{"id":1758,"date":"2025-11-09T04:47:26","date_gmt":"2025-11-08T20:47:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1758"},"modified":"2025-11-09T04:47:26","modified_gmt":"2025-11-08T20:47:26","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%85%b3%e4%ba%8e%e5%a4%a7%e5%ad%a6%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e6%80%9d%e8%80%83%e3%80%8b-some-thoughts-on-university-education","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1758","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u601d\u8003\u300b Some Thoughts on University Education"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0225 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u601d\u8003\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tSome
\nThoughts on University Education<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u5229\u6587\u65af\u901a\u7235\u58eb<\/span><\/b>\u4e8e<\/span> 1947 <\/span>\u5e74\u4e3a<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u56fe\u4e66\u8054\u76df<\/span><\/b>\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u601d\u8003\u300b\u3002\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0a\u6709\u6240\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u5728<\/span>\u672c\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u7f3a\u9677<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f<\/span>\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316<\/span><\/b>\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b66\u751f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9<\/span>\u4eba\u751f\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u50cf\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u5f15\u5bfc\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u547c\u5401<\/span>\u5bf9\u672c\u79d1\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u80fd\u5b66\u4e60\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u597d\u6210\u5458<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7b49\u673a\u6784\u4e3a\u63a8\u884c<\/span>\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\u6240\u505a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u652f\u6301\u5176\u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u5305\u542b<\/span>\u4eba\u751f\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/b>\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u5f15\u8a00\u4e0e\u5bf9\u73b0\u72b6\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u548c\u6279\u5224\uff08\u6bb5\u843d<\/span>\u2013<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u9996\u5148\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86<\/span>\u7a33\u6b65\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdb\u6b65\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u79d1\u76ee\u7684\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u751f\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6fc0\u589e\u548c\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5316\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u524d\u666f\u4e50\u89c2\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u5b66\u5728<\/span>\u672c\u79d1\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\u65b9\u9762\u9700\u8981\u6539\u9769\u3002\u4ed6\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4e16\u4ee3\u5c06\u4f1a\u60ca\u8bb6\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u672a\u80fd\u7ea0\u6b63\u73b0\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u5f0a\u7aef\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u6240\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u539f\u5219\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9b54\u9b3c\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff08\u6bb5\u843d<\/span>\u2013<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5229\u6587\u65af\u901a\u7235\u58eb\u5c06\u5927\u5b66\u7f6e\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec<\/span>\u521b\u9020\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u8bad\u7ec3\u601d\u7ef4<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u5851\u9020\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u884c\u653f\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u8981\u6467\u6bc1\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u5e9f\u9664\u5927\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u5165<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9b54\u9b3c\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u6279\u5224<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5927\u5b66\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529b\u91cf\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4ed6\u4ee5\u5386\u53f2\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff1a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u540e\u6765\u7684\u725b\u6d25\u548c\u5251\u6865\u66fe\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\u751f\u6d3b\u8d77\u5230\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u9762\u5bf9<\/span>\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b0\u89c2\u5ff5\u65f6\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u80fd\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u5851\u9020\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u50cf\u96c7\u4f63\u5175\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u4e5f\u672a\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u6765\u6297\u8861\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u8bd7\u53e5\u6307\u51fa\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u738b\u6c89\u9ed8\u4e0d\u8bed<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5c06\u7cbe\u795e\u7406\u60f3\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u804c\u8d23\uff0c\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5374<\/span>\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u6307\u5bfc<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u4e0e\u7ebd\u66fc\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u76ee\u6807\uff08\u6bb5\u843d<\/span>\u2013<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9762\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u81ea\u7531\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8fa9\u62a4\uff1a\u5176\u6240\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u795e\u7947\u662f<\/span>\u771f\u7406<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u529f\u7528\u3001\u6210\u529f\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u62e5\u6709<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u770b\u6e05\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u76f8\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u60f3\u662f\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8ddf\u968f\u8bba\u8bc1\u6240\u81f3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u77e5\u8bc6\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u54c1\u8d28\uff08\u52e4\u594b\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u771f\u8bda\uff09\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u7236\u6bcd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u72b6\u51b5\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u5fc5\u987b\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u7ebd\u66fc\uff08<\/span>Newman<\/span>\uff09\u5728<\/span> 1852 