{"id":1666,"date":"2025-11-01T05:28:47","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T21:28:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1666"},"modified":"2025-11-01T05:28:47","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T21:28:47","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%8bphilosophy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1666","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u300bPhilosophy"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0198 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span>Philosophy<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86<\/span>\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u3001<\/span>\u4f26\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5f00\u7bc7\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u9605\u8bfb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u96be\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8303\u7574<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5176<\/span>\u76f8\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Forms<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u548c\u66b4\u541b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u7075\u9b42\u4e09\u5206\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5728<\/span>\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u90e8\u5206<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u4e86<\/span>\u6743\u5229<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u771f\u8c1b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u4fc3\u8fdb\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5e78\u798f<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u57f9\u517b\u5176\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u683c\u7279\u8d28<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u771f\u3001\u5584\u3001\u7f8e<\/span><\/b>\u7b49<\/span>\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b9e\u5728\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u662f<\/span> C. E. M. JOAD <\/span>\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff08<\/span>PHILOSOPHY<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e<\/span>\u201cTHE TEACH YOURSELF BOOKS\u201d<\/span>\u7cfb\u5217\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u54f2\u5b66\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u54f2\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u5bf9\u54f2\u5b66\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bba\u9605\u8bfb\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (On Reading Philosophy)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u9605\u8bfb\u54f2\u5b66\u65f6\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u542b\u7cca\u6027<\/span><\/b> \u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u6781\u5176\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u96be\u5ea6\u90e8\u5206\u6e90\u4e8e\u5176\u4e3b\u9898<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u5b87\u5b99\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u590d\u6742\u548c\u6666\u6da9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u96be\u5ea6\u4e5f\u6e90\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u542b\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u62d9\u52a3\u7684\u5de5\u827a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08<\/span>Kant<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u6000\u7279\u6d77\uff08<\/span>Whitehead<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u590d\u6742\u8bed\u53e5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0d\u6e05\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u82b1\u8d39\u5927\u91cf\u7cbe\u529b\u53bb\u786e\u5b9a\u5eb7\u5fb7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9605\u8bfb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5efa\u8bae<\/span><\/b> \u4f5c\u8005\u544a\u8beb\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u9605\u8bfb\u54f2\u5b66\u65f6\u52a1\u5fc5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8c28\u614e\u5c0f\u5fc3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u56db\u6761\u9605\u8bfb\u89c4\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u660e\u667a\u7684\u9009\u62e9<\/span> (Judicious selection)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u521d\u6b21\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bfb\u5b8c\u4e00\u6574\u672c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e66\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u6216\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u96c6\u4e2d\u7cbe\u529b\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u53ef\u9605\u8bfb\u4f11\u8c1f\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u7ae0\u8282\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u4e8b\u5148\u67e5\u9605\u76ee\u5f55\u548c\u5e8f\u8a00\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u8df3\u8fc7<\/span> (Intelligent skipping)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8df3\u8fc7\u90a3\u4e9b\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u804a\u7684\u6216\u6682\u65f6\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u4fdd\u6301\u7406\u89e3<\/span> (Maintain understanding)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u9664\u975e\u786e\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u6b63\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u6240\u8bfb\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e0d\u8981\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9047\u5230\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e94\u7acb\u5373\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u9605\u8bfb\u5176\u4ed6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u6cae\u4e27\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  4. \n\t\t\u8ba4\u771f\u505a\u7b14\u8bb0<\/span> (Take
    \n careful notes)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u64b0\u5199\u6458\u8981\uff08<\/span>precis<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u786e\u4fdd\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u89c2\u70b9\u5236\u4f5c\u79c1\u4eba\u7d22\u5f15\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u9605\u8bfb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u65f6\u95f4<\/span><\/b> \u9605\u8bfb\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u80fd\u529b\u5168\u529b\u4ee5\u8d74\u3002\u8fd9\u6d89\u53ca\u786e\u5b9a\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u542b\u4e49\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u4e0e\u6574\u4f53\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u5173\u8054\u6027\u3001\u8bc4\u4f30\u5176\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u65b0\u60f3\u6cd5\u878d\u5165\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e13\u6ce8\u5ea6\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c<\/span>\u9605\u8bfb\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u5e94\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e09\u523b\u949f<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>45<\/span>\u5206\u949f\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u677e\u61c8\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0d\u632f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b> \u54f2\u5b66\u5728\u4e16\u4fd7\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a<\/span>\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u83b7\u5f97\u540d\u8a89\u6216\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4eba\u5728\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u5f97\u5230\u664b\u5347\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d4b\u4e88\u4eba\u4e00\u79cd\u6d41\u884c\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66\u6c14\u8d28<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6765\u5e73\u9759\u5730\u5fcd\u53d7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u70e6\u607c\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u63a7\u5236\u81ea\u6211\u6216\u9884\u6d4b\u672a\u6765\u7684\u79d8\u8bc0\u3002
