{"id":1663,"date":"2025-11-01T05:26:28","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T21:26:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1663"},"modified":"2025-11-01T05:26:28","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T21:26:28","slug":"%e8%a3%b4%e6%96%af%e6%b3%b0%e6%b4%9b%e9%bd%90%ef%bc%9a%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e6%94%b9%e9%9d%a9%e5%ae%b6%ef%bc%881746-1827%ef%bc%89-pestalozzi%ef%bc%9aeducational-reformer-1746-1827","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1663","title":{"rendered":"\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\uff081746-1827\uff09 Pestalozzi\uff1aEducational Reformer 1746-1827"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0197<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\uff08<\/u><\/strong><\/span>1746-1827<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\uff09<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tPestalozzi<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\uff1a<\/u><\/strong><\/span>Educational Reformer 1746-1827<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u745e\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u5bb6<\/span>\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\uff08<\/span>Pestalozzi, 1746-1827<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\u5fb7<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7518\u666e\u65af\uff08<\/span>De Guimps<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4f20\u8bb0\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u62c9\u585e\u5c14\uff08<\/span>John Russell<\/span>\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb0\u8ff0\u4e86\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u4ece\u65e9\u5e74\u5728\u5bb6\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u6148\u5584\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5230\u4ed6\u521b\u7acb\u5e76\u8fd0\u8425\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u8bfa\u4f0a\u970d\u592b\uff08<\/span>Neuhof<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3001\u5728\u65af\u5766\u8328\uff08<\/span>Stanz<\/span>\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u5b64\u513f\u4e4b\u7236\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5e03\u683c\u591a\u592b\uff08<\/span>Burgdorf<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u4f0a\u97e6\u5c14\u4e1c\uff08<\/span>Yverdon<\/span>\uff09\u57ce\u5821\u521b\u529e\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e\u9610\u8ff0\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u80b2\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5373\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u4ee5<\/span>\u611f\u5b98\u5370\u8c61\uff08<\/span>sense-impression<\/span>\uff09\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u513f\u7ae5\u5fc3\u667a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5bb6\u5ead\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u5168\u6c11\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\u6765\u63d0\u5347\u8d2b\u56f0\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5176\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\uff08<\/span>\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\uff09\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u6301\u4e45\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u745e\u58eb\u8457\u540d\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\uff08<\/span>Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, 1746-1827<\/span>\uff09\u751f\u5e73\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u8bb0\u8ff0\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7f57\u7d20\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ed6\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u5fb7<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u91d1\u666e\u65af\u7537\u7235\uff08<\/span>Baron Roger de Guimps<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u300a\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u751f\u5e73\u4e0e\u8457\u4f5c\u300b\u7684\u6458\u8981\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u6bd5\u751f\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span>\u63d0\u5347\u6c11\u4f17<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u826f\u597d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\uff08<\/span>1746-1769<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u7ebd\u970d\u592b\uff08<\/span>1769-1798<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u65e9\u671f\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u62b1\u8d1f\uff08<\/span>1746-1769<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u4e8e<\/span>1746<\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\uff0c\u662f\u610f\u5927\u5229\u96be\u6c11\u540e\u88d4\u3002\u4ed6\u4e94\u5c81\u4e27\u7236\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u548c\u5fe0\u4ec6\u5df4\u8d1d\u5229\uff08<\/span>Babeli<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u6781\u5176\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8282\u4fed\u4e0b\u629a\u517b\u4ed6\u957f\u5927\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u5bf9\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u5173\u4e8e\u5bb6\u5ead\u5728\u5065\u5168\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u8d77\u7740<\/span>\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4ed6\u7ae5\u5e74\u65f6\u671f\u76f8\u5bf9\u5b64\u50fb\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8eab\u4f53\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6027\u683c\u6709\u4e9b\u5bb3\u7f9e\u548c\u7b28\u62d9\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5728\u7956\u7236\uff08\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e61\u6751\u7267\u5e08\uff09\u7684\u966a\u4f34\u4e0b\uff0c\u63a5\u89e6\