{"id":1767,"date":"2025-11-09T04:54:40","date_gmt":"2025-11-08T20:54:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1767"},"modified":"2025-11-09T04:54:40","modified_gmt":"2025-11-08T20:54:40","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e8%8b%8f%e8%81%94%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e3%80%8bsoviet-education","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1767","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u300bSoviet Education"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660228 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><strong><u>\u300a\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><strong><u>Soviet Education<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image00001-21-635x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"1024\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-1768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image00001-21-635x1024.jpg 635w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image00001-21-186x300.jpg 186w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image00001-21-768x1239.jpg 768w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image00001-21-952x1536.jpg 952w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image00001-21.jpg 1040w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u5bf9<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5176\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 20 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 60 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u65e8\u5728<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5ba2\u89c2\u5448\u73b0\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u5229\u7528\u4eb2\u8eab\u8003\u5bdf\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1962 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u8bbf\u95ee\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u548c\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u5b98\u65b9\u8d44\u6599\u3001\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c\u540c\u884c\u7684\u54a8\u8be2\u6765\u4f50\u8bc1\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b66\u524d\u6559\u80b2\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u516b\u5e74\u5236\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001\u5404\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u5982\u4e2d\u7b49\u7406\u5de5\u79d1\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u7740\u91cd\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bf8\u5982<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u592e\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7edf\u4e00\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5168\u9762\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u7eaa\u5f8b\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u9752\u5e74\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c11\u5148\u961f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5171\u9752\u56e2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7b49\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u8be5\u6765\u6e90\u8fd8\u5c06\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6bd4\u8f83<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u8bf8\u5982<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e0d\u5206\u6d41\u6559\u5b66<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u52b3\u52a8\u7ed3\u5408<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u7531\u5c3c\u683c\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u683c\u5170\u7279\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1964 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5448\u73b0\u5f53\u4ee3\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5168\u666f\u6982\u51b5\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u7ed3\u8bba\u9650\u5236\u5728\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1962 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 9 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6708\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u548c\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u53c2\u8003\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\u5b98\u65b9\u8d44\u6599\u53ca\u82f1\u7f8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u5f15\u8a00\uff1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u80cc\u666f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Introduction: The Background to the System)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u9996\u5148\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u5236\u5ea6\u6240\u9700\u514b\u670d\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u969c\u788d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u82cf\u8054\u5f53\u5c40\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u578b\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u571f\u5730\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Lands and Peoples):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u5730\u7406\u9762\u79ef\uff08\u8fd1\u4e5d\u767e\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u548c\u6c14\u5019\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u666e\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u969c\u788d\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u62e5\u6709\u7ea6<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 2.25 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ebf\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u62a5\u7eb8\u4ee5\u81f3\u5c11\u516d\u5341\u4e94\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fdd\u969c\u6c11\u65cf\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u6bcd\u8bed\u8fdb\u884c\u6559\u5b66\uff08\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 121 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6761\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u4fc4\u8bed\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4ecd\u9700\u5b66\u4e60\u4fc4\u8bed\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Revolution and War):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9769\u547d\u524d\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u843d\u540e\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bc6\u5b57\u7387\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec5\u7565\u9ad8\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 30%<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u5317\u65b9\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u66f4\u7cdf\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5854\u5409\u514b\u65af\u5766\u8bc6\u5b57\u7387\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 0.5%<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3002<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1917 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u548c\u968f\u540e\u7684\u5185\u6218\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\uff08\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 82,000 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7834\u574f\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Education and