    \n\u54f2\u5b66\u7684<\/span>\u552f\u4e00\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b>\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u6ee1\u8db3\u597d\u5947\u5fc3<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6e34\u671b\u77e5\u9053\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u751f\u6d3b\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u5ea6\u8fc7\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7075\u9b42\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u5192\u9669<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n<\/div>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0e\u8303\u56f4<\/span> (Subject-Matter and Scope)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u754c\u5b9a\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u9898\u548c\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u7c7b\u63a2\u7a76\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6e05\u7b97\u6240<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u54f2\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6e05\u7b97\u6240<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b> \u54f2\u5b66\u6c47\u96c6\u3001\u7b5b\u9009\u3001\u8bc4\u4f30\u548c\u6743\u8861\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7c7b\u63a2\u7a76\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u827a\u672f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5b97\u6559\uff09\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u79d1\u5b66\u62a5\u544a<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\u7ec8\u6781\u6210\u5206\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff1b\u5316\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7269\u8d28\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff1b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u547d\u6709\u673a\u4f53\uff1b\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u5fc3\u667a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4ecb\u5165<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6811\u6797<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u6574\u4f53\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5206\u5f00\u7167\u770b\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6811\u6728<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u63a5\u53d7\u79d1\u5b66\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u8bc4\u4f30\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u51b3\u79d1\u5b66\u62a5\u544a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u3001\u5fc3\u667a\u5982\u4f55\u878d\u5165\u5b87\u5b99\u56fe\u666f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fd8\u5173\u6ce8\u5386\u53f2\uff08\u5386\u53f2\u662f\u5426\u6709\u89c4\u5f8b\u6216\u8ba1\u5212\uff1f\uff09\u3001\u827a\u672f\uff08\u7f8e\u662f\u5426\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u754c\uff1f\uff09\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5bf9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9519<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5417\uff1f\uff09\u3001\u548c\u5b97\u6559\uff08\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u5426\u7531\u5fc3\u667a\u521b\u9020\uff1f\uff09\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027<\/span><\/b> \u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u63a2\u7a76\u4e2d<\/span>\u6700\u5177\u666e\u904d\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u79d1\u90fd\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5176\u8303\u56f4\uff08\u5982\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5173\u6ce8\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u5173\u6ce8\u690d\u7269\u751f\u547d\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u4e00\u5207\u5b58\u5728\u7269\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5b58\u5728<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u4e4b\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>the
      \nnature of being as such<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u652f<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n\t\t\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/span> (Metaphysics)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5206\u652f\u3002\u5b83\u63a2\u7a76<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u5426\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u6216\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u548c\u5e03\u62c9\u5fb7\u96f7\u6240\u6301\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\uff09\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u76f8\uff08<\/span>Forms<\/span>\uff09\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5355\u5b50<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>monads<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u795e\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u4e2d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>ideas in the mind of God<\/span>\uff09\u90fd\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e5f\u7814\u7a76\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\uff08<\/span>Categories of Existents<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u8c13\u8bed\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u56db\u7c7b\u5b58\u5728\u7269\uff08\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u4e8b\u7269\u3001\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u4e8b\u7269\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u4e8b\u7269\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      2. \n\t\t\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba<\/span> (Theory
        \n of Knowledge)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u63a2\u8ba8\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u666e\u904d\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u5b83\u8d28\u7591\u5fc3\u7075\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u505a\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7075\u603b\u662f\u5c06\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6784\u6210\u56e0\u7d20\u5f15\u5165\u5b83\u6240\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u8fd8\u7814\u7a76\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff08\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> vs. <\/span>\u552f\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      3. \n\t\t\u4f26\u7406\u5b66<\/span> (Ethics)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5bf9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u5b83\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3001\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4eba\u7c7b\u504f\u597d\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      4. \n\t\t\u7f8e\u5b66<\/span> (Aesthetics)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u7f8e\u3002\u5b83\u8be2\u95ee\u7f8e\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u6b23\u8d4f\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u6295\u5c04\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      5. \n\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (Politics)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f18\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u793e\u533a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \n\t\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u56e0\u7d20<\/span><\/b> \u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u7ed3\u8bba\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u5176\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u6027\u60c5\u548c\u6240\u5904\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u672c\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\uff08<\/span>William James<\/span>\uff09\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f3a\u786c\u578b<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>tough<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u67d4\u5f31\u578b<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>tender<\/span>\uff09\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u6027\u60c5\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
