{"id":1654,"date":"2025-11-01T05:17:54","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T21:17:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1654"},"modified":"2025-11-01T05:17:54","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T21:17:54","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e8%ae%ae%e4%bc%9a%e5%bf%85%e9%a1%bb%e6%94%b9%e9%9d%a9%ef%bc%9a%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e7%ba%b2%e9%a2%86%e3%80%8b-parliament-must-be-reformed-a-programme-for-democratic-governm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1654","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u8bae\u4f1a\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u9769\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u7eb2\u9886\u300b Parliament must be Reformed: A Programme for Democratic Government"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0194 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u8bae\u4f1a\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u9769\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u7eb2\u9886\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tParliament
\nmust be Reformed: A Programme for Democratic Government<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6587\u672c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u8bae\u4f1a\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u9769\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u7eb2\u9886\u300b\u7684\u4e66\u6458\u5f55\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u7531<\/span>W. Ivor Jennings<\/span><\/b>\u64b0\u5199\u5e76\u4e8e<\/span>1941<\/span>\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8be5\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7531<\/span>Francis Williams<\/span><\/b>\u7f16\u8f91\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7cfb\u5217\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\uff0c\u5176\u7eea\u8bba\u5c06\u4e8c\u6218\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u573a<\/span>\u601d\u60f3\u6218<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u51fb\u8d25\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span>Jennings<\/span>\u7684\u6587\u7ae0<\/span>\u547c\u5401\u5728\u6218\u540e\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11<\/span>\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u6743\u529b<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u8868\u660e\u82f1\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u627f\u8bfa\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4fdd\u8bc1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f<\/span>\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662<\/span><\/b>\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4<\/span>\u9891\u7e41\u8fdb\u884c\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f1a\u8bae<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u4ee3\u8868<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u6539\u9769\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3001\u5212\u5206\u9009\u533a<\/span><\/b>\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u5e9f\u9664\u53cc\u91cd\u6295\u7968<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8be5\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u7531<\/span>W. Ivor Jennings<\/span>\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u5e76\u7531<\/span>Francis Williams<\/span>\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>The
\nDemocratic Order<\/span>\uff09\u7cfb\u5217\u4e1b\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u516b\u518c\u4e8e<\/span>1941<\/span>\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u4f5c\u8005<\/span>W. Ivor Jennings<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u8d44\u6df1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u7f16\u8f91<\/span>Francis
\nWilliams<\/span>\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u672c\u6b21\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u7684\u672a\u6765\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6467\u6bc1\u4fc3\u6210\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u4f9b\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4e89\u53d6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u6218\u6597\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u6b63\u503c\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6539\u9769\u5efa\u8bae\uff09\u5fc5\u987b\u7b49\u5230\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u5728\u6218\u65f6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u601d\u8003\u3001\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n

\n\t\u5404\u7ae0\u8282\u8be6\u7ec6\u5185\u5bb9\u56de\u987e<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5bfc\u8a00<\/span> (Introduction)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5bfc\u8a00\u90e8\u5206\u7531<\/span>Francis Williams<\/span>\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u52aa\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u4e3a\u672c\u56fd\u548c\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eba\u6c11\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u6743<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u64b0\u5199\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u63a8\u52a8\u5171\u540c\u4eba\u6c11\u8fc8\u5411\u5176\u516c\u6b63\u4e14\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\uff0c\u9610\u660e\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u91d1\u878d\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u65b9\u9762\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u79e9\u5e8f\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7406\u89e3\u6587\u660e\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u603b\u7ed3\u9053\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u503c\u5f97\u4e3a\u4e4b\u594b\u6597\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6218\u6597\u7684\u6b66\u5668<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u6218\u65f6\u8bae\u4f1a<\/span> (Parliament During the War)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6218\u65f6\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e38\u6001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u88ab\u6682\u505c\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bae\u4f1a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u4e0d\u590d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6539\u9769\u9700\u8981\u7b49\u5f85\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u6539\u9769<\/span>\u5e94\u5728\u6218\u65f6\u7acb\u5373\u5b9e\u65bd<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u524a\u5f31\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u6743\u529b<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u6218\u65f6\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u804c\u80fd\u662f\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u65bd\u52a0\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u5f15\u5bfc\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u3002\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u53ea\