Ideology):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5efa\u8bbe\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u5177<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u5177\u6709<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\u89c2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001\u638c\u63e1\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e76\u51c6\u5907\u4ece\u4e8b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u7528\u5de5\u4f5c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5408\u683c\u4e13\u5bb6\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\u3002\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6df1\u53d7\u82cf\u8054\u539f\u5219\u7684\u6d78\u67d3\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u76ee\u90fd\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u89d2\u5ea6\u5448\u73b0\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u8def\u7ebf\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff08\u5982\u5bf9\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u6e05\u7b97\uff09\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6559\u6750\u7684\u5f7b\u5e95\u4fee\u8ba2\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u96c6\u4e2d\u8ba1\u5212\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8fd8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u654c\u5bf9\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u662f\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u5236\u5ea6\uff1a\u4e00\u822c\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Educational System: General<br \/>\nCharacteristics (Part One))<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u592e\u63a7\u5236<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Central Control):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u5177\u6709<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u653f\u7b56\u7531<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u673a\u5173<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5236\u5b9a\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6ca1\u6709\u5168\u8054\u76df\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\uff0c\u4f46\u653f\u7b56\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u52a0\u76df\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u6267\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u6559\u6750\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u57ce\u4e61\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u6280\u672f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Science and Technology):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u6301\u7eed\u5f3a\u8c03\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u57fa\u7840\u516b\u5e74\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u79d1\u76ee\u5728\u7b2c\u516b\u5e74\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u3001\u519c\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u504f\u5411\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002\u8fd9\u65e2\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u9700\u8981\uff08\u57f9\u517b\u4eba\u624d\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u5851\u9020<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\u89c2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u591a\u79d1\u6027\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Polytechnization):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8fd9\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1958 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u591a\u79d1\u6027\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57fa\u4e8e\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u7684\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u804c\u4e1a\u6280\u80fd\u57f9\u8bad\uff08\u8d38\u6613\u57f9\u8bad\uff09\u3002\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u719f\u6089\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u52a8\u624b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u7f29\u5c0f\u8111\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u548c\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002\u5361\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u548c\u5217\u5b81\u90fd\u66fe\u63d0\u5021\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u52b3\u52a8\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7537\u5973\u540c\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Co-education):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82cf\u8054\u4e00\u76f4\u58f0\u79f0\u4e24\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1943 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u66fe\u9881\u5e03\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u5b66\u6821\u5b9e\u884c\u6027\u522b\u9694\u79bb\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u4e61\u6751\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u4e14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1954 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u518d\u6b21\u7ecf\u516c\u5f00\u8ba8\u8bba\u540e\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7537\u5973\u540c\u6821\u5236\u5ea6\u73b0\u5df2\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5b66\u6821\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cd\u65b0\u786e\u7acb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u5b66\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Comprehensive Schooling):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82cf\u8054\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6821\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b8c\u5168\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u5e74\u9f84\u7ec4\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7981\u6b62\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u6309\u80fd\u529b\u5206\u7ec4\uff08\u5206\u6d41\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6240\u6709\u513f\u7ae5\u90fd\u63a5\u53d7\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u8fdb\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u9ad8\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7559\u7ea7\u7387<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5728\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1962-63 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7ea6\u6709<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 16,000 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u540d\u5b66\u751f\u7559\u7ea7\uff1b\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1958 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u524d\u4e03\u5e74\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u6709<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 20%<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u56e0\u7559\u7ea7\u8fc7\u591a\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u5b66\u4e1a\uff09\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5929\u8d4b\u667a\u80fd<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u8c34\u8d23\u667a\u529b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4f2a\u79d1\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u5236\u5ea6\uff1a\u4e00\u822c\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Educational System: General<br \/>\nCharacteristics (Part Two))<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u5982\u4f55\u5851\u9020\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6821\u5916\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Discipline and Moral