        \n<\/div>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (Plato’s Philosophy)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u76f8\u8bba\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u611f\u5b98\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/b> \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u59cb\u4e8e\u5bf9\u719f\u6089\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u611f\u5b98\u54c1\u8d28\uff08\u5982\u51b7\u70ed\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u7f8e\u4e11\uff09\u662f<\/span>\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u7167\u70b9\u4e0a\u5b83\u4eec\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u7167\u70b9\u4e0a\u5219\u53d8\u4e3a\u5176\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u54c1\u8d28\u4e0d\u65ad\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u672c\u8eab\u7684<\/span>\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Substance<\/span>\uff09\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u96be\u4ee5\u6349\u6478\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<\/span>\u611f\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u719f\u6089\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span><\/b>\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u575a\u4fe1\u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709<\/span>\u786e\u5b9a\u548c\u660e\u786e\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u6700\u660e\u663e\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u9886\u57df\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<\/span>$a^2 – b^2 = (a+b)(a-b)$ <\/span>\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff1b\u6b63\u4e49\u4f18\u4e8e\u4e0d\u4e49\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff09\u3002\u786e\u5b9a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u662f<\/span>\u56fa\u5b9a\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a\u76f8<\/span> (The Forms)<\/span><\/b> \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u7531<\/span>\u76f8\uff08<\/span>Forms<\/span>\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u76f8\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u767d\u3001\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u3001\u7f8e\u3001\u5584\uff09\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u4e2d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u5982\u767d\u8272\u7684\u96ea\u3001\u753b\u51fa\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff09\u6240\u6a21\u4eff\u7684<\/span>\u539f\u578b<\/span><\/b>\u6216<\/span>\u7406\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u76f8\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5171\u540c\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684<\/span>\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/b>\u548c\u4e8b\u7269\u52aa\u529b\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684<\/span>\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u7f8e\u5b66\u7684\u9886\u57df<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7f8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u83ab\u624e\u7279\u3001\u8d1d\u591a\u82ac\uff09\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u7f8e\u7684\u76f8\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<\/span>\u827a\u672f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5f71\u5b50\u6216\u6479\u672c\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u9886\u57df<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5584\uff08<\/span>Goodness<\/span>\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u6fc0\u52b1\u4eba\u52aa\u529b\u6210\u4e3a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5185\u5728\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u4e0e\u5185\u5728\u6027<\/span> (Transcendence and Immanence)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u76f8\u65e2\u662f<\/span>\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u88ab\u611f\u5b98\u4e16\u754c\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u719f\u6089\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\u663e\u73b0\u800c\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5584\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u4e2d\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u653f\u6cbb\u63a8\u8bba<\/span><\/b> \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u4ee5\u5176\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a<\/span>\u7406\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u3001<\/span>\u6fc0\u60c5<\/span>\/<\/span>\u7cbe\u795e<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Spirited<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u6b32\u671b<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Desiring<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u7406\u60f3\u56fd<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u7f29\u5f71\u3002\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u7531\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff08<\/span>\u62a4\u536b\u8005<\/span><\/b>\uff0c<\/span>Guardian<\/span>\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee3\u8868\u7075\u9b42\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u738b<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u62a4\u536b\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u83b7\u5f97\u5bf9<\/span>\u5584\u7684\u76f8<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f7f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6b63\u4e49\u548c\u5584\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u738b\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u62ef\u6551\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8ba9\u7406\u6027\u7edf\u6cbb\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6ee1\u8db3\u6b32\u671b\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u7406\u6027\u7eaa\u5f8b\u5316\u6b32\u671b\u65f6\uff0c\u6b32\u671b\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u6b63\u548c\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7edf\u6cbb\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u666e\u901a\u516c\u6c11\uff08\u6b32\u671b\u90e8\u5206\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\uff09\u83b7\u5f97<\/span>\u5e78\u798f<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5ea6\u7684\u6000\u7591<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8fdb\u6b65<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6301\u6000\u7591\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f81\u670d\u5916\u90e8\u81ea\u7136\u53ea\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u4eba\u884c\u6076\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u514b\u670d\u4eba\u672a\u53d7\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u548c\u6fc0\u60c5\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u514d\u53d7\u81ea\u8eab\u6fc0\u60c5\u7684\u6076\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5c11\u6570\u80fd\u591f\u6c89\u601d\u76f8\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>good in themselves<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            \n