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u63d0\u95ee\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u5e94\u53cd\u6620\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5947\u602a\u7684\u8fdd\u5baa\u89c2\u5ff5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u9760\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u963b\u6b62\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u83b7\u5f97\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u542c\u5230\u6279\u8bc4\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8bae\u4f1a\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u80dc\u4efb\uff08\u4e5f\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u4fe1\u4efb\uff09\u5728\u79c1\u4eba\u573a\u5408\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4f7f\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u3002\u7531<\/span>1935<\/span>\u5e74\u9009\u51fa\u7684\u8fd9\u5c4a\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u6545\u610f\u9690\u7792\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u4f17\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u8fa9\u8bba\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u8d56\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u603b\u7ed3\u9053\uff0c<\/span>\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u65e0\u80fd\u7684\u5be1\u5934\u653f\u6cbb<\/span><\/b>\u6240\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u6218\u540e\u653f\u6cbb<\/span> (Politics After the War)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u9996\u5148\u627f\u8ba4\u5bf9\u6218\u540e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u5b58\u5728\u96be\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5<\/span>1915<\/span>\u5e74\u5bf9\u6218\u540e\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u9884\u4f30\uff08\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u4ecd\u7136\u5f3a\u5927\u3001\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u5c40\u52bf\u4e0e<\/span>1915<\/span>\u5e74\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u7684\u8870\u843d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u6b67\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u662f\u5de5\u515a\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08\u5185\u90e8\u653f\u7b56\u503e\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u503e\u5411\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u7b56\u503e\u5411\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u7ef4\u62a4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d22\u4ea7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7279\u6743\u3001\u5e1d\u56fd\u81f3\u4e0a\u548c\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u4e49\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5047\u8bbe\u6218\u540e\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u5c06\u6062\u590d\u4e3a<\/span>\u5de5\u515a\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u540d\u79f0\u5982\u4f55\uff09\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u82f1\u56fd\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8054\u90a6\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u515a\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027<\/span> (The Necessity of Party Politics)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u6218\u540e\u4e0d\u5e94\u6062\u590d\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u7531<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bae\u4f1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Council of
\nState<\/span>\uff09\u53d6\u4ee3\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bae\u4f1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5047\u8bbe\u7acb\u573a\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5f97\u51fa\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u7164\u77ff\u4e3b\uff08\u5e0c\u671b\u56fd\u5bb6\u8865\u8d34\uff09\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u5229\u6da6\u5b8c\u5168\u4ece\u884c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5265\u79bb\u5e76\u56fd\u6709\u5316\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u4e14\u8bda\u5b9e\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8fa9\u8bba\u540e\u7684\u8ba1\u7968\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4ed6\u76f4\u8a00\u4e0d\u8bb3\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bae\u4f1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7406\u8bba\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8499\u9762\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>veiled fascism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u65e6\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5c31\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u7231\u56fd\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4e00\u515a\u5236\u6216\u65e0\u515a\u5236\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u653f\u5e9c\u9762\u5bf9\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4e0b\u6b21\u5927\u9009\u4e2d\u4e89\u53d6\u591a\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u624d\u4f1a\u5173\u6ce8\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6218\u540e\u4efb\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e00\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u56de\u5230<\/span>\u4e24\u515a\u5236<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u591a\u515a\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u3002\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u62e5\u6709\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\u65f6\u624d\u80fd\u826f\u597d\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u5f31\u653f\u5e9c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5904\u7406\u6218\u540e\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5361\u5176\u88e4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u9009\u4e3e\uff1f<\/span> (A \u201cKhaki\u201d Election?)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8b66\u544a\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u6218\u540e\u7acb\u5373\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u573a\u5229\u7528\u6218\u4e89\u80dc\u5229\u8d44\u672c\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5361\u5176\u88e4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u56de\u987e\u4e86<\/span>1900<\/span>\u5e74\uff08\u5e03\u5c14\u6218\u4e89\u80dc\u5229\u540e\uff09\u548c<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff09\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5361\u5176\u88e4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u79f0\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u5c24\u5176\u7cdf\u7cd5\uff0c\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u573a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u64cd\u7eb5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>wangle<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u3001\u7531\u552f\u5229\u662f\u56fe\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u6218\u540e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u592a\u5b8f\u5927\u3001\u592a\u91cd\u8981<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