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u7530\u91ce\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u9996\u6b21\u840c\u751f\u4e86\u51cf\u8f7b\u7a77\u4eba\u82e6\u96be\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u613f\u671b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5728\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\u795e\u5b66\u671f\u95f4\uff08<\/span>15<\/span>\u5c81\u5f00\u59cb\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u6df1\u53d7\u5362\u68ad\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u70ed\u5fc3\u7684\u95e8\u5f92\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u521d\u5e0c\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u4e61\u6751\u7267\u5e08\uff0c\u540e\u8f6c\u5b66\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u56e2\u5e76\u64b0\u5199\u62a8\u51fb\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u533f\u540d\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5468\u62a5\u300a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u300b<\/span>Memorial<\/span><\/i>\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\uff09\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u538b\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u7ec8\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u516c\u804c\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u5bfb\u6c42\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u6765\u514b\u670d<\/span>\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u4e0e\u7f6a\u6076<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5883\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7ebd\u970d\u592b\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u6148\u5584\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff08<\/span>1769-1798<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u5411\u79d1\u5b66\u519c\u4e1a\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5b89\u5a1c<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u8212\u5c14\u7279\u65af\uff08<\/span>Anna Schulthess<\/span>\uff09\u8ba2\u5a5a\u5e76\u4e8e<\/span>1769<\/span>\u5e74\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5973\u65b9\u7236\u6bcd\u6781\u529b\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72c2\u91ce\u7684\u7a7a\u60f3\u5bb6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u767e\u4ea9\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u5e76\u5728<\/span>1771<\/span>\u5e74\u642c\u5230\u4ed6\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u7ebd\u970d\u592b\uff08<\/span>Neuhof<\/span>\uff0c\u65b0\u519c\u573a\uff09\u7684\u5bb6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u571f\u5730\u8d2b\u7620\u3001\u5f00\u652f\u8d85\u9884\u671f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b9e\u9645\u64cd\u4f5c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u56db\u5e74\u540e\u5ba3\u544a\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7d27\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u4ed6\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5947\u602a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u53d8\u6210<\/span>\u8d2b\u56f0\u513f\u7ae5\u4e4b\u5bb6<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u6b21\u6148\u5584\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff08<\/span>1775-1780<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u518d\u6b21\u5931\u8d25\uff08\u539f\u56e0\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6536\u6210\u5dee\u3001\u4e0d\u611f\u6069\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u5f15\u8bf1\u5b69\u5b50\u79bb\u5f00\u3001\u4ec6\u4eba\u4e0d\u8bda\u5b9e\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8d22\u52a1\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6b21\u7ecf\u5386\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u627e\u5230\u4e86<\/span>\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4f7f\u547d<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ed6\u540e\u7eed\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u7ed3\u5408\u624b\u5de5\u52b3\u52a8\uff0c\u4ece\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u6240\u89c1\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u884c\u6307\u5bfc\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u65e9\u671f\u8457\u4f5c\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5728\u7ebd\u970d\u592b\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\uff08<\/span>Jacobli<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6210\u957f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u8bb0\u5f55\uff08<\/span>1774<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u5b9e\u8df5\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9645\u89c2\u5bdf\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u4e8b\u7269\u800c\u975e\u8bcd\u8bed<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u7684<\/span> aim <\/span>\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u7ed9\u5b69\u5b50\u704c\u8f93\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u53d1\u5c55\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\u624d\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t1780\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u670b\u53cb\u4f0a\u745f\u6797\uff08<\/span>Iselin<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u9f13\u52b1\u4e0b\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5f00\u59cb\u5199\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u4e00\u4e2a\u9690\u58eb\u7684\u665a\u8bfe<\/span><\/i><\/b>\uff08<\/span>The Evening Hour of a Hermit, 