            \n<\/div>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u719f\u6089\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5206\u6790<\/span> (The Analysis of the Familiar World)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u65e8\u5728\u603b\u7ed3\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u611f\u5b98\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u719f\u6089\u4e16\u754c\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u552f\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e89\u8bba<\/span><\/b> \u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff08\u5341\u4e03\u3001\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u4e89\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Empiricism)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\u6700\u7ec8\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u611f\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff08\u6d1b\u514b\u3001\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u3001\u4f11\u8c1f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u552f\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Rationalism)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u667a\u5148\u5929\u5177\u5907\u67d0\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6709\u6548\u63a8\u7406\uff08\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff08\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u3001\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \n\t\t\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Representationalism)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u89c2\u5ff5<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>ideas<\/span>\uff09\u6216<\/span>\u8868\u8c61<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u5fc3\u667a\u4e0e\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u9694\u7edd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u5916\u90e8\u7269\u4f53\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u7269\u4f53<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u76f8\u4f3c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              2. \n\t\t\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Idealism)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u77e5\u9053\u5fc3\u667a\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u8bba\u8bc1\uff08\u70ed\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u989c\u8272\u7b49\u54c1\u8d28\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u611f\u77e5\u8005\uff09\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u662f\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e8b\u7269\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              3. \n\t\t\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8bc1\u636e<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5c06\u7269\u8d28\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u539f\u5b50\u3001\u518d\u5230\u65e0\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u7535\u8377\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u989c\u8272\u3001\u58f0\u97f3\u7b49\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u54c1\u8d28\u5fc5\u7136\u662f<\/span>\u611f\u77e5\u8005\u5fc3\u667a\u6240\u8d21\u732e\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              4. \n\t\t\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8bc1\u636e<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e\u611f\u5b98\u611f\u77e5\u6d89\u53ca\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u4f20\u5bfc\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u6765\u81ea\u6570\u6708\u524d\u7684\u661f\u5149\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u611f\u77e5\u7269\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u611f\u77e5<\/span>\u611f\u89c9\u6750\u6599<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>sense-data<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u611f\u89c9\u6750\u6599\u7406\u8bba\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \n\t\u552f\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1<\/span><\/b> \u552f\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6279\u5224\u719f\u6089\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f<\/span>\u4e0d\u5408\u7406<\/span><\/b>\u7684\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \n\t\t\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e0e\u53d8\u5316<\/span> (Substance and Change)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5b9e\u4f53\u88ab\u5265\u79bb\u6240\u6709\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u5185\u6838<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>core<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u627f\u8f7d\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5185\u6838\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                2. \n\t\t\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7269\u8d28\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a<\/span>\u65e0\u9650\u53ef\u5206<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u9650\u53ef\u5206\u6027\u5bfc\u81f4\u7269\u8d28\u5206\u6790\u540e\u6eb6\u89e3\u4e3a\u865a\u65e0\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u627e\u5230<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                3. \n\t\t\u5173\u7cfb<\/span> (Relations)<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4e8b\u7269\u88ab\u5305\u88f9\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u4e2d\u3002\u72ec\u7269\u8bba\u8005\uff08<\/span>Monists<\/span>\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u4e00\u65e6\u88ab\u62bd\u8c61\u51fa\u6765\u72ec\u7acb\u770b\u5f85\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab<\/span>\u7be1\u6539<\/span><\/b>\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<\/span>\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff08<\/span>unity<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5206\u79bb\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \n\t\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><\/b> \u6240\u6709\u7684\u6279\u5224\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a<\/span>\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u5b9e\u5728\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5728\u522b\u5904<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u76f8<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4ef7\u503c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u5728\u754c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                  \n<\/div>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (Ethical