{"id":1595,"date":"2025-10-30T05:04:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-29T21:04:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1595"},"modified":"2025-10-30T05:04:14","modified_gmt":"2025-10-29T21:04:14","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%af%bc%e8%ae%ba%e3%80%8borientation-in-education","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1595","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u5bfc\u8bba\u300bOrientation in Education"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">0188<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><u><strong>\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><u><strong>Orientation in Education<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00005-5-707x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"927\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-1596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00005-5-707x1024.jpg 707w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00005-5-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00005-5-768x1113.jpg 768w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00005-5-1060x1536.jpg 1060w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00005-5-1414x2048.jpg 1414w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00005-5.jpg 1471w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u5173\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6982\u8ff0\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u4ece\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u79fb\u690d\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u6df1\u5165\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u513f\u7ae5\u548c\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u7528\u4e8e\u8861\u91cf\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u679c\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6750\u6599\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u9762<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5c0f\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u5b66\u3001\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u76d1\u7763<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7279\u6b8a\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u54c1\u683c\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e13\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba4\u8bc1\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">ORIENTATION IN EDUCATION<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u5404\u7ae0\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4e66\u8bc4\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u7531<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">T.<br \/>\nH. Schutte<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u591a\u4f4d\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f9b\u7a3f\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1932<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7531<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">The Macmillan Company<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8be5\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u5f00\u59cb\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u95e8\u5165\u95e8\u6027\u7684\u6982\u8bba\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u8fc7\u5f80\u8bfe\u7a0b\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u6750\u6599\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u8be5\u4e66\u5404\u7ae0\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u80cc\u666f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (THE EUROPEAN BACKGROUND OF AMERICAN<br \/>\nEDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Holland Holton\uff0c\u675c\u514b\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u517c\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u672c\u7ae0\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3a\u5c06\u81ea\u8eab\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u672a\u6765\u800c\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u52aa\u529b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">500<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u539f\u5c01\u4e0d\u52a8\u5730\u4f20\u627f\u793e\u4f1a\u9057\u4ea7<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u57ce\u90a6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u4eba\u5165\u4fb5\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u540e\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ed1\u6697\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9a91\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u975e\u4e66\u672c\u6559\u80b2\uff09<br \/>\n     \u548c\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u4f1a\u4fdd\u7559\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u660e\u7684\u788e\u7247\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u4e0e\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u5728\u5341\u56db\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u590d\u82cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9020\u7eb8\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e66\u7c4d\u66f4\u52a0\u4fbf\u5b9c\u3002<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Re-birth<br \/>\n     of Learning<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5b66\u8bc6\u7684\u91cd\u751f\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u5b66\u8bc6\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">humanities<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5173\u6ce8\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u795e\u5b66\u4e3a\u9ad8\u6f6e\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u6559\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u53cd\u6743\u5a01\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u539f\u6587\u7684\u7814\u4e60\u3002\u65b0\u6559\u56e2\u4f53\uff08\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u6d3e\u3001\u8def\u5fb7\u6d3e\u548c\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\uff09\u575a\u6301\u5411\u513f\u7ae5\u4f20\u6388\u57fa\u672c\u8bfb\u5199\u80fd\u529b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6b27\u6d32\u4f20\u7edf\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f8e\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e09\u9879\u6559\u80b2\u4f20\u7edf\uff1a\u7236\u6bcd\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u6559\u80b2\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u79cd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d7\u4eba\u9752\u7750\u7684\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u4e1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u6d4e\u8d2b\u6cd5\u300b\u4f53\u73b0\uff09<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u6709\u6743\u5f3a\u5236\u5b9e\u65bd\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Holland Holton\uff0c\u675c\u514b\u5927\u5b66\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u8d1f\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u7840\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5dde\u6743\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u6e7e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1642<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5b98\u5458\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u7236\u6bcd\u6216\u76d1\u62a4\u4eba\u5411\u513f\u7ae5\u63d0\u4f9b\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f3a\u5236\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\u3002\u968f\u540e\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1647<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">50<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6237\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u57ce\u9547\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u4f9b\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">100<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6237\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u57ce\u9547\u5fc5\u987b\u7ef4\u6301\u4e00\u6240\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6770\u6590\u900a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e3a\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u664b\u5347\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u800c\u6770\u514b\u900a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u63d0\u4f9b\u666e\u904d\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u5bf9\u5efa\u7acb\u9636\u7ea7\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">socialistic democracy<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7406\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u5229\u7528\u96c6\u4f53\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5e78\u798f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u624d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c38\u7eed\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6559\u80b2\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u96c6\u4f53\u6559\u5b66\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Mass<br \/>\n      instruction<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5170\u5361\u65af\u7279\u5236\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Lancasterian<br \/>\n      system<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u666e\u53ca\u57fa\u7840\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u73b0\u4ee3\u57fa\u7840\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Pestalozzi<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u63d0\u5021\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u611f\u5b98\u4f53\u9a8c\u8fdb\u884c\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u662f\u5170\u5361\u65af\u7279\u5236\u7684\u6709\u76ca\u89e3\u836f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8d6b\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Herbart<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f7f\u6559\u5b66\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u798f\u7984\u8d1d\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Froebel<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ece\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">learn<br \/>\n      to do by doing<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u79d1\u76ee\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u65af\u5bbe\u585e\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Herbert Spencer<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f55\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u6700\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff1f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u5404\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5fc3\u7406\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6bd4\u5948\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Alfred Binet<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u786e\u5b9a\u5fc3\u7406\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6709\u671b\u6253\u7834\u6301\u7eed\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u50f5\u5316\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bc4\u4f30\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8d3e\u5fb7\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Charles Hubbard Judd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u901a\u8fc7\u63a7\u5236\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Theodore L. Schollz\uff0c\u5357\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u63a2\u7a76\u77e5\u8bc6\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u6c42\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">What does our knowledge demand of<br \/>\n     us?<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7269\u7406\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u54f2\u5b66\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u8ba1\u5212\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u4e3a\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5e26\u6765\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u610f\u4e49\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5386\u53f2\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\uff08\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u4e16\u754c\uff09\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4f53\u7cfb\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6765\u8ba4\u8bc6\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7406\u6027\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u620f\u5267\u6027\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53cd\u8f6c\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u6697\u793a\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u5f3a\u8c03\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u5e94\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u5c06<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e0e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\uff1b\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b66\u4e60\u867d\u7136\u666e\u904d\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u800c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u662f\u638c\u63e1\u590d\u6742\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b66\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u754c\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u73b0\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u6216\u590d\u5236\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5929\u6027\u4e0e\u57f9\u517b\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u627f\u8ba4\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684\u5185\u5728\u51b2\u52a8\u548c\u503e\u5411\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\u6709\u6307\u5bfc\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u6307\u5bfc<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5728\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u79d1\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> T. H. Schutte\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5973\u5b50\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u517c\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u968f\u7740\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u6210\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u53d8\u5f97\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9891\u6570\u5206\u5e03\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Frequency<br \/>\n      distribution<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5206\u7ec4\u6392\u5217\u6210\u7c7b\u522b\u533a\u95f4\u548c\u9891\u6570\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fe\u5f62\u5c55\u793a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Graphic<br \/>\n      presentation<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5305\u62ec<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u76f4\u65b9\u56fe\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">histogram<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u9891\u6570\u591a\u8fb9\u5f62\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">frequency polygon<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\u5ea6\u91cf\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Measures<br \/>\n     of Central Tendency<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f17\u6570\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Mode<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5f97\u5206\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Median<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c06\u6570\u636e\u6309\u5927\u5c0f\u6392\u5217\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u5206\u6570\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e73\u5747\u6570\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Mean<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\uff0c\u7b97\u672f\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79bb\u6563\u8d8b\u52bf\u5ea6\u91cf\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Measures<br \/>\n     of Dispersion<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5173\u6ce8\u5206\u6570\u56f4\u7ed5\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5ea6\u91cf\u5305\u62ec<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5168\u8ddd\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">range<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56db\u5206\u4f4d\u5dee\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">quartile deviation,<br \/>\n     Q<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e73\u5747\u5dee\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">mean deviation, M.D.<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">standard deviation, S.D.