7559\u7ed9\u4e00\u573a\u88ab\u64cd\u7eb5\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5361\u5176\u88e4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u548c\u5e73\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64<\/span>\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u5e94\u5728\u548c\u5e73\u89e3\u51b3\u4e4b\u540e\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e4b\u524d<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u548c\u5e73\u539f\u5219\u786e\u5b9a\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5c3d\u7ba1\u73b0\u4efb\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>1935<\/span>\u5e74\u9009\u51fa\uff09\u5df2\u8001\u65e7\u4e14\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u73b0\u5728\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u9009\u533a\u5c06\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\uff0c\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5c06\u6ca6\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u548c\u5de5\u515a\u673a\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u548c\u5e73\u6b63\u5f0f\u91cd\u65b0\u786e\u7acb\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u524d\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u6e05\u6670\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u5e94\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u9009\u4e3e\u6743<\/span> (The Franchise)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u63a8\u8fdf\u9996\u6b21\u6218\u540e\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9769\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u81ea<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u5212\u5206\u9009\u533a\u4ee5\u6765\u4eba\u53e3\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u7968\uff0c\u4e00\u7968\u4e00\u503c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>One Vote, One Value<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u539f\u5219\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u91cd\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u9009\u533a\u9009\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u5dee\u5f02\u5de8\u5927\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u57c3\u585e\u514b\u65af\u7684\u7f57\u59c6\u798f\u5fb7\u9009\u533a\u6709<\/span>168,000<\/span>\u540d\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u8fbe\u52d2\u59c6\u90e1\u7684\u5df4\u7eb3\u5fb7\u57ce\u5821\u9009\u533a\u53ea\u6709<\/span>27,000<\/span>\u540d\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u867d\u7136\u5728\u90e8\u5206\u9009\u533a\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u7968<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u5927\u5b66\u9009\u533a\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9009\u6c11\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u533a\u62e5\u6709\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u4e14\u5927\u5b66\u5e2d\u4f4d\u51e0\u4e4e\u603b\u662f\u7531\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u6216\u5176\u76df\u53cb\u638c\u63e1\uff0c\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86<\/span>9<\/span>\u5230<\/span>10<\/span>\u4e2a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u8425\u4e1a\u573a\u6240\u7279\u8bb8\u6743\uff08<\/span>Occupation
    \n Franchise<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u7559\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u5546\u4e1a\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u573a\u6240\u7684\u5360\u7528\u8005\uff08\u53ca\u5176\u914d\u5076\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5f20\u9009\u7968\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u7ea6<\/span>2600<\/span>\u4e07\u9009\u6c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u884c\u4f7f\u7ea6<\/span>3100<\/span>\u4e07\u5f20\u9009\u7968\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cc\u91cd\u6295\u7968\u5236\u5ea6\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5426\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u70c8\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u4e0b\u6b21\u5927\u9009\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u7968<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u5212\u5206\u9009\u533a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u89e3\u6563\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u5e94\u53ea\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u9996\u76f8\u4e00\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\uff08\u8fd9\u662f<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u610f\u5916\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5e94<\/span>\u6062\u590d\u5185\u9601\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u5b9a<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u65e7\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u8bae\u4f1a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u7d20\u8d28<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u7684\u63d0\u540d\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u7cfb\u7edf\u610f\u5473\u7740<\/span>\u53ea\u6709\u5bcc\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u8bae\u5458<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u8d44\u52a9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u62e5\u6709\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u804c\u8d23\u95f4\u9694\u671f\u95f4\u53ef\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u5c65\u884c\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u3002\u800c\u5de5\u515a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5f88\u591a\u9009\u533a\u7531\u5de5\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u4f46\u9009\u51fa\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6700\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u7981\u6b62\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u6216\u51c6\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6350\u6b3e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u538b\u529b\u96c6\u56e2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6350\u6b3e\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u4e0a\u9650\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u5c06\u653f\u515a\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u673a\u5668\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6b63\u5f0f\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u652f\u4ed8\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u7279\u5b9a\u91d1\u989d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982<\/span>400<\/span>\u82f1\u9551\uff09\u7684\u6388\u6743\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u8d2b\u7a77\u6216\u4e2d\u7b49\u6536\u5165\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u53c2\u9009\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662<\/span> (The House of