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u5927\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8bad\u7ec3\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u8bad\u7ec3\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u50cf\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u6240\u671f\u671b\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65c1\u89c2\u6240\u6709\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b58\u5728<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5927\u5b66\u4e0d\u627f\u62c5\u8d77\u6307\u5f15\u4eba\u751f\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u7ec8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u50cf\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u54f2\u5b66\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u793e\u4f1a\u5c06\u9677\u5165\u6f2b\u65e0\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u6f02\u6cca\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u968f\u610f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\uff08\u6bb5\u843d<\/span>\u2013<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5927\u5b66\u672a\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ebd\u66fc\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u672c\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u672c\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u662f<\/span>\u968f\u610f\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/b>\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6f02\u6d41<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u53d7\u5230\u60f0\u6027\u3001\u73af\u5883\u538b\u529b\u548c\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u4e89\u593a\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5851\u9020\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u6df1\u5ea6\u548c\u5f7b\u5e95\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u89c6<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u548c\u597d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u589e\u957f<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc5\u7136\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u8d1f\u9762\u4e14\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n\t\t\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\u8003\u8bd5<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u53ea\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    2. \n\t\t\u8d22\u52a1\u52a8\u673a<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8363\u8a89\u5b66\u4f4d\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u66f4\u5177\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bb8\u591a\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u88ab\u9a71\u4f7f\u53bb\u4fee\u8bfb\u4e13\u4e1a\u8363\u8a89\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\t\u8fd9\u4e9b\u538b\u529b\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86<\/span>\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\u3002\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u79bb\u5fc3\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\uff08\u5173\u6ce8\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4eba\uff09\u662f<\/span>\u6700\u5371\u9669\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u6ce8\u4eba\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff08\u5584\u4e0e\u6076\uff09\u3002\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u5143\u7d20\u5bf9\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u6beb\u65e0\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u8865\u6551\u63aa\u65bd\u4e0d\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u662f<\/span>\u786e\u4fdd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u6307\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\uff08\u6bb5\u843d<\/span>\u2013<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\uff08\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\uff09\u7406\u5e94\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u5192\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u7f3a\u9677\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n\t\t\u8303\u56f4\u72ed\u7a84<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\uff08\u5982\u901a\u5e38\u8bb2\u6388\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff09\u53ea\u6db5\u76d6\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6bd4\u5316\u5b66\u6216\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u66f4\u6709\u7528\u3002\u6700\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff08\u5982\u725b\u6d25\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      2. \n\t\t\u6ca6\u4e3a\u6280\u672f<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u5f80\u5f80\u9000\u5316\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5176\u751f\u547d\u529b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8bfb\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u300a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u300b\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6700\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bfb\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u542c\u4e0d\u89c1<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u7c7b\u60b2\u4f24\u7684\u9759\u9ed8\u97f3\u4e50<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      3. \n\t\t\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ffd\u6c42\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u638c\u63e1\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6280\u672f\u548c\u7ec6\u8282\uff08\u5982\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u3001\u53e4\u6587\u5b57\u5b66\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u6750\u6599\u7684\u91cd\u538b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\u538b\u57ae\u5b66\u751f<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u53d8\u5f97\u8fdf\u949d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      4. \n\t\t\u77e5\u8bc6\u6210\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5b66\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u6280\u672f\u6240\u8bf1\u60d1\uff0c\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u672c\u8eab\u89c6\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u5982\u4f55\u3002\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u53bb\u5bf9\u66f4\u5927\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u611f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u548c\u7ec6\u81f4\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u63d0\u9192\u4eba\u4eec\u8b66\u60d5\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u5176<\/span>\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u4e00\u9762<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u79d1\u90fd\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u5931\u53bb\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff08\u6bb5\u843d<\/span>\u2013<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u91cd\u7533\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u53d7\u9650\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec<\/span>\u592a\u5c11\u5173\u6ce8\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86<\/span>\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u57fa\u7840\u8f83\u5f31\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u5b66\u9662\uff09\u9700\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u90e8\u5206\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u6bd4\u4e2d\u5b66\u751f\u66f4\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u54c8\u4f5b\u62a5\u544a<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u5c24\u5176\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\uff1a\u5b83\u5efa\u8bae\u6240\u6709\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u90fd\u5e94\u5168\u9762\u5b66\u4e60\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u7269\u7406\u6216\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u751f\u6d3b<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u67cf\u514b\u5229\u4e3b\u6559\uff08<\/span>Bishop