<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6b63\u6001\u6982\u7387\u66f2\u7ebf\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Normal<br \/>\n     Probability Curve<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u56fe\u5f62\u5316\u5c55\u793a\u81ea\u7136\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5173\u7cfb\u6d4b\u91cf\uff1a\u76f8\u5173\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Correlation<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u901a\u8fc7\u76f8\u5173\u7cfb\u6570\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">coefficient of correlation, r<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u8868\u793a\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\u4ece<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">-1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">+1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u513f\u7ae5\u4e0e\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> L. A. Pechstein\uff0c\u8f9b\u8f9b\u90a3\u63d0\u5927\u5b66\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u513f\u7ae5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6db5\u76d6\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u81f3\u5c0f\u5b66\u4f4e\u5e74\u7ea7\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\uff09\u3002\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5173\u6ce8\u4ece<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">12<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6216<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">13<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u5f00\u59cb\u76f4\u81f3\u5b8c\u5168\u6210\u719f\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5feb\u901f\u6210\u957f\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u79d1\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u513f\u7ae5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u6fc0\u589e\u3002\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u52a8\u529b\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u521d\u4e2d\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">junior<br \/>\n     high school<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u5efa\u7acb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u6b21\u57fa\u4e8e\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e8b\u5b9e\u521b\u529e\u7684\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9752\u5e74\u53db\u9006\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">revolt of youth<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u7279\u6b8a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bf9\u6559\u5e08\uff08\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\uff08\u5165\u5b66\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u5206\u73ed\u3001\u6307\u5bfc\uff09\u548c\u5bb6\u957f\uff08\u5904\u7406\u65e9\u671f\u4e60\u60ef\u3001\u538b\u6291\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u5b9e\u79ef\u7d2f\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5728\u53d7\u63a7\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5373<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u513f\u7ae5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5305\u62ec\u6210\u957f\u3001\u672a\u5b66\u4e60\u5143\u7d20\uff08\u672c\u80fd\uff09\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u5143\u7d20\uff08\u9636\u6bb5\u3001\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff09\u3001\u667a\u529b\u5143\u7d20\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u5143\u7d20\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u5143\u7d20\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u7c7b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u89e3\u5256\u548c\u751f\u7406\u5e74\u9f84<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u9762\uff08\u5982\u5fc3\u7406\u6210\u957f\u66f2\u7ebf\uff09\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u523a\u6fc0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53cd\u5e94\u5047\u8bbe<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001\u672c\u80fd\u548c\u4e60\u5f97\u5143\u7d20\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u4eba\u683c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u98ce\u66b4\u4e0e\u538b\u529b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65f6\u671f\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u804c\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6db5\u76d6\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u4e3b\u4efb\u3001\u5bb6\u957f\u6559\u80b2\u4e13\u5bb6\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u68c0\u67e5\u5458\u7b49\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Coleman R. Griffith\uff0c\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u526f\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u5e94\u7528\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u5927\u591a\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u513f\u7ae5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u539f\u59cb\u672c\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">original nature<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u9057\u4f20\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">inherited<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e0e\u4e60\u5f97\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">acquired<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u4e60\u9886\u57df\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6d89\u53ca\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6548\u679c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u6109\u60a6<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e0d\u6109\u60a6\uff09\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u987a\u5e8f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5177\u4f53\u5b66\u4e60\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u5b66\u6821\u79d1\u76ee\uff08\u5982\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u4ee3\u6570\u3001\u62fc\u5199\uff09\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bad\u7ec3\u8fc1\u79fb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Transfer<br \/>\n     of Training<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u91cf\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7406\u89e3\u6216\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6982\u62ec<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7814\u7a76\u5c55\u671b\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u671f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5728\u539f\u59cb\u672c\u6027\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u4eba\u683c\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u9762\u4ecd\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u5de5\u4f5c\u8981\u505a\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (MEASUREMENT IN EDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> M. R. Trabue\uff0c\u5317\u5361\u7f57\u6765\u7eb3\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u5c40\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6d4b\u91cf\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u53d1\u73b0\u54ea\u79cd\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u5f0f\u66f4\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5e76\u8861\u91cf\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u5185\u7684\u6210\u957f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f20\u7edf\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u666e\u901a\u8003\u8bd5\u548c\u767e\u5206\u5236\u5206\u6570\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u548c\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6848\u4f8b\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u6559\u5e08\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4efd\u4f5c\u6587\u6216\u6570\u5b66\u8bd5\u5377\u7684\u8bc4\u5206\u5dee\u5f02\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u5e38\u89c4\u5206\u6570\u51e0\u4e4e\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u66f4\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5ba2\u89c2\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3b\u89c2\u8bd5\u5377\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9488\u5bf9\u95ee\u7b54\u5f0f\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5ba2\u89c2\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Odell<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u8bc4\u5206\u91cf\u8868\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u751f\u4f5c\u54c1\u8d28\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u91cf\u8868\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u91cf\u8868\uff08\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Hillegas<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u6587\u91cf\u8868\u6216\u624b\u5199\u91cf\u8868\uff09\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u5f0f\u5ba2\u89c2\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6d4b\u91cf\u4e8b\u5b9e\u77e5\u8bc6\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u94a5\u5319<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6216\u7b54\u6848\u6e05\u5355\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u5206\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6848\u4f8b\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5ba2\u89c2\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u9605\u8bfb\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6548\u7387\u548c\u9ad8\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bca\u65ad\u4e0e\u6539\u8fdb\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6807\u51c6\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5206\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u603b\u7ed3\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u6d4b\u91cf\u6765\u8bca\u65ad\u4f4e\u5206\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u5982\u8bcd\u6c47\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6216\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u8db3\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u667a\u529b\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6bd4\u5948<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65af\u5766\u798f\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\u548c\u7fa4\u7ec4\u667a\u529b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5206\u7c7b\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6839\u636e\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u53ef\u53d8\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u901f\u5ea6\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d28\u91cf\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u80fd\u529b\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">power<br \/>\n     test<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES IN ELEMENTARY<br \/>\nEDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Arthur S. Gist\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u6d2a\u5821\u5dde\u7acb\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u548c\u6258\u513f\u6240\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u88ab\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5185\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b66\u6821\u662f\u9664\u5bb6\u5ead\u5916\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u62d3\u5bbd\u513f\u7ae5\u793e\u4f1a\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5c0f\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u57f9\u517b\u513f\u7ae5\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d23\u4efb\u611f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c0a\u91cd\u7fa4\u4f53\u798f\u5229<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u64cd\u573a\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57f9\u517b\u56e2\u961f\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u88c1\u51b3\u548c\u826f\u597d\u4f53\u80b2\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u57f9\u517b\u5bf9\u827a\u672f\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u673a\u68b0\u53d1\u660e\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9274\u8d4f\u529b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8eab\u5fc3\u5065\u5eb7<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u53d1\u5c55\u6b63\u786e\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5fc3\u667a\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u6001\u5ea6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5982\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u7279\u6b8a\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u968f\u7740\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u9488\u5bf9\u6b8b\u75be\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">handicapped<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d85\u5e38\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">accelerated<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u5bf9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u95ee\u9898\u5b66\u751f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5982\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u9002\u5e94\u7684\uff09\u5e94\u8fdb\u884c\u9694\u79bb\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u957f\u5b66\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5206\u79d1\u8ba1\u5212\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Platoon<br \/>\n      plan<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4e00\u79cd\u534a\u90e8\u95e8\u5316\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u7ec4\uff0c\u4ea4\u66ff\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u5ead\u6559\u5ba4<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5e08\uff08\u8d1f\u8d23\u4e3b\u8981\u79d1\u76ee\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u5e08\u5904\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5408\u4f5c\u5c0f\u7ec4\u8ba1\u5212\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Cooperative<br \/>\n      Group Plan<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7b2c\u4e00\u81f3\u4e09\u5e74\u7ea7\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Cycle I<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7531\u4e94\u4f4d\u6559\u5e08\u8d1f\u8d23<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">200<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u540d\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u5206\u6210\u4e94\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53bb\u4e0d\u540c\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u6559\u5ba4\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u65e8\u5728\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u4fc3\u8fdb\u513f\u7ae5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u957f\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5176\u9002\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5f3a\u8c03\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08\u5982\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\uff09\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u8003\u3001\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u7cbe\u795e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (FOUNDATIONS OF SECONDARY EDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> J. A. Clement\uff0c\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1635<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e8c\u6b21\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6700\u597d\u6839\u636e\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u6750\u6599\u505a\u51fa<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u590d\u6742\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u80fd\u529b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6765\u754c\u5b9a\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5e74\u9f84\u6216\u79d1\u76ee\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6982\u62ec\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u6e90\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u539f\u7406\u501f\u9274\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u5f3a\u8c03\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8c03\u67e5\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u505a\u51fa\u65b0\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f8e\u6b27\u5dee\u5f02\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u4e3a\u5927\u4f17\u63d0\u4f9b<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u666e\u53ca\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u800c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u7b49\u5b66\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5219\u91c7\u53d6<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9650\u5236\u6027\u3001\u975e\u516c\u5171\u7684\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u4ece\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Latin grammar school<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5230<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">academy<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u53d7\u5230<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Academy<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u516c\u7acb\u9ad8\u4e2d\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u589e\u52a0\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\u516c\u7acb\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u521d\u4e2d\u548c\u521d\u7ea7\u5b66\u9662\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u60ca\u4eba\u589e\u957f\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u81ea<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1890<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u5165\u5b66\u4eba\u6570\u5448<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u60ca\u4eba\u589e\u957f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1930<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7ea6\u6709<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">20,000<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\u9ad8\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">300<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e07\u5b66\u751f\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bad\u7ec3\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63d0\u5021\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5e94\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff09\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u65b9\u9762\u63a5\u53d7\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES IN HIGHER<br \/>\nEDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Carter V. Good\uff0c\u8f9b\u8f9b\u90a3\u63d0\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u6307\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u5b66\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">6-3-3-2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6216<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">6-4-4<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u5236\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b66\u5236\u76f8\u6bd4\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6027\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5b66\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5174\u8da3\u843d\u540e\u4e8e\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u884c\u653f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u65e5\u76ca\u6d3b\u8dc3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0e\u5b66\u4f4d\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e3a\u63d0\u9ad8\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u76d1\u7763\u800c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5217\u8868\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Ph.D.