Commons)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6539\u9769\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba9\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6bd4\u4ee5\u5f80\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u79c1\u4eba\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u76f8\u5e94\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u544a\u522b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>laissez-faire<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7406\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6027\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c<\/span>\u5927\u4f17\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7acb\u6cd5\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4e13\u4e1a\u548c\u6280\u672f\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u8bae\u5458\u662f\u666e\u901a\u4eba\uff0c\u5f53\u9009\u5e76\u975e\u56e0\u4e3a\u7279\u6b8a\u8d44\u683c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u79c1\u4eba\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u4ecd\u7136\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u51fa\u6279\u8bc4\u3001\u95ee\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u538b\u529b\u96c6\u56e2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5e26\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u9762\u524d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4e3a\u4e86\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u7acb\u6cd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8349\u7387\uff08\u5982<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n\t\t\u7acb\u6cd5\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u5e94\u5728\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u5168\u4f53\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u5f00\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u6559\u80b2\u9009\u6c11\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      2. \n\t\t\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ec6\u8282<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u4e0d\u5177\u91cd\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff09\u5e94\u4ea4\u7ed9<\/span>\u5c0f\u578b\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/b>\u8fdb\u884c\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      3. \n\t\t\u7eaf\u6280\u672f\u6027\u6761\u6b3e<\/span><\/b>\u4e0d\u5e94\u7eb3\u5165\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6388\u6743\u7acb\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u53d1\u5e03\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8bae\u4f1a\u88ab\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\u963b\u585e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \n\t\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u9650\u5236\u8fa9\u8bba\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u72ed\u9698\u6280\u672f\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5173\u4e8e\u9884\u7b97\u548c\u8865\u5145\u9884\u7b97\uff08\u5373<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f9b\u5e94\u8fa9\u8bba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u8bae\u5458\u63d0\u51fa\u6d89\u53ca\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u8fa9\u8bba\u653f\u6cbb\u8bae\u9898\u3001\u96c6\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u653f\u5e9c\u6309\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u610f\u613f\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662<\/span> (The House of Lords)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u662f\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u6267\u653f\uff0c\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u62e5\u6709\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u5e26\u6765\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u6709\u65f6\u5f88\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u7406\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u6848\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u8d77\u8349\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u6216\u5de5\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u638c\u6743\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u591a\u6570\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u963b\u6320\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u81ea\u300a<\/span>1911<\/span>\u5e74\u8bae\u4f1a\u6cd5\u300b\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u53ea\u80fd\u5c06\u8d27\u5e01\u6cd5\u6848\u63a8\u8fdf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5171\u6cd5\u6848\u63a8\u8fdf\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u4e24\u5e74\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u6743\u529b\u4ecd\u7136<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5de8\u5927<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e14\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u800c\u6218\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0d\u4e3b\u5f20\u7acb\u5373\u5f7b\u5e95\u5e9f\u9664\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u4e24\u5e74\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u6743\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u963b\u788d\u5de5\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u4ed6\u5efa\u8bae\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e00\u9879<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u534f\u8bae<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u59a5\u534f\u65b9\u6848\u662f\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u5bf9<\/span>\u516c\u5171\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u6743\u529b\u9650\u5236\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u8d27\u5e01\u6cd5\u6848\u4ecd\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u8feb\u4f7f\u6700\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u5728\u4f1a\u671f\u65e9\u671f\u63d0\u4ea4\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u8868\u8fbe\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u6218\u65f6\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5c06\u6700\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\u82f1\u56fd\u662f\u4e14\u6253\u7b97\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406<\/span> (Efficient Administration)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5c06\u884c\u653f\u6548\u7387\u79f0\u4e3a\u6700\u7d27\u8feb\u4f46\u6700\u6280\u672f\u6027\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u8d5e\u626c\u82f1\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5668\u907f\u514d\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5206\u8d43\u5236<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u961f\u4f0d\u7d20\u8d28\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u5b58\u5728\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ea2\u5e26\u5b50<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>red tape<\/span>\uff09\u8fc7\u591a\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u575a\u6301\u7684\u884c\u653f\u63a7\u5236\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fc7\u5ea6\u80c6\u602f\uff0c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u63d0\u62d4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b89\u5168<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4eba\u9009\uff0c\u627c\u6740\u4e2d\u5c42\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\u548c\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u6539\u9769\u5efa\u8bae\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \n\t\t\u9009\u62d4\u66f4\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u90e8\u957f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        