Philosophy)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u5ba2\u89c2\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f26\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f26\u7406\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u5224\u65ad\u5e76\u975e\u6307\u6d89\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6307\u6d89<\/span>\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u6216\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u7684<\/span>\u201d=\u201c<\/span>\u6211\u5bf9\u5b83\u611f\u5230\u8d5e\u540c\u7684<\/span>\u60c5\u611f<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u5224\u65ad\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u9519\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54c1\u8d28\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u8d77\u6e90\u8bba\u8bc1<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u611f\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u6e90\u4e8e\u975e\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5982\u5fc3\u7406\uff08\u538b\u6291\u7684\u7ae5\u5e74\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff09\u6216\u793e\u4f1a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff08\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u90e8\u843d\u751f\u5b58\u6216\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e60\u4fd7\u548c\u7981\u5fcc\uff09\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u6301\u6b64\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u6743\u529b\u7684\u652f\u67f1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42\u7684<\/span>\u5408\u7406\u5316<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>rationalisations<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5730\u4f4d\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u53a2\u60c5\u613f\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>wish fulfilments<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \n\t\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. \n\t\t\u201c<\/span><\/b>\u5bf9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5bf9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u53ea\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5bf9\u9519\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u9519\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    2. \n\t\t\u8d77\u6e90\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u9053\u5fb7\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u975e\u4f26\u7406\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u5982\u6743\u5b9c\u4e4b\u8ba1\uff09\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u540e\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff08\u5982\u590d\u6742\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u8bc6\uff09\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u5176\u8d77\u6e90\u5305\u542b\u66f4\u591a\u672c\u8d28\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff08\u5982\u6a61\u6811\u6bd4\u6a61\u5b50\u5305\u542b\u66f4\u591a\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    3. \n\t\t\u201c<\/span><\/b>\u5bf9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6109\u5feb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u52a8\u673a\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u5bf9<\/span>\u5feb\u4e50<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6e34\u671b\uff08\u5fc3\u7406\u4eab\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6211\u60f3\u505a<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u505a<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u660e\u786e\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u5982\u679c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5bf9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5feb\u4e50<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5229\u76ca<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5206\u6790\u6389\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u660e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5bf9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u4e0e\u5feb\u4e50\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      \n\t\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f26\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9610\u8ff0<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8ba4\u540c\u4eba\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u4eba\u62e5\u6709<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>ought<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6697\u793a\u4e86<\/span>\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\u548c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u610f\u5473\u7740<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u80fd\u591f<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u611f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6e90\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8d23\u4efb\u5e76\u613f\u610f\u5c65\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u9053\u5fb7\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584\uff08<\/span>Goods
                        \n in Themselves<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u5982\u5e78\u798f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u7f8e\u3001\u771f\uff09\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u7406\u6027\u8bc1\u660e\u6216\u8fa9\u62a4\u5176\u53ef\u53d6\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u76f4\u89c9<\/span><\/b>\u611f\u77e5\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u4eab\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9a73\u65a5<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5fc3\u7406\u4eab\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u5feb\u4e50\u662f\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61\uff09\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6b32\u671b\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u5982\u6c42\u77e5\u3001\u542c\u97f3\u4e50\uff09\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5176\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5426\u8ba4\u4eab\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u53d7\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u77e5\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc1\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u9053\u5fb7\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span><\/b>\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5bf9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e<\/span>\u975e\u719f\u6089\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \n\t\u5411\u6709\u795e\u8bba\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21<\/span><\/b> \u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u5982\u826f\u5584\u548c\u5e78\u798f\uff09\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b58\u5728\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6697\u793a\u4e86<\/span>\u5fc3\u667a<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u96be\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u5c06\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u5316\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5047\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u666e\u904d\u5fc3\u667a<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff09\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u548c\u4fdd\u5b58\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u9053\u5fb7\u6307\u5411\u795e\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                        \n<\/div>\n

