{"id":1687,"date":"2025-11-02T05:22:30","date_gmt":"2025-11-01T21:22:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1687"},"modified":"2025-11-02T05:22:30","modified_gmt":"2025-11-01T21:22:30","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98%e3%80%8bproblems-of-chinese-education","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1687","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\u300bProblems of Chinese Education"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0205 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span>Problems of Chinese Education<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><\/b>\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u9762\u5bf9<\/span>\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u548c\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\u65f6\u7684\u6323\u624e\u4e0e\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u5b83\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u4e2d\u6587\u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c49\u5b57\u6bd4\u7f57\u9a6c\u62fc\u97f3\u66f4\u80fd\u4f20\u8fbe\u6587\u5316<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u611f\u89c9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u4e5f\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u65e7\u65f6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7ed3\u6784<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5982\u79c1\u587e\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u7ecf\u5178\u6559\u6750\uff08\u5982\u300a\u4e09\u5b57\u7ecf\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5343\u5b57\u6587\u300b\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e8\u5728\u9009\u62d4\u5b98\u5458\u7684<\/span>\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u968f\u540e\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u81ea<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765<\/span>\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u5546\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6700\u521d\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u5f15\u53d1\u7684<\/span>\u6539\u9769\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u4e86\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u6559\u80b2\u84dd\u56fe\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e0a\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u7531\u7ef4\u514b\u591a<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u73c0\u8d5b\u5c14\u535a\u58eb\uff08<\/span>VICTOR PURCELL, Ph.D.<\/span>\uff09\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span> 1936 <\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u65e8\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6c\u578b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6027\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6587\u5316\u878d\u5408\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7eea\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u524d\u8a00\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u3010\u524d\u8a00<\/span> (PREFACE)<\/span>\u3011<\/span><\/b> \u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u662f<\/span>\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff08\u8bed\u8a00\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u5957\u65b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9<\/span>\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u8bcd\u6c47<\/span><\/b>\u8fdb\u884c\u8003\u5bdf\u3002\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u662f\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u7684\u6458\u8981\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5173\u952e\u77ed\u8bed\u9644\u6709\u4e2d\u6587\u539f\u6587\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e0e\u8bed\u8a00\u7ae0\u8282\u5bf9\u7167\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7ae0\u5219\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u521d\u6b65\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u3010\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6<\/span> (The Old System)<\/span>\u3011<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd<\/span>\u957f\u8fbe\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\u6cbf\u9769\u4e0e\u5112\u5bb6\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u6e90\u8fdc\u6d41\u957f\uff0c\u5176\u8d5e\u52a9\u8005\u5e38\u5c06\u5f15\u5165\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u5305\u88c5\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56de\u5f52\u53e4\u4ee3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5b54\u5b50\u548c\u58a8\u5b50\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e05\u4ee3\u5b98\u5458\u5f15\u5165\u6570\u5b66\u65f6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bba\u8bc1\uff09\u3002\u5468\u4ee3\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span> 1122 <\/span>\u5e74\uff1f\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u516d\u827a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u4e50\u3001\u5c04\u3001\u5fa1\u3001\u4e66\u3001\u6570\u3001\u793c\uff09\u548c<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u516d\u5fb7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u667a\u3001\u4ec1\u3001\u5584\u3001\u4e49\u3001\u5fe0\u3001\u548c\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u4ece\u516c\u5143<\/span> 600 <\/span>\u5e74\u5230<\/span> 20 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5e9c\u8003\u3001\u9662\u8003\u3001<\/span>\u516b\u80a1\u6587\u7ae0<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516b\u811a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6587\u7ae0\uff09\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u8981\u6c42\u3001\u56de\u907f\u5b57\u548c\u6284\u5f55\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8bfe\u7a0b\u5305\u62ec\u80cc\u8bf5\u300a\u4e09\u5b57\u7ecf\u300b\u3001\u300a\u767e\u5bb6\u59d3\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5343\u5b57\u6587\u300b\u7b49\u542f\u8499\u8bfb\u7269\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u662f\u300a\u56db\u4e66\u300b\u548c\u300a\u4e94\u7ecf\u300b\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u80cc\u8bf5<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u9ad8\u58f0\u6717\u8bfb<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u5bf9\u4ed7\u53e5<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>antithetical sentence<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u4e0e\u8282\u594f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u903b\u8f91\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  4. \n\t\t\u6c49\u5b57\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6c49\u5b57\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u610f\u97f3\u6587\u5b57<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u6f14\u53d8\u548c\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5176\u5728\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u80fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u65b9\u8a00\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7edf\u4e00\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  