1780<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6559\u80b2\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7ea6\u516b\u5341\u6761\u683c\u8a00\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u662f<\/span>\u5bb6\u5ead\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u667a\u6167\u548c\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u5e73\u9759\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u4eba\u4eba\u53ef\u53ca\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u6797\u54c8\u5fb7\u4e0e\u845b\u7b03\u5fb7<\/span><\/i><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Leonard and Gertrude, 1781-1787<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u5171\u56db\u5377\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u519c\u6751\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u800c\u611f\u4eba\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u5c0f\u8bf4\u901a\u8fc7\u845b\u7b03\u5fb7\uff08\u4e00\u4f4d\u5584\u826f\u3001\u52e4\u52b3\u3001\u660e\u667a\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u6559\u80b2\u513f\u7ae5\u4f7f\u5176\u53c2\u4e0e\u5bb6\u52a1\u52b3\u52a8\u5e76\u63d0\u5347\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u524d\u51e0\u5377\u5927\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u4f46\u8bfb\u8005\u591a\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u5c0f\u8bf4\u800c\u975e\u6559\u80b2\u6587\u672c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u5bd3\u8a00<\/span><\/i><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Fables, 1797<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u63a2\u7a76<\/span>***<\/span>\uff08<\/span>An Inquiry into the Course of
    \n Nature in the Development of the Human Race, 1797<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u5341\u5e74\u6587\u5b66\u6c89\u5bc2\u540e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u300a\u63a2\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u4ece<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u52a8\u7269\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u53d1\u5c55\u5230<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><\/i><\/b>\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5851\u9020\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/span><\/i>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t1798<\/span><\/b>\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u59cb\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u60c5\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u73b0\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8865\u6551\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u5e94<\/span>\u4ece\u5185\u5728\u5230\u5916\u5728<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>from within to without<\/span>\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u90a3\u6837\u673a\u68b0\u5730\u4ece\u5916\u5728\u704c\u8f93\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u662f<\/span>\u8c03\u8282\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u667a\u529b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u6bd4\u4f5c<\/span>\u690d\u7269\u7684\u751f\u957f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6709\u673a\u53d1\u5c55\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n<\/div>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u65bd\u5766\u8328\uff08<\/span>1799<\/span>\uff09\u81f3\u7ebd\u970d\u592b\uff08<\/span>1825-1827<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u65bd\u5766\u8328\uff08<\/span>Stanz, 1799<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t1798\u5e74\u7684\u745e\u58eb\u9769\u547d\u4e3a\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5b9e\u8df5\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5dde\u7fc1\u7279\u74e6\u5c14\u767b\uff08<\/span>Unterwalden<\/span>\uff09\u53d1\u751f\u5927\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u65bd\u5766\u8328\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u6240\u5b64\u513f\u9662\uff0c\u5e76\u4efb\u547d\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u4e3a\u9662\u957f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4ed6\u7acb\u5373\u5f00\u59cb\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u63a5\u7eb3\u4e86\u5927\u7ea6\u516b\u5341\u540d\u8eab\u5fc3\u53d7\u521b\u7684\u5b64\u513f\uff0c\u53ea\u4f9d\u9760\u4e00\u540d\u5973\u4f63\u534f\u52a9\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6210\u529f\u662f<\/span>\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u548c\u7acb\u7aff\u89c1\u5f71\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4ed6\u56de\u907f\u5e38\u89c4\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u73ed\u7ea7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u7231\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u6765\u5bf9\u5f85\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u89c6\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u3002\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b69\u5b50\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u3001\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u5c31\u8db3\u591f\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u65bd\u5766\u8328\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u5531\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u8bed\u8a00\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u53ea\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u3002\u4ed6\u91cd\u89c6\u6c89\u9ed8\u548c\u6574\u6d01\u7684\u59ff\u52bf\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u5e94\u662f<\/span>\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u953b\u70bc\u5b98\u80fd<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u3001\u89c2\u5bdf\u529b\u548c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u5b98\u5370\u8c61\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u6570\u5b57\u548c\u5730\u7406\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u91c7\u7528\u4e86<\/span>\u4e92\u52a9\u6559\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>mutual