                        \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (The Philosophy of Politics)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f26\u7406\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684<\/span>\u624b\u6bb5<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u9645\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u624b\u6bb5\uff09<\/span><\/b> \u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u3001\u5a01\u671b\u3001\u8d22\u5bcc\uff09\u5e76\u975e\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \n\t\t\u6743\u529b\uff08<\/span>Power<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u662f\u5c06\u88ab\u5f81\u670d\u8005\u65bd\u52a0\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u8150\u8680\u54c1\u683c\uff0c\u6a21\u7cca\u5224\u65ad\u529b<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4e9a\u514b\u987f\u52cb\u7235\u66fe\u8a00\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u5207\u6743\u529b\u8150\u8680\u4eba\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u7edd\u5bf9\u8150\u8680\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u7528\u9014\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u5a01\u671b\uff08<\/span>Prestige<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u901a\u5e38\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u519b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u6043\u5f3a\u51cc\u5f31\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u7684\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u6bc1\u6389\u5b9e\u884c\u5b83\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u5982\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\uff09\u3002\u5a01\u671b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u8d22\u5bcc\uff08<\/span>Wealth<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8d22\u5bcc\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u4ed6\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u91d1\u94b1\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8212\u9002\u6216\u6743\u529b\uff09\u3002\u8d22\u5bcc\u5206\u914d\u4e0d\u5747\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\uff1a\u5bcc\u4eba\u5c06\u91d1\u94b1\u89c6\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u626d\u66f2\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u65f6\u95f4\u7cbe\u529b\u8ffd\u6c42\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5584\uff1b\u7a77\u4eba\u5219\u56e0\u8fc7\u5ea6\u52b3\u4f5c\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u8db3\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u8eab\u6f5c\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u5728\u8863\u98df\u4f4f\u884c\u7b49\u6709\u9650\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0a\u3002\u8d22\u5bcc\u4f5c\u4e3a\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u7528\u4e8e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5584\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \n\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u58f0\u79f0\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\u6761\u4ef6\uff09<\/span><\/b> \u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4eec\u58f0\u79f0\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u662f<\/span>\u5b9e\u73b0\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u80cc\u666f<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\uff08<\/span>Social
                            \n Justice<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u514d\u4e8e\u532e\u4e4f\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u514d\u4e8e\u532e\u4e4f\uff08\u5982\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u4f4f\u623f\u3001\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fdd\u969c\uff09\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7f3a\u5931\u65f6\u624d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5b89\u5168\u62e5\u6709\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7531\uff08<\/span>Liberty<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u884c\u52a8\u81ea\u7531\u7b49\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u65f6\u624d\u88ab\u73cd\u89c6\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u6d88\u6781\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u9ad8\u6548\u81ea\u7531\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\uff08<\/span>Education<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u662f\u624b\u6bb5\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u5fc3\u667a\u66f4\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u770b\u5b83\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u4f55\u79cd\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \n\t\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u76ee\u7684<\/span><\/b> \u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u521b\u9020<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u73af\u5883<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u8ffd\u6c42<\/span>\u5e78\u798f<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u53d1\u5c55\u5176\u4eba\u683c\u4e2d\u6700\u9ad8\u3001\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u9762<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\uff08<\/span>Natural
                              \n Rights<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5e78\u798f\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u5229<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5e76\u975e\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u7684<\/span>\u76ee\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5373\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u7c7b\u672c\u6027\u4e2d\u6700\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u6f5c\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u6700\u9ad8\u6f5c\u80fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u5353\u8d8a\u5728\u4e8e\u5176<\/span>\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u533a\u5206\u529f\u80fd<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u7406\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5305\u62ec\u516c\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\uff08\u4eba\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u7269\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u65e0\u79c1\u7684\u7406\u6027\u8fd0\u7528<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u827a\u672f\u3001\u6c89\u601d\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u7f8e\u597d\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u4fdd\u969c\u539f\u5219\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u672c\u8eab\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u6c11\u800c\u7acb\u3001\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2a\u4f53\u6743\u5229\uff08\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u516c\u6b63\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u72ec\u7acb\u53f8\u6cd5\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \n\t\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/span><\/b> \u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e8e\u57f9\u517b\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u80fd\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584\u662f\uff1a<\/span>\u5e78\u798f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u5584\u3001\u7f8e\u548c\u771f\u7406<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • \n\t\t\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6069\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6069\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u6216\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u662f<\/span>\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3001\u8bd7\u4eba\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\u3001\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u548c\u5723\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\uff1a<\/span>\u7406\u6027\u548c\u7cbe\u795e<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                \n