5. \n\t\t\u5236\u5ea6\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u6587\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u5fc3\u667a\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u56e2\u7ed3\uff08\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u5b5d\u9053<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\u539f\u5219\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u521b\u9020\u7269\u8d28\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u65b9\u9762\u5374\u663e\u5f97\u82cd\u767d\u65e0\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u3010\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u63a5\u89e6<\/span> (Contact with the West)<\/span>\u3011<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u7ae0\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n\t\t\u65e9\u671f\u63a5\u89e6\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 16 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684<\/span>\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5982\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\uff09\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u6700\u521d\u4ec5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u597d\u5947\u5fc3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u5f71\u54cd\u751a\u5fae\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    2. \n\t\t\u519b\u4e8b\u51b2\u51fb\u4e0e\u521d\u6b65\u6a21\u4eff\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1842 \u5e74<\/span>\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u7269\u8d28\u529b\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\u52a3\u52bf\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86<\/span>\u534a\u5fc3\u534a\u610f\u7684\u6a21\u4eff<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728<\/span> 19 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span> 60 <\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u540c\u6587\u9986<\/span><\/b>\u548c\u6c5f\u5357\u5175\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u4eba\u624d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    3. \n\t\t\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5b66\u6821\u662f<\/span>\u73b0\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u9a71<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6559\u4f1a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4f46\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5728\u5185\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u6539\u9769\u9886\u8896\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    4. \n\t\t\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1887 \u5e74\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u9996\u6b21\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u5f00\u59cb\u677e\u52a8\u3002<\/span>\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u60e8\u8d25\uff08<\/span>1894-1895 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    5. \n\t\t\u201c<\/span><\/b>\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e3a\u4f53\uff0c\u897f\u5b66\u4e3a\u7528<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5f20\u4e4b\u6d1e\u7684\u300a\u529d\u5b66\u7bc7\u300b\u63d0\u5021 <\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ee5\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e3a\u4f53\uff0c\u897f\u5b66\u4e3a\u7528<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5728<\/span>\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\u5931\u8d25\u540e\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5c48\u670d\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e<\/span> 1905 <\/span>\u5e74\u5f7b\u5e95\u5e9f\u9664\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    6. \n\t\t\u5973\u6027\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5728<\/span> 1907 <\/span>\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u6559\u80b2\u957f\u671f\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u4e14\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5bb6\u653f\u57f9\u8bad\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\t\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u6838\u5fc3\u6311\u6218\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u7ae0\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u3010\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684<\/span> (The Aim of Education)<\/span>\u3011<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u7ae0\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u8f6c\u578b\u671f\u7684<\/span>\u76ee\u6807\u56f0\u5883<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n\t\t\u4e2d\u897f\u878d\u5408\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u201c\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e3a\u4f53\uff0c\u897f\u5b66\u4e3a\u7528<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u963b\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u6539\u9769\u8005\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u4e86\u89e3\u6709\u9650\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u88ab\u8feb\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5929\u5185\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u9762\u5bf9<\/span>\u4e24\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u548c\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5373\u5112\u5bb6\u4f26\u7406\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53cc\u91cd\u7edf\u6cbb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>diarchy<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      2. \n\t\t\u601d\u7ef4\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u4e3b\u4e49\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u53d1\u5c55\u897f\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u63d0\u95ee<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u63a2\u7a76<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      3. \n\t\t\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5efa\u6784\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u73b0\u4ee3<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u65b0\u751f\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u76d8\u6563\u6c99<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u56db\u4e07\u4e07\u540c\u80de\u51dd\u805a\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      4. \n\t\t\u6539\u9769\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8bb8\u591a\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\uff08\u5982\u80e1\u9002\uff09\u5206\u6790\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5982\u65e5\u672c\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u519b\u4eba\u9636\u5c42\u5730\u4f4d\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4f7f\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u53d8\u5f97\u88ab\u52a8\u4e14\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \n\t\u3010\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bed\u8a00\u95ee\u9898<\/span> (The Language