Berkeley<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u4f2f\u514b\uff08<\/span>Burke<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u601d\u8003\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u4eba\u5fc3\u548c\u81f3\u5584<\/span><\/b> (Summum Bonum) <\/span>\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c89\u601d\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u653e\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b<\/span>\u900f\u89c6\u611f<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u533a\u5206\u5076\u7136\u548c\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ece\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u5f85\u73b0\u5728<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c89\u601d\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u751f\u6d3b\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\u54c1\u884c\uff0c\u5728\u7591\u8651\u65f6\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u6311\u6218\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u90a3\u5c06\u662f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff1a\u7eb3\u5165\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u6bb5\u843d<\/span>\u2013<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u73af\u5883\u5f88\u5c11\u9f13\u52b1\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c89\u601d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u662f<\/span>\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u751f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8981\u51c6\u5907\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u4f4d\u800c\u88ab\u6392\u6324\u5728\u5916\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728<\/span>\u82cf\u683c\u5170<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6587\u5b66\u7855\u58eb<\/span> (M.A.) <\/span>\u7684\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u54c8\u4f5b\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5934\u4e24\u5e74\u5b66\u4e60<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u5b66\u4f1f\u8457<\/span>\u201d (Great Texts of
        \nLiterature)<\/span>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8377\u9a6c\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u5723\u7ecf\u3001\u4f46\u4e01\u3001\u838e\u58eb\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u54c8\u4f5b\u51fa\u4e8e\u5ba1\u614e\u800c\u975e\u6559\u80b2\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9009\u4fee\u8bfe\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u5229\u6587\u65af\u901a\u7235\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\uff1a<\/span>\u5c06\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5927\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u5fc5\u4fee\u8981\u7d20<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\uff08\u5bf9\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u672c\u8d28\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff09\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u548c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a<\/span>\u6700\u91cd\u8981<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u79d1\u76ee\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u9762\u5bf9\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u6ca1\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u83b7\u76ca\u3001\u96be\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u57fa\u7840\u6559\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4e00\u4e00\u9a73\u65a5\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u800c\u8a00\uff0c<\/span>\u4f26\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u79d1\u76ee\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u4ed6\u7279\u522b\u63a8\u8350\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u300a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u300b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f15\u5165\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u8bfb\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5584\uff1f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\uff1f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7b49\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5927\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u672c\u79d1\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u7eb3\u5165\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u6216\u4e24\u8005\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u704c\u8f93\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u8003\u8651<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u624d\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u6539\u8fdb\u751f\u6d3b\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd<\/span>\u6307\u5bfc\u548c\u6fc0\u52b1\u751f\u6d3b\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
        \n<\/div>\n

        \n\t\u7c7b\u6bd4\u603b\u7ed3<\/span>:<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u5b66\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u5236\u9020\u5382\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u87ba\u4e1d\u5200\u3001\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u4eea\u548c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u673a\u5668\uff08\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6280\u672f\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u65e0\u4e0e\u4f26\u6bd4\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5229\u6587\u65af\u901a\u7235\u58eb\u7684\u6279\u5224\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5ea7\u5de5\u5382\u867d\u7136\u751f\u4ea7\u4e86\u4e16\u4e0a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5374<\/span>\u6ca1\u6709\u9644\u5e26\u4e00\u4efd\u6307\u5bfc\u624b\u518c<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u544a\u8bc9\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u5ea7\u533b\u9662\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u5de5\u5382\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86<\/span>\u624b\u6bb5<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5374\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5bf9<\/span>\u76ee\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u8ff7\u5931\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u54f2\u5b66\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u5728\u5de5\u5177\u7bb1\u91cc\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u628a<\/span>\u9053\u5fb7\u7f57\u76d8<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u77e5\u9053\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t