instruction<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba9\u5927\u5b69\u5b50\u6559\u5c0f\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u699c\u6837\uff08\u5982\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u963f\u5c14\u9053\u592b\u9547\u7684\u53d7\u707e\u513f\u7ae5\uff09\u6765\u6559\u6388\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u6559\u6761\u3002\u8be5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u56e0\u5efa\u7b51\u88ab\u6539\u4e3a\u519b\u533b\u9662\u800c\u88ab\u8feb\u4e2d\u6b62\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u83ab\u5c14\u592b\uff08<\/span>Morf<\/span>\uff09\u5bf9\u65bd\u5766\u8328\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/b>\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5fc5\u987b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728<\/span>\u611f\u77e5\u5370\u8c61<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>sense-impression, <\/span>Anschauung<\/span><\/i><\/span>\uff09\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff1b\u6559\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5faa\u5e8f\u6e10\u8fdb\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8fde\u63a5<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b69\u5b50\u4f9d\u9760\u81ea\u8eab\u529b\u91cf\u8fbe\u5230\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4f2f\u683c\u591a\u592b\uff08<\/span>Burgdorf, 1799-1804<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u65bd\u5766\u8328\u5b9e\u9a8c\u540e\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u8eab\u4f53\u865a\u5f31\u4f46\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u7cbe\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u4f2f\u683c\u591a\u592b\u7684\u4e00\u6240\u975e\u516c\u6c11\u5b66\u6821\u4efb\u6559\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u975e\u4f20\u7edf\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u300a\u6559\u7406\u95ee\u7b54\u300b\uff09\u800c\u518d\u6b21\u88ab\u8feb\u79bb\u5f00\u3002\u4ed6\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u5728\u9547\u516c\u6c11\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u5e74\u7ea7\u4efb\u6559\uff08\u7ea6<\/span>25<\/span>\u540d<\/span>5<\/span>\u81f3<\/span>8<\/span>\u5c81\u513f\u7ae5\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5728\u4f2f\u683c\u591a\u592b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ee7\u7eed\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u5176\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u5efa\u8bae\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece<\/span>\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u7a97\u6237<\/span><\/b>\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u56fe\u753b\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u7b80\u5316\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u7b97\u672f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c<\/span>\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5206\u7ec4<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u77f3\u677f\u4e0a\u753b\u7ebf\u6761\u548c\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t1800\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u5e74\u5ea6\u8003\u8bd5\u540e\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51fa\u5177\u4e86<\/span>\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8d5e\u626c\u7684\u62a5\u544a<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u771f\u6b63\u5730\u4ee5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u57f9\u517b\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u624d\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5176\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdc\u4f18\u4e8e\u65e7\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u6559\u5e08<\/span>\u514b\u9c81\u897f\uff08<\/span>Krusi<\/span>\uff09\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u514b\u9c81\u897f\u62e5\u6709\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u6240\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u884c\u653f\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u673a\u667a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u642c\u5230\u4e86\u57ce\u5821\uff0c\u5e76\u63a5\u7eb3\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u8be5\u673a\u6784\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u7231\u548c\u611f\u6fc0\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4f2f\u683c\u591a\u592b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n\t\t\u845b\u7b03\u5fb7\u5982\u4f55\u6559\u5bfc\u5979\u7684\u5b69\u5b50<\/span><\/i><\/b>\uff08<\/span>How Gertrude Teaches her Children, 1801<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50<\/span>\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u3001\u601d\u8003\u6700\u5468\u5168<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u83ab\u5c14\u592b\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u611f\u77e5\u5370\u8c61\u662f\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5faa\u53d1\u5c55\u8def\u5f84\u800c\u975e\u6559\u6761\u5f0f\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u65e8\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u5fc3\u667a\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u975e\u4f20\u6388\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c<\/span>\u7231<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u7eaa\u5f8b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    2. \n\t\t\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7528\u4e66<\/span><\/i><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Book for Mothers, 