Education):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82cf\u8054\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81ea\u6211\u7ea6\u675f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u5fc5\u987b\u719f\u6089\u5e76\u9075\u5b88\u4e8c\u5341\u6761\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u300a\u5b66\u751f\u5b88\u5219\u300b<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u793c\u4eea\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u8303\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u4e00\u4e2a\u613f\u610f\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u4eba<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u96c6\u4f53\u6d3b\u52a8\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u699c\u6837\u3001\u5ba3\u4f20\u6807\u8bed<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u7528\u52b3\u52a8<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5982\u6536\u96c6\u5e9f\u91d1\u5c5e\u3001\u534f\u52a9\u9000\u4f0d\u519b\u4eba\uff09\u6765\u704c\u8f93\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u60e9\u7f5a\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u5206\u7ea7\u7684\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7981\u6b62\u4f53\u7f5a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u540c\u4f34\u538b\u529b\uff08\u96c6\u4f53\u610f\u89c1\uff09\u5728\u7ef4\u6301\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e2d\u8d77\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0e\u5b66\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Family and School):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b66\u6821\u52aa\u529b\u4e89\u53d6\u5bb6\u957f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002\u6bcf\u73ed\u8bbe\u6709\u5bb6\u957f\u4f1a\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u8bbe\u6709<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u957f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u5bb6\u957f\u95f4\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u8bbf<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u73af\u5883\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7236\u6bcd\u79ef\u6781\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5c11\u6570<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7126\u8651<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u8bd5\u56fe\u5229\u7528\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u786e\u4fdd\u5b50\u5973\u83b7\u5f97<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u767d\u9886<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9752\u5e74\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The<br \/>\n     Youth Movement):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9752\u5e74\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u5a31\u4e50\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u529f\u80fd\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5341\u6708\u6218\u58eb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d (The Octobrists):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5e74\u5e7c\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u9884\u5907\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5148\u950b\u961f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d (The Pioneers):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 10 \u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 15 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u8fd1\u4e4e\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5ba3\u8a93\u70ed\u7231\u7956\u56fd\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u3002\u5148\u950b\u961f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u3001<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u7ade\u8d5b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u827a\u672f\u3001\u5b66\u79d1\uff09\u3001<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u514b\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u4f53\u80b2\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5148\u950b\u5bab<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6216<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5148\u950b\u4e4b\u5bb6<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e3e\u884c\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5148\u950b\u961f\u662f\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u8f85\u5bfc\u540e\u8fdb\u5b66\u751f\u65b9\u9762\u6781\u5176\u6709\u6548\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5171\u9752\u56e2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d (The Komsomol):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 15 \u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 27 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u66f4\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u66f4\u5177\u9009\u62e9\u6027\uff0c\u7ea6\u5360\u9002\u9f84\u9752\u5e74\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5171\u9752\u56e2\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u90fd\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u7528\u52b3\u52a8<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u5f80<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5171\u4ea7\u515a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u5b66\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Schools)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1958 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6539\u9769\u524d\u540e\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6539\u9769\u524d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u2014\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65e7\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Before the Reforms \u2013 The Old System):<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6821\u5305\u62ec\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u3001\u4e03\u5e74\u5236\u548c\u5341\u5e74\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u5341\u5e74\u5236\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u4ece<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 7 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 17 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\uff09\u8bfe\u7a0b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6b63\u89c4\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u5316\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6210\u719f\u8bc1\u4e66<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Attestat<br \/>\n      zrelosti<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u4e3a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The<br \/>\n     New System):<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u524d\u673a\u6784<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Pre-School Institutions):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5305\u62ec\u6258\u513f\u6240\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">6 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2a\u6708\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 3 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\uff09\u548c\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">3 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u81f3\u5165\u5b66\u5e74\u9f84\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u514d\u8d39\u6216\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u5c40\u8ba1\u5212\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1965 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u5c06\u5165\u5b66\u7387\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 45%<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u516b\u5e74\u5236\u5b66\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The<br \/>\n      Eight-Year School):<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u73b0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u82cf\u8054\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">7 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 15 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u80b2\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b66\u79d1\u76ee\u3001\u5916\u8bed\uff09\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4ecd\u5177\u6709<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5b66\u672f\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u52a0\u5927\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u529b\u5ea6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Middle<br \/>\n      Schools):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9488\u5bf9\u5b8c\u6210\u516b\u5e74\u5236\u6559\u80b2\u540e\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed3\u5408\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u591a\u79d1\u6027\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u7b49\u591a\u79d1\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u4e09\u5e74\u5236\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">15-18 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u7ea6\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u7528\u4e8e\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b9e\u4e60\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u5de5\u5382\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u7b49\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u804c\u4e1a\u5143\u7d20\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u534a\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u5982\u5236\u56fe\u5458\u3001\u62a4\u58eb\uff09\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u804c\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u66f4\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5b66\u4e60\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u4e1a\u6280\u80fd\uff09\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u975e\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u591c\u6821\u548c\u51fd\u6388\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7279\u6b8a\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Special Schools and Boarding Schools):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7279\u6b8a\u5b66\u6821\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6b8b\u75be\u513f\u7ae5\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u5b66\u5458\uff08\u5982\u82cf\u6c83\u6d1b\u592b\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u7eb3\u5e0c\u83ab\u592b\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u827a\u672f\u5929\u624d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5982\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u82ad\u857e\u821e\uff09\u3002<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6570\u91cf\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f18\u5148\u62db\u6536\u5b64\u513f\u3001\u5be1\u5987\u5b50\u5973\u548c\u6765\u81ea\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u5176\u6253\u9020\u4e3a\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u793e\u533a\u8fdb\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6539\u9769\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u539f\u56e0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Behind the Reforms):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6539\u9769\uff08\u4ece\u5341\u5e74\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u8f6c\u5411\u516b\u5e74\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u52a0\u591a\u6837\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u90e8\u5206\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\uff1a\u6218\u4e89\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4eba\u529b\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c\u666e\u53ca\u5341\u5e74\u5236\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u9ad8\u6210\u672c\u3002\u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u673a\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u65e7\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u5316\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u4e0d\u9002\u5e94\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u52a9\u957f\u4e86\u8ffd\u6c42<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u767d\u9886<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u804c\u4e1a\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u9636\u5c42<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6280\u672f\u5b98\u50da<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u6539\u9769\u65e8\u5728\u6559\u5bfc<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u52b3\u52a8\u5c0a\u4e25\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u8111\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Teaching Methods):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7531\u4e2d\u592e\u5f53\u5c40\u8be6\u7ec6\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u4e14\u8fc7\u65f6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u8bfe\u5802\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5355\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u6559\u5e08\u8bb2\u89e3\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5438\u6536\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6709\u4eba\u547c\u5401\u91c7\u7528\u66f4\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u76ee\u524d\u4ecd\u662f\u7f13\u6162\u800c\u72b9\u8c6b\u7684\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Higher Education)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The<br \/>\n     Growth of Higher Education):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u81ea<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1914 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u589e\u957f\u663e\u8457\u3002\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1959 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u6709<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 766 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\u673a\u6784\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u6269\u5f20\u5c06\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u975e\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u591c\u6821\u548c\u51fd\u6388\uff09\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u76ee\u6807<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The<br \/>\n     Aims of Higher Education):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u5177\u5907\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u7cbe\u901a\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5e76\u719f\u6089\u751f\u4ea7\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u7d20\u8d28\u4e13\u5bb6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u8fd8\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f20\u64ad\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u77e5\u8bc6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ed3\u6784<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The<br \/>\n     Structure of Higher Education):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82cf\u8054\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u6bd4\u82f1\u56fd\u66f4\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u7eaf\u79d1\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\uff08\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u7b49\uff09\u5206\u5f00\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> VUZ (<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">) <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5927\u5b66\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Universities<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Technical Institutes<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Agricultural Institutes<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Medical<br \/>\n     Institutes<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Pedagogic Institutes<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u827a\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5165\u5b66\u4e0e\u7ef4\u6301<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Admission and