                                \n<\/div>\n

                                \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u5b9e\u9645\u63a8\u8bba<\/span> (Practical Corollaries) <\/span>\u53ca \u7ed3\u8bed<\/span> (Epilogue)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n\t\u8fd9\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n\t\u5b9e\u8df5\u6307\u5bfc\uff1a\u4ef7\u503c\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u7279\u5f81<\/span><\/b> \u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7279\u5f81\u8bc6\u522b\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u548c\u6b23\u8d4f\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. \n\t\t\u56de\u62a5\u9012\u589e\uff08<\/span>Increase
                                  \n of Dividends<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u611f\u5b98\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u538c\u5026\u548c\u538c\u6076\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u5982\u7f8e\u3001\u771f\u7406\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u548c\u4eab\u53d7\u4f1a<\/span>\u968f\u7740\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u589e\u957f\u800c\u589e\u5f3a<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5174\u8da3\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                2. \n\t\t\u6574\u5408\u6027\uff08<\/span>Integration<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u6ee1\u8db3\u6b32\u671b\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u5982\u827a\u672f\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\u5219\u4f1a<\/span>\u6574\u5408\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u9762<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u611f\u5b98\u3001\u5fc3\u667a\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\uff09\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u5b89\u5b81\u548c\u5e73\u9759\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                3. \n\t\t\u6539\u53d8\u4eba\u683c\uff08<\/span>Change
                                  \n of Personality<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4e0e\u5b9e\u5728\uff08\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u683c\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u6709\u5b66\u95ee\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u6c14\u8d28\u6216\u66f4\u826f\u5584\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  \n\t\u8b66\u793a\uff1a\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u6027<\/span><\/b> \u5fc5\u987b\u8b66\u60d5\u5c06\u4ef7\u503c\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ea7\u7269<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5373\u4e3b\u89c2\u7406\u60f3\uff09\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u662f<\/span>\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u5b9e\u5728<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5fc3\u667a\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                  \n\t\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u7684<\/span><\/b> \u597d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u5176\u6210\u5458\u7684<\/span>\u76f8\u5f53\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e14\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4ef7\u503c\u5f15\u5165\u5176\u54c1\u5473\u548c\u8206\u8bba\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e2d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u73cd\u89c6\u771f\u7406\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u827a\u672f\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u6587\u5b66\uff1b\u5e76\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u5f80\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                  \n\t\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b> \u867d\u7136\u4f5c\u8005\u6700\u521d\u5938\u5927\u5176\u8bcd\u5730\u8bf4\u54f2\u5b66\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6700\u7ec8\u6536\u56de\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • \n\t\t\u8ba4\u77e5\u8d21\u732e<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u6765\u63ed\u793a\u771f\u7406\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u5b66\uff08<\/span>philosophia
                                    \n perennis<\/span><\/i>\uff0c\u6c38\u6052\u54f2\u5b66\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u719f\u6089\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u539f\u7406\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u522b\u5904\u5bfb\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u4f53\u9a8c<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4ece\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u662f<\/span>\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/span><\/b>\u542f\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u4eec\u613f\u610f\u4ed8\u51fa\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u53bb\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u59cb\u4e8e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u4ee5<\/span>\u4f53\u9a8c<\/span><\/b>\u544a\u7ec8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u6c14\u8d28\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u60c5\u3002\u5b83\u57f9\u517b\u4e86<\/span>\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u548c\u7406\u89e3<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6240\u6709\u672a\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u63a8\u6d4b\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u6559\u6761\u4e3b\u4e49\u76db\u884c\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u4ef7\u503c\u5c3a\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\u6765\u89c4\u8303\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                    \n
                                    \n<\/div>\n

                                    \n\t\u603b\u7ed3\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                                    \n\t\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e00\u540d<\/span>\u9ad8\u7a7a\u98de\u884c\u5458<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u827a\u672f\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u56fe\uff08\u5373\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6267\u7740\u4e8e\u5730\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u67d0\u6761\u8857\u9053\u6216\u6cb3\u6d41\uff08\u5177\u4f53\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u611f\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u9ad8\u7a7a\u7ed8\u5236\u4e00\u5f20<\/span>\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u56fe<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u56fe\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u5c71\u8109\u6cb3\u6d41\uff0c\u8fd8\u6807\u793a\u4e86<\/span>\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u706f\u5854<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u4ef7\u503c<\/span>\/<\/span>\u76f8\uff09\uff0c\u6307\u5f15\u7740\u5730\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\uff08\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u524d\u884c\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u4eec\u627e\u5230\u773c\u524d\u7684\u91d1\u77ff\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u5f20\u5730\u56fe\u548c\u6307\u5357\u9488\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u5728\u751f\u547d\u7684\u65c5\u9014\u4e2d\u8ff7\u5931\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                    \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                    \n\t