1803<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u7b80\u5316\u6559\u5b66\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7531\u514b\u9c81\u897f\u4ee3\u7b14\uff0c\u4ece\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b69\u5b50<\/span>\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8eab\u4f53<\/span><\/b>\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5197\u957f\u548c\u8be6\u7ec6\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u4eec\u673a\u68b0\u5730\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\t\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f2f\u683c\u591a\u592b\u5b66\u6821\u88ab\u6539\u9020\u4e3a<\/span>\u745e\u58eb\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u8361\u518d\u6b21\u88ad\u6765\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u88ab\u8feb\u5bfb\u627e\u65b0\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u6155\u5174\u5e03\u8d6b\u585e\uff08<\/span>Munchenbuchsee, 1804-1805<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u4f0a\u97e6\u5c14\u4e1c\uff08<\/span>Yverdon, 1805-1825<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t1804\u5e74\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5c06\u673a\u6784\u8fc1\u81f3\u6155\u5174\u5e03\u8d6b\u585e\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u65e7\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u77ed\u6682\u4e0e\u519c\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d39\u4f26\u8d1d\u683c\uff08<\/span>Fellenberg<\/span>\uff09\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u8d22\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u5bfc\u81f4\u5408\u4f5c\u7834\u88c2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t1805\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u673a\u6784\u8fc1\u81f3\u6cd5\u8bed\u533a\u7684<\/span>\u4f0a\u97e6\u5c14\u4e1c\uff08<\/span>Yverdon<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5ea7\u53e4\u57ce\u5821\u4e2d\u5b89\u987f\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u4f0a\u97e6\u5c14\u4e1c\u673a\u6784\u58f0\u540d\u9e4a\u8d77\uff0c<\/span>1808<\/span>\u5e74\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u5728\u8036\u62ff\u6218\u5f79\u5931\u8d25\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u632f\u5174\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6d3e\u9063\u6559\u5e08\u524d\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u8be5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u58f0\u8a89\u5927\u589e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4f0a\u97e6\u5c14\u4e1c\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u57fa\u4e8e<\/span>\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5730\u7406\u6559\u5b66\u662f\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u5b9e\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u548c\u7528\u7c98\u571f\u5236\u4f5c<\/span>\u5f53\u5730\u5c71\u8c37\u7684\u6d6e\u96d5<\/span><\/b>\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624d\u770b\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u7b97\u672f\u91c7\u7528\u5fc3\u7b97\uff08<\/span>mental arithmetic<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>\u5355\u4f4d\u8868<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u5206\u6570\u8868<\/span><\/b>\u8fdb\u884c\u611f\u77e5\u5370\u8c61\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5f15\u5165\u4e86<\/span>\u4f53\u64cd<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6e10\u8fdb\u6027\u3002\u673a\u6784\u6c1b\u56f4\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4e0e\u8001\u5e08\u5173\u7cfb\u53cb\u597d\uff08\u5982\u4e00\u8d77\u8fdb\u884c\u519b\u4e8b\u6f14\u4e60\u548c\u56ed\u827a\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u8870\u843d\u548c\u6311\u6218<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u540d\u58f0\u5728\u5916\uff0c\u4f46\u673a\u6784\u5185\u90e8\u95ee\u9898\u91cd\u91cd\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u81ea\u5404\u56fd\uff0c\u5e74\u9f84\u5404\u5f02\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7236\u7231<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5f0f\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u5316\u7ba1\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u5927\u578b\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u96be\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\uff0c<\/span>\u7231\u5fc3\u7eaa\u5f8b\u9010\u6e10\u74e6\u89e3<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u52a9\u6559\u5c3c\u5fb7\u96f7\u5c14\uff08<\/span>Niederer<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u65bd\u5bc6\u5fb7\uff08<\/span>Schmid<\/span>\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5c16\u9510\u7684<\/span>\u4e0d\u548c\u4e0e\u4e89\u5435<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u672c\u4eba\u5728\u884c\u653f\u548c\u8d22\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0a\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u673a\u6784\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u5f00\u59cb\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u6307\u51fa\u673a\u6784\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6ce8\u91cd\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u4e14\u7f3a\u4e4f\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u65bd\u5bc6\u5fb7\u7684\u56de\u5f52\uff08<\/span>1815<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u867d\u7136\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u5185\u90e8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u9010\u6e10\u6ca6\u4e3a\u65bd\u5bc6\u5fb7\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t1815\u5e74\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u59bb\u5b50\u5b89\u5a1c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u514b\u5170\u8fea\uff08<\/span>Clendy<\/span>\uff09\u5a74\u513f\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5728\u4f0a\u97e6\u5c14\u4e1c\u673a\u6784\u8d70\u5411\u8870\u4ea1\u65f6\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5728\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u514b\u5170\u8fea\uff08<\/span>Clendy<\/span>\uff