u884c\u7b49\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u5b9e\u65bd\u624b\u6bb5\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b9e\u65bd\u6c11\u751f\u539f\u5219\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u4e24\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e73\u5747\u5730\u6743<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>equalization of land ownership<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8282\u5236\u8d44\u672c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>regulation of capital<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u5e73\u5747\u5730\u6743\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8015\u8005\u6709\u5176\u7530<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>land to the tiller<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u5e94\u662f\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u6ca1\u6536\u3002\u571f\u5730\u589e\u503c\u5e26\u6765\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u4e0d\u52b3\u800c\u83b7\u7684\u589e\u503c\u90e8\u5206\u5e94\u5f52\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u798f\u5229\u9879\u76ee\uff08\u53d7\u5230\u4ea8\u5229<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u4e54\u6cbb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u8282\u5236\u8d44\u672c\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u65e8\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u907f\u514d\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f0a\u75c5\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                \n
              • \n\t\t\t\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a<\/span><\/b>\u5e94\u53d7\u5230\u9f13\u52b1\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u5784\u65ad\u6027\u8d28<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff08\u5982\u94c1\u8def\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u516c\u7528\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff09\u5e94\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e8b\u4e1a<\/span><\/b>\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u56fd\u6c11\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4eba\u6c11\u798f\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u901a\u8fc7\u5f81\u6536\u9ad8\u989d\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u548c\u9057\u4ea7\u7a0e\u6765<\/span>\u89c4\u8303\u79c1\u4eba\u8d44\u672c<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              • \n\t\t\u62d2\u7edd\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u662f<\/span>\u666e\u904d\u8d2b\u56f0<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u522b\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64<\/span>\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u548c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e13\u653f\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6c11\u751f\u539f\u5219\u65e8\u5728<\/span>\u589e\u52a0\u751f\u4ea7<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u73b0\u6709\u8d22\u5bcc\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u4e0e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5c06\u6c11\u751f\u539f\u5219\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>practical communism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d22\u4ea7\u56fd\u6709\u5316<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216\u6ca1\u6536\u79c1\u4ea7\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \n\tVI. <\/span><\/b>\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span> (Center of History)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86<\/span>\u6c11\u751f<\/span><\/b>\u5728\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u552f\u7269\u53f2\u89c2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n\t\t\u6c11\u751f\u51b3\u5b9a\u5386\u53f2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u5c06\u7269\u8d28\u529b\u91cf\u89c6\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u751f\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u751f\u5b58\u6597\u4e89<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5373\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u751f\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u5408\u4f5c\u800c\u975e\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u662f\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u4e3b\u8981\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8c03\u6574<\/span><\/b>\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4e92\u52a9\u539f\u5219\uff08<\/span>mutual aid<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9636\u7ea7\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u6279\u5224\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06<\/span>\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89<\/span><\/b>\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u75be\u75c5<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u75c5\u56e0\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u80fd\u751f\u5b58<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u751f\u4ea7\u8d21\u732e\u5f52\u4e8e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86<\/span>\u53d1\u660e\u673a\u5668\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u751f\u4ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5236\u9020\u5546\u548c\u8fd0\u8f93\u9500\u552e\u4eba\u5458<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u4ea8\u5229<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u798f\u7279\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u4ea7\u751f\u673a\u5236\u5df2\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u76f8\u6096\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\tVII. <\/span><\/b>\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (The Philosophy)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span>humanitarianism<\/span>\uff09\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u6838\u5fc3\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4ee5\u6c11\u751f\u4e3a\u652f\u67f1\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u7cbe\u795e\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u529b\u91cf\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4eba\u6027\u5728\u5bfb\u6c42\u751f\u5b58\u65f6\u5c06\u4e24\u8005\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u8fdb\u5316\u89c2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u4eba\u6027\u8ffd\u6c42<\/span><\/b>\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u7231\u3001\u53cb\u8c0a\u548c\u6b63\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f<\/span>\u4e92\u52a9<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e3a\u4e86\u63a8\u52a8\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u77e5\u96be\u884c\u6613<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>action is easier than