Maintenance of Students):<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5165\u5b66\u7ade\u4e89\u6fc0\u70c8<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u5f55\u53d6\u7387\u5728\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5230\u516b\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4e4b\u95f4\uff09\u3002\u5165\u5b66\u8d44\u683c\u7531<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u8003\u8bd5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9000\u4f0d\u519b\u4eba\u6216\u6709\u81f3\u5c11\u4e24\u5e74\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u4eab\u6709\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u514d\u5b66\u8d39\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u4fdd\u6301\u826f\u597d\u8fdb\u5ea6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u53d1\u653e\u52a9\u5b66\u91d1\uff0c\u4f46\u52a9\u5b66\u91d1\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u652f\u4ed8\u6240\u6709\u751f\u6d3b\u8d39\u7528\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3001\u6559\u6750\u4e0e\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u5206\u914d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Courses, Curricula, and Assignment of Graduates):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bfe\u7a0b\u901a\u5e38\u6301\u7eed\u4e94\u5e74\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u65f6\u95f4\u5b89\u6392\u7d27\u5f20\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u65f6\u95f4\u603b\u91cf\u7ea6\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u4e24\u500d\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u53c2\u52a0\u5e76<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u901a\u8fc7\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u7ea6<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 300 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 600 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c0f\u65f6\uff09\u3002\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u9700\u5b8c\u6210<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bba\u6587<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Diploma Thesis<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3002\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\uff08\u975e\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u5b66\u751f\u9664\u5916\uff09\u5c06\u88ab<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5206\u914d\u5de5\u4f5c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u533a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e24\u5230\u4e09\u5e74\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u7b49\u5b66\u4f4d\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Higher Degrees and Research):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bbe\u6709<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u526f\u535a\u58eb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Kandidat nauk<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Ph.D.<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Doktor nauk<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7d27\u5bc6\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u5e08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Teachers)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57f9\u8bad<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Training):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u4e2d\u7b49\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b66\u524d\u548c\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u3002<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Pedagogic<br \/>\n     Institutes<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a\u4e94\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u57f9\u8bad\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e13\u79d1\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6b65\u63a5\u7ba1\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u3002\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u5982\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u79d1\u76ee\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u4fee\u8bfb\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u4e13\u4e1a\u3002<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5927\u5b66<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e5f\u57f9\u8bad\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4f46\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u5b9e\u4e60\u65f6\u95f4\u8f83\u77ed\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fdb\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Advanced Courses and Research):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bbe\u6709<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d44\u683c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4e3a\u5728\u804c\u6559\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fdb\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u54a8\u8be2\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6559\u5e08\u81f3\u5c11\u6bcf\u4e94\u5e74\u53c2\u52a0\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4fc4\u8054\u90a6\u5e08\u8303\u79d1\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Academy of Pedagogic Sciences<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u4f20\u64ad\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u51fa\u7248\u6559\u80b2\u671f\u520a\uff08\u5982\u300a\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0e\u5b66\u6821\u300b\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The<br \/>\n     Educational Trade Union):<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5de5\u4f1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7\u56db\u767e\u4e07\u6210\u5458\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ece\u9662\u58eb\u5230\u5b66\u6821\u6e05\u6d01\u5de5\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u5de5\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u798f\u5229\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u51fa\u7248\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u6559\u5e08\u62a5\u300b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Uchitelskaya Gazeta<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6295\u8bc9\u548c\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5b66\u8d1f\u62c5\u4e0e\u73ed\u7ea7\u89c4\u6a21<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Teaching Loads and Class Size):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u5e08\u57fa\u672c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5468\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 18 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 24 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u989d\u5916\u65f6\u95f4\u6709\u507f\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u8fd8\u9700\u627f\u62c5\u5bb6\u8bbf\u3001\u5bb6\u957f\u4f1a\u548c\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u7b49\u804c\u8d23\u3002\u5168\u56fd\u5e73\u5747\u5e08\u751f\u6bd4\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 17:1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u73ed\u7ea7\u89c4\u6a21\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 30 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6821\u957f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (School<br \/>\n     Directors):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6821\u957f\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u62c5\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u4efb\u52a1\uff08\u6700\u591a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 12 