09\u6210\u529f\u5730\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u4e00\u6240\u9488\u5bf9\u8d2b\u56f0\u5e7c\u7ae5\u7684\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u5a74\u513f\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u8d77\u6e90<\/span><\/b>\uff09\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u7231\u548c\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t1825\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u65bd\u5bc6\u5fb7\u88ab\u5f53\u5c40\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5e26\u7740\u4ed6\u4e00\u8d77\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u4f0a\u97e6\u5c14\u4e1c\uff0c\u673a\u6784\u6b63\u5f0f\u5173\u95ed\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u91cd\u56de\u7ebd\u970d\u592b\u4e0e\u901d\u4e16\uff08<\/span>1825-1827<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u673a\u6784\u5173\u95ed\u540e\uff0c\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u7ebd\u970d\u592b\u3002\u4ed6\u5e74\u8fd1\u516b\u5341\uff0c\u4ecd\u575a\u6301\u5199\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u5929\u9e45\u4e4b\u6b4c\uff08<\/span>The Swan’s Song<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u6211\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\uff08<\/span>My Destiny<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u633d\u6551\u5176\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0a\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u6e90\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u65e0\u80fd\u3002\u4ed6\u4ecd\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u5b9e\u73b0\u6bd5\u751f\u7684\u68a6\u60f3<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d2b\u56f0\u513f\u7ae5\u4e4b\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4ed6\u4e8e<\/span>1827<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>2<\/span>\u6708\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u5b89\u846c\u5728\u6bd4\u5c14\u6751\uff08<\/span>Birr<\/span>\uff09\u7ebd\u970d\u592b\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u5893\u7891\u4e0a\u523b\u6709\u4ed6\u751f\u524d\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u5893\u5fd7\u94ed\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4f17\u4eba\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7d22\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u4e66\u6700\u540e\u7ae0\u8282\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u54f2\u5b66\u6838\u5fc3<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u62e5\u6709\u5185\u5728\u7684\u3001\u6709\u673a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff08\u6709\u673a\u53d1\u5c55\u5f8b\uff09\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u6309\u7167\u513f\u7ae5\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u534f\u8c03\u548c\u5229\u7528\u4e16\u754c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u53d1\u5c55\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u6fc0\u53d1\u548c\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c<\/span>\u751f\u6d3b\u5373\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>it is life that
        \n educates<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u667a\u529b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>Method<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5b66\u4e60\u5fc5\u987b\u662f<\/span>\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e<\/span>\u611f\u77e5\u5370\u8c61<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8bcd\u8bed\u3002\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u56fa\u5316\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ea7\u751f\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u5faa\u5e8f\u6e10\u8fdb\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5b69\u5b50\u5f7b\u5e95\u638c\u63e1\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t\u5173\u952e\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u5b9e\u7269\u6559\u5b66<\/span>\/<\/span>\u611f\u77e5\u5370\u8c61\u7ec3\u4e60<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Object-lessons<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u6559\u6388\u5b69\u5b50\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u8ba1\u7b97<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u5355\u4f4d\u8868<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u5206\u6570\u8868<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\u89c6\u89c9\u5de5\u5177\u8fdb\u884c\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b69\u5b50\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u5b98\u5370\u8c61\u7406\u89e3\u6570\u5b57\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u56fe\u753b\u7ec3\u4e60<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u77f3\u677f\uff0c\u8bad\u7ec3\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u624b\u3001\u773c\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51e0\u4f55\u548c\u4e66\u5199\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u5730\u7406\u6559\u5b66\u9769\u65b0<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4ece\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b9e\u9645\u571f\u5730\u548c\u5236\u4f5c\u6d6e\u96d5\u5730\u56fe\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u8bed\u8a00\u6559\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u7ec3\u4e60\u6765\u638c\u63e1\u6bcd\u8bed\uff0c\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7528\u6b64\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u5916\u8bed\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u9644\u5f55\uff08<\/span>Appendix<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u9644\u5f55\u6536\u5f55\u4e86\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u6458\u5f55\u548c\u65e7\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u8ffd\u5fc