                    \n knowledge<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u63a8\u7ffb<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u884c\u96be\u77e5\u6613<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u4eba\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5148\u77e5\u5148\u89c9\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u540e\u77e5\u540e\u89c9\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e0d\u89c9\u8005<\/span>\u201d\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u5373<\/span>\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\u3001\u63d0\u5021\u8005\u548c\u5b9e\u884c\u8005<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e09\u7c7b\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u8877\u5fc3\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u63a8\u52a8\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u9053\u5fb7\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4eba\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span>\u5927\u540c<\/span><\/b>\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u826f\u77e5\u7684\u6307\u5f15\u4e0b\u8fbe\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u5112\u5bb6\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ec1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9e\u884c\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u6551\u56fd\u6551\u6c11<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \n\tVIII. <\/span><\/b>\u7efc\u5408<\/span> (The Synthesis)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5185\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ee5<\/span>\u6c11\u751f\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u8ba4\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u662f\u4f9d\u6b21\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5219\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u8fd9<\/span>\u4e09\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u5021<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u573a\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e09\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u8d85\u8d8a\u897f\u65b9\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f<\/span>\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f0a\u75c5\u6d88\u706d\u4e8e\u840c\u82bd\u4e4b\u4e2d<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4fbf\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u4e3e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u83b7\u5f97\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8d85\u8d8a\u897f\u65b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u7b26\u5408<\/span>\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6d88\u9664\u6781\u7aef\u548c\u8fc7\u6fc0\u3002\u5b83\u5bfb\u6c42\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u4e13\u5236\u4e4b\u95f4\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u8c10\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u878d\u5408\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u662f<\/span>\u4e1c\u65b9\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7efc\u5408<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4ed6\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a\u5176\u9769\u547d\u539f\u5219\u90e8\u5206\u501f\u9274\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u6a21\u4eff\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u6839\u636e\u539f\u521b\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \n\tIX. <\/span><\/b>\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/span> (A Continuous Process)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\u9769\u547d\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5728\u9057\u5631\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9769\u547d\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\u4ecd\u987b\u52aa\u529b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9769\u547d\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u519b\u9600\u3001\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u4f46<\/span>\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u6210\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u9996\u8981\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u51fa\u5356\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5176\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u539f\u5219\u3002\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5728 <\/span>1927 <\/span>\u5e74\u88ab\u8feb\u5f00\u9664\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u793a\u8303\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1949 \u5e74\u653f\u5e9c\u64a4\u9000\u81f3\u53f0\u6e7e\u540e\uff0c\u5728<\/span>\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5176\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff09\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e3a\u6062\u590d\u5927\u9646\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u53f0\u6e7e\u88ab\u52aa\u529b\u5efa\u8bbe\u6210\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u6a21\u8303\u7701<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5927\u9646\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u4e0b\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e4b\u6218\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u53cd\u5171\u6597\u4e89\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684<\/span>\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e4b\u6218<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u65e8\u5728<\/span>\u632f\u5174\u800c\u975e\u6467\u6bc1\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u660e<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5bf9\u5bb6\u5ead\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7834\u574f\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        \n
                        \n<\/div>\n

                        \n\t\u603b\u7ed3\u6d1e\u5bdf<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u5982\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u6574\u5408\u4e86\u4e2d\u897f\u65b9\u667a\u6167\u7684\u822a\u6d77\u56fe<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u5bcc\u5f3a\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\uff08\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u6c11\u6743\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u6307\u660e\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u897f\u65b9\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u5bf9\u7acb\u6697\u7901\u7684\u822a\u7ebf\uff08\u6c11\u751f\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\u8d85\u8d8a\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u754c\u9650\u7684<\/span>\u5927\u540c\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u77e5\u96be\u884c\u6613<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u6cbb\u6743\u5206\u79bb\u7684<\/span>\u4e94\u6743\u5baa\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u52a1\u5b9e\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u5f15\u5bfc\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b8f\u4f1f\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                        \n<\/div>\n

                        \n\t(<\/span><\/i>\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u672c\u8bc4\u8bba\u5b8c\u5168\u57fa\u4e8e\u60a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6587\u732e\u8282\u9009\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u6307\u793a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u6587\uff08\u7b80\u4f53\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u5e76\u5305\u542b\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/span>)<\/span><\/i>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t