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c0f\u65f6<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5468\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u884c\u653f\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u85aa\u8d44\u4e0e\u517b\u8001\u91d1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Salaries and Pensions):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u5e08\u85aa\u8d44\u53d7\u5b66\u5386\u3001\u6240\u6559\u73ed\u7ea7\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u5e74\u9650\u548c\u5b66\u6821\u5730\u70b9\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u6708\u85aa\u7ea6\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 60-90 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5362\u5e03\uff0c\u4e2d\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 85-150 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5362\u5e03\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u901a\u5e38\u4f4e\u4e8e\u719f\u7ec3\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5de5\u4eba<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u670d\u52a1\u6ee1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 25 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u53ef\u9886\u53d6\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Social Status of the Teacher):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u85aa\u916c\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u6301\u7eed\u901a\u8fc7\u5ba3\u4f20\u548c\u6388\u4e88\u8363\u8a89\uff08\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5217\u5b81\u52cb\u7ae0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u6765\u63d0\u5347\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u664b\u5347\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4eab\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u58f0\u671b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u8bc4\u8bba<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Conclusions and Comments)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u548c\u7f3a\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u603b\u7ed3\u548c\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u6559\u6761\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u6761\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u503e\u5411\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u827a\u672f\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u53d7\u5230\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6548\u679c\u5e76\u975e\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u8150\u8d25\u548c\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e14\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u4ece\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6295\u673a\u5206\u5b50<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u76db\u884c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e0e\u50f5\u5316\u6027<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4e25\u683c\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u592e\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u867d\u7136\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u5feb\u901f\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5bcc\u6709\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82cf\u8054\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u503c\u5f97\u501f\u9274\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0e\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9752\u5e74\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u975e\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5206\u6d41<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u5929\u8d4b\u667a\u80fd\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8c28\u614e\u6001\u5ea6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5973\u6027\u5730\u4f4d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82cf\u8054\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5973\u6027\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9ad8\uff08\u7ea6\u5360\u4e00\u534a\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u5de5\u7a0b\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u5360\u636e\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u9488\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u7684\u914d\u989d\u6216\u4fdd\u7559\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u603b\u4f53\u6210\u5c31<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u4f46\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u6d88\u9664\u6587\u76f2\u3001\u666e\u53ca\u514d\u8d39\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u6269\u5927\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u5934\u7b49\u5927\u4e8b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6b64\u6295\u5165\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7cbe\u529b\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u603b\u7ed3\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u53f0\u7cbe\u5bc6\u3001\u5e9e\u5927\u4e14\u7531\u4e2d\u592e\u4e25\u683c\u8c03\u63a7\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u91cd\u578b\u5de5\u4e1a\u673a\u5668<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff08\u5efa\u8bbe\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\uff09\u662f\u660e\u786e\u4e14\u5b8f\u4f1f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6548\u7387\u3001\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u548c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4ea7\u51fa<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u80fd\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u514b\u670d\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u969c\u788d\uff08\u5982\u6587\u76f2\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u7834\u574f\uff09\uff0c\u5feb\u901f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u751f\u4ea7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u51fa\u5408\u683c\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u548c\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u592e\u6307\u4ee4\u548c\u6559\u6761\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u4e5f\u50cf\u5de5\u4e1a\u88c5\u914d\u7ebf\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u548c\u521b\u9020\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u663e\u5f97\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u4e14\u50f5\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u727a\u7272\u4e86\u90e8\u5206<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u96f6\u90e8\u4ef6<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5b66\u751f\uff09\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/10nf6UkYJIHt7jKaouciloLW_KGgF4ATK\/preview\" width=\"800\" height=\"1080\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660228 &nbsp; \u300a\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u300bSoviet Education &nbsp; \u672c\u4e66\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u6559\u80b2\u4f53 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1768,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[195],"class_list":["post-1767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-5","tag-195"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1767","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1767"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1767\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1769,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1767\/revisions\/1769"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1767"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1767"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1767"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}