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u8457\u4f5c\u6458\u5f55<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5f3a\u8c03\u5728\u65bd\u5766\u8328\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u529b\u91cf\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec<\/span>\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b<\/span><\/b>\u3001\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u548c\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5916\u90e8\u7ea6\u675f\u6216\u8bf4\u6559\u3002\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u8981\u5148\u5524\u9192\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u5176\u901a\u8fc7\u65e5\u5e38\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u662f\u975e\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6279\u8bc4\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u6559\u80b2\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8bcd\u8bed\u548c\u5916\u8868\u7684\u6559\u80b2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5982\u68a6\u822c\u7a7a\u6d1e\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u7533\u611f\u77e5\u5370\u8c61\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5728\u300a\u5929\u9e45\u4e4b\u6b4c\u300b\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf7\u6c42\u8bfb\u8005\u8ba4\u771f\u5ba1\u89c6\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u798f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u5b66\u751f\u56de\u5fc6<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u56de\u5fc6\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5916\u8868\u4e0d\u62d8\u5c0f\u8282\uff08\u5982\u88e4\u5b50\u548c\u889c\u5b50\u677e\u57ae\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u5149\u654f\u9510\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u6148\u7231\u3002\u4ed6\u4f9d\u9760<\/span>\u7231\u5fc3\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span><\/b>\u63a7\u5236\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u6559\u6388<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9e\u8bc1\u77e5\u8bc6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u51c6\u5907\u82b1\u74f6\u800c\u975e\u88c5\u6ee1\u82b1\u74f6<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u8fdb\u6b65\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u67e5\u5c14\u65af<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u91cc\u7279\uff08<\/span>Charles Ritter<\/span>\uff09\u79f0\u8d5e\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u62e5\u6709<\/span>\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5fc3\u80f8\u548c\u5929\u8d4b<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u65e0\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u80fd\u5c06\u7406\u5ff5\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u52a9\u6559\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
          \n<\/div>\n

          \n\t\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u8bc4\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u8be5\u4e66\u8be6\u5c3d\u5730\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5145\u6ee1\u77db\u76fe\u3001\u82f1\u96c4\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5c61\u8d25\u5c61\u6218\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u524d\u671f\u7684\u7ebd\u970d\u592b\u65f6\u671f\uff09\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u80dc\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u6210\u529f\u5730\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7684<\/span>\u6839\u672c\u6027\u8d21\u732e<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4ed6\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u5efa\u7acb\u5728<\/span>\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u5c55\u89c4\u5f8b<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u611f\u77e5\u5370\u8c61<\/span><\/b>\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed3\u5408\u5fc3\u3001\u8111\u3001\u4f53<\/span>\u6709\u673a\u548c\u8c10\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>organic development<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u6148\u5584\u673a\u6784\u8fd8\u662f\u4f0a\u97e6\u5c14\u4e1c\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\uff09\u901a\u5e38\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684<\/span>\u4e0d\u5207\u5b9e\u9645\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u65e0\u80fd\u548c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4fe1\u4efb<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u56e0\u5176<\/span>\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u6d1e\u5bdf<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u5bf9\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u7231\u5fc3<\/span><\/b>\u800c\u6c38\u5782\u4e0d\u673d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u5f62\u8c61\u6bd4\u55bb<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4f4d\u519c\u592b\u5bf9\u5f85\u5e7c\u82d7\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5c06\u5916\u6765\u7684\u679c\u5b9e\uff08\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u6346\u7ed1\u5230\u5e7c\u82d7\uff08\u5b69\u5b50\uff09\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u73af\u5883\u548c\u517b\u5206\uff08\u611f\u77e5\u5370\u8c61\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\uff09\uff0c\u8010\u5fc3\u5730\u7b49\u5f85\u548c\u5f15\u5bfc\u5e7c\u82d7\u5185\u5728\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\uff08\u5929\u8d4b\u548c\u80fd\u529b\uff09\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u751f\u957f\u3001\u53d1\u82bd\u3001\u5f00\u82b1\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4ed6\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec<\/span>\u4ece\u5185\u90e8\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u5851\u9020<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t