Problem)<\/span>\u3011<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u7ae0\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u6b21\u5bf9<\/span>\u6c49\u8bed\u8a00\u9002\u5e94\u897f\u65b9\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/b>\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65b0\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \n\t\t\u6c49\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6c49\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f<\/span>\u5177\u4f53\u3001\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u6cbf\u88ad\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8282\u594f\u6027\u601d\u7ef4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u4f9d\u8d56<\/span><\/b>\u903b\u8f91<\/span>\u548c<\/span><\/b>\u62bd\u8c61\u8303\u7574<\/span>\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6587\u8a00\u6587\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u5728\u4e8e<\/span><\/b>\u5bf9\u4ed7\u4e0e\u8282\u594f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        2. \n\t\t\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u9677\u9631\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u5927\u91cf\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u65b0\u8bcd\u6c47\u6765\u7ffb\u8bd1\u897f\u65b9\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6c47\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u88ab\u626d\u66f2\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u5229<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u6b0a\uff09\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u91cc\u66f4\u504f\u5411<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6743\u5a01<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        3. \n\t\t\u767d\u8bdd\u6587\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u56fd\u8bed\uff08<\/span>Kuo Y\u00fc<\/span>\uff09\u8fd0\u52a8\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u7528\u57fa\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\u5b98\u8bdd\u7684\u767d\u8bdd\u6587<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Pai Hua<\/span>\uff09\u53d6\u4ee3\u6587\u8a00\u6587\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u5a92\u4ecb\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u975e\u5b98\u8bdd\u533a\uff08\u5982\u5e7f\u4e1c\u3001\u798f\u5efa\uff09\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u65e0\u5f02\u4e8e\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u95e8\u5916\u8bed\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        4. \n\t\t\u79d1\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u6311\u6218\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u6587\u7f3a\u4e4f\u897f\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5c48\u6298\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u52a0\u70ed<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9047\u70ed<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>meets heat<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b66\u751f\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u70ed<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u89c6\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c<\/span>\u57fa\u672c\u82f1\u8bed<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Basic
          \n English<\/span>\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4f20\u64ad\u5a92\u4ecb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \n\t\u7eb2\u9886\u4e0e\u73b0\u72b6\uff08\u7b2c\u4e94\u3001\u516d\u7ae0\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u3010\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (San Min Chu I)<\/span>\u3011<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u7ae0\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u8fd9\u4e00\u9769\u547d\u7eb2\u9886\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u6458\u8981\u548c\u8bc4\u8ff0\uff0c\u8be5\u7eb2\u9886\u81ea<\/span> 1928 <\/span>\u5e74\u8d77\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \n\t\t\u4e09\u5927\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              \n
            • \n\t\t\t\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u76d8\u6563\u6c99<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u62b5\u6297\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u538b\u8feb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u590d\u5174\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\u6c11\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u65e8\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4f46\u6279\u8bc4\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5c1a\u672a\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7531<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4eba\u6c11\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u56db\u6743\uff08\u9009\u4e3e\u3001\u7f62\u514d\u3001\u521b\u5236\u3001\u590d\u51b3\uff09\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684<\/span>\u4e94\u6743<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u884c\u653f\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u8003\u8bd5\u3001\u76d1\u5bdf\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u5e73\u5747\u5730\u6743<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u8282\u5236\u8d44\u672c<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u7684<\/span>\u5229\u76ca\u8c03\u548c<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u800c\u975e\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\uff09\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            • \n\t\t\u7eb2\u9886\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u4e0e\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4f5c\u8005\u62ab\u9732\uff0c\u300a\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u6df1\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u7259\u533b\u83ab\u91cc\u65af<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u5a01\u5ec9\uff08<\/span>Maurice William<\/span>\uff09\u4e00\u672c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u6279\u5224\u6027\u8bc4\u4f30\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf<\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u77db\u76fe<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u547c\u5401\u5176\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u5bf9\u5176\u6587\u672c\u8fdb\u884c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6269\u5c55\u548c\u4fee\u6b63<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u95e8\u5f92\u5374\u5c06\u672a\u7ecf\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u6587\u672c\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5723\u7ecf<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u5176<\/span><\/b>\u53cd\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u975e\u6279\u5224\u6027<\/span>\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u5916\u56fd<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u538b\u8feb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \n\t\u3010\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u671f<\/span> (The Present Period)<\/span>\u3011<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u7ae0\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span> 1928 <\/span>\u5e74\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5efa\u7acb\u540e\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u73b0\u72b6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \n\t\t\u884c\u653f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u6df7\u4e71\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1928 \u5e74\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u56e0\u519b\u9600\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u8d44\u91d1\u4e0d\u8db3\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08\u5b66\u6f6e\uff09\u800c\u9677\u5165\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\uff08\u540e\u4e00\u5ea6\u6539\u4e3a\u5927\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u518d\u6062\u590d\uff09\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u89c4\u7ae0\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u89c4\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5e76\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u9075\u5b88\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              2. \n\t\t\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6e17\u900f\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1929 \u5e74\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6b63\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c<\/span>\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u6bcf\u5468\u5360<\/span> 90 <\/span>\u5206\u949f<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u6e17\u900f\u4e86<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u53cd\u5916\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e94\u5345\u60e8\u6848\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              3. \n\t\t\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u8131\u8282\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u6559\u80b2\u5f53\u5c40\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\u7684<\/span>\u666e\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982<\/span> 1920 <\/span>\u5e74\u8ba1\u5212\u516b\u5e74\u5185\u666e\u53ca\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u521d\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8d44\u91d1\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u8361\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u5b9e\u73b0\u5ea6\u6781\u4f4e\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0e\u6267\u884c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u8131\u8282\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              4. \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u7ed3\u6784\u5931\u8861\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e2d\u56fd\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u4e13\u5bb6\u56e2\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u90fd\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\u4e0a\u91cd\u4e0b\u8f7b<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u5c16\u7ad9\u7acb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u4e0e\u666e\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u76f8\u79f0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              5. \n\t\t\u6587\u5316\u6311\u6218\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u4e13\u5bb6\u56e2\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6a21\u4eff\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65b0\u7f8e\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u62b5\u5236\u897f\u65b9<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u827a\u672f\u3001\u4e66\u6cd5\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8150\u8680\u548c\u4e11\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \n\t\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u672c\u4e66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u5bf9<\/span>\u6587\u5316\u53cc\u91cd\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>cultural dichotomy<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e94\u505c\u6b62\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5f3a\u884c\u878d\u5408\u5112\u5bb6\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u5c06\u4f20\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u5982\u5112\u5b66\u3001\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u8bd7\u6b4c\uff09\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f20\u7edf<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u5f00\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u5f85\u672a\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u7136\u878d\u5408\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u672a\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u5e76\u771f\u6b63\u8df5\u884c\u5112\u5bb6\u7f8e\u5fb7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8bda<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>sincerity<\/span>\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
                \n<\/div>\n

                \n\t\u9644\u5f55<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u9644\u5f55\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5b66\u548c\u521d\u7ea7\u4e2d\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5206\u6790\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5fe0\u5b9e\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\uff08<\/span>K.M.T.<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u7eb2\u9886\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \n\t\t\u6c11\u65cf\u5c48\u8fb1\u53f2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8be6\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u56e0\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u548c<\/span>\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6<\/span><\/b>\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u9886\u571f\u635f\u5931\u548c\u6743\u529b\u4fb5\u72af\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                2. \n\t\t\u53cd\u5e1d\u5ba3\u4f20\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e3a<\/span>\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e5d\u4e94\u56fd\u803b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                3. \n\t\t\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e0e\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5c06\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u56fd\u7236\u548c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u8005\uff0c\u5c06\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684<\/span>\u5b8c\u6574\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u8fdb\u884c\u704c\u8f93\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                4. \n\t\t\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5021\u5bfc<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56fd\u8d27<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u62b5\u5236\u5916\u56fd\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7ed9\u81ea\u8db3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                5. \n\t\t\u519b\u4e8b\u5316\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9f13\u52b1\u5b66\u751f\u57f9\u517b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53e4\u4ee3\u6218\u6597\u7cbe\u795e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u519b\u4e8b\u64cd\u7ec3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t