2. \n\t\t\u9996\u76f8\u5728\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4efb\u547d\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u5c11\u5173\u6ce8\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u591a\u5173\u6ce8\u90a3\u4e9b\u8868\u73b0\u51fa<\/span>\u6d3b\u529b\u548c\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u800c\u975e\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        3. \n\t\t\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4ece\u4f4e\u7ea7\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u4e2d\u63d0\u62d4\u4eba\u624d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        4. \n\t\t\u89e3\u51b3\u90e8\u95e8\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u90e8\u95e8\u8fc7\u591a\u548c\u804c\u80fd\u5212\u5206\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\uff08<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u54c8\u5c14\u4e39\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u5c1a\u672a\u5b9e\u65bd\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        5. \n\t\t\u51cf\u5c11\u5185\u9601\u90e8\u957f\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u90e8\u95e8\u90e8\u957f\u6570\u91cf<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5185\u9601\u90e8\u957f\u53ea\u8d1f\u8d23\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u90e8\u95e8\u4e8b\u52a1\u7531\u90e8\u95e8\u90e8\u957f\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90e8\u957f\u5e94\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u9601\u4e0a\u7ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u786e\u4fdd\u5404\u90e8\u95e8\u95f4\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u7d20\u8d28<\/span> (The Quality of Members)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8d28\u91cf<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u7d20\u8d28\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\u5bf9\u8bae\u5458\u548c\u5185\u9601\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u5982\u679c\u6c11\u4f17\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u53ea\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u72c2\u70ed\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u89c9\u5f97<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6240\u6709\u653f\u5ba2\u90fd\u4e00\u6837<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6c11\u4e3b\u5fc5\u7136\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\u52cb\u7235\u627f\u8ba4\u6545\u610f\u8bef\u5bfc<\/span>1935<\/span>\u5e74\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5bf9\u653f\u5ba2\u7684\u8c34\u8d23\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5982\u6b64\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u8c34\u8d23\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u6c11\u4f17\u5fc5\u987b\u6559\u80b2\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u516c\u5171\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u9605\u8bfb\u66f4\u806a\u660e\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8ba9\u66f4\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u6c11\u4f17<\/span><\/b>\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u534f\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e94\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5c11\u6570\u5730\u65b9\u5934\u9762\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u4f17\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u626b\u6e05\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u969c\u788d\uff08\u5982\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u6240\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u3001\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u5185\u9601\u7684\u7d20\u8d28\u5c06\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5f97\u5230\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u201c<\/span><\/b>\u6211\u4eec\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u7537\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
          \n<\/div>\n

          \n\t\u603b\u7ed3\u6d1e\u5bdf<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\tJennings\u7684\u8fd9\u7bc7\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u5168\u9762\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u82f1\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u7d27\u8feb\u6311\u6218\u548c\u957f\u8fdc\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u8bae\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u7f6e\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u6218\u540e\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\uff0c\u4f46\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c06<\/span>\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6062\u590d\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e24\u515a\u5236\uff09\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u7f3a\u9677\uff08\u5982\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u6743
          \n\u548c\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\uff08\u5982\u53cc\u91cd\u6295\u7968\u6743\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u9009\u533a\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u653f\u6cbb\u6ca6\u4e3a\u5bcc\u4eba\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u969c\u788d\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6210\u8d25\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e<\/span>\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u82e5\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u6f20\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\uff0c\u518d\u597d\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\uff08\u5982\u5185\u9601\u6539\u9769\u548c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5316\u7acb\u6cd5\uff09\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u548c\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5236\u5ea6\u6539\u9769
          \n\u63d0\u5347\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u82f1\u56fd\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f62\u8c61\u9762\u5bf9\u6218\u540e\u7684\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u672c\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u5f20\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u673a\u5668<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ef4\u4fee\u548c\u5347\u7ea7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u800c\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u6e05\u5355\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u4fee\u8865\u7834\u635f\u7684\u96f6\u4ef6\uff08\u5982\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u91cd\u65b0\u6821\u51c6\u673a\u5668\u7684\u53d1\u52a8\u673a<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u5373\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u8d28\u91cf<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t