<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u4e2d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">75%<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u65e9\u671f\u5b66\u9662\uff08\u5982\u54c8\u4f5b\uff09\u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u7267\u5e08\u3002<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1819<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u8fbe\u7279\u8305\u65af\u5b66\u9662\u88c1\u51b3\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u79c1\u7acb\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81ea\u7531\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> F. J. Kelly\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e09\u5927\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9884\u5907\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u638c\u63e1\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u827a\u672f\u7b26\u53f7\uff09\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6587\u5316\u6027<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u975e\u804c\u4e1a\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u7531\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u9002\u5e94\uff09\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u804c\u4e1a\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u6587\u5316\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u9884\u5907\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u521d\u7ea7\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Junior<br \/>\n     College<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Whitney\u7684\u5206\u6790\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u79c1\u7acb\u521d\u7ea7\u5b66\u9662\u66f4\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u5171\u521d\u7ea7\u5b66\u9662\u5219\u66f4\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8f6c\u5b66<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u666e\u53ca\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u660e\u5c3c\u82cf\u8fbe\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5927\u73ed\u6388\u8bfe\u5728\u5ba2\u89c2\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5bf9\u5c0f\u73ed\u652f\u6301\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5de5\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u652f\u6301\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u6559\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4e3a\u4f18\u79c0\u5b66\u751f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u521b\u65b0\u8ba1\u5212\uff08\u5982\u8fbe\u5c14\u987f\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u8f85\u5bfc\u5236\u3001\u8363\u8a89\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bca\u65ad\u4e0e\u8865\u6551\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5f3a\u8c03\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u8bca\u65ad\u548c\u8865\u6551\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff08\u5982\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u4e60\u60ef\u3001\u7b97\u672f\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7814\u7a76\u5728\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e\u8d77\u6b65\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f46\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u5927\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u5982\u73b0\u4ee3\u5916\u8bed\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u54c1\u683c\u6559\u80b2\u8c03\u67e5\uff09\u3002\u5021\u5bfc\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u6559\u5b66\u4e4b\u4f59\u4e5f\u5e94\u53c2\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u63a2\u7a76\u548c\u6279\u5224\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u539f\u7406<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> E. E. Lewis\uff0c\u4fc4\u4ea5\u4fc4\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u6d89\u53ca\u51b3\u5b9a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8981\u7d20\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e94\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u662f\uff1a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u6750\u6599\u3001\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u884c\u653f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7406\u5ff5\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u533a\u522b\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9759\u6001\u7ba1\u7406<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u6297\u62d2\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u505c\u6ede\uff09\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u52a8\u6001\u7ba1\u7406<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u72ec\u65ad\u4e13\u884c\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5408\u4f5c\uff09\u3002\u63a8\u5d07<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6709\u673a\u884c\u653f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Organic administration<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6574\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eba\u5458\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5171\u540c\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u6574\u5408\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u6750\u6599\u548c\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u673a\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u5de5\u4f5c\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u65e2\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u827a\u672f\u548c\u79d1\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u7ba1\u7406\u901a\u8fc7\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u6750\u6599\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u5de5\u5177\u7b49\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ea7\u54c1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5373\u513f\u7ae5\uff09\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u4eba\u683c\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6807\u51c6\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u5fc5\u987b\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6574\u5408\u539f\u5219\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Integration<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u827a\u672f\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u6574\u5408\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u6750\u6599\u548c\u4eba\u5458<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5e08\u662f\u5b66\u6821\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u73af<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u804c\u80fd\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7ef4\u62a4\u516c\u5171\u548c\u5458\u5de5\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5584\u610f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u7b56\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d22\u653f\u7ba1\u7406<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6821\u820d\u4e0e\u7269\u8d44\u7ba1\u7406<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bc4\u4f30<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u6750\u6599\u3001\u4eba\u5458\uff09\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u88c1\u51b3<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u89e3\u51b3\u4e89\u8bae\u548c\u7533\u8bc9\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6574\u5408<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u4e8b\u7ba1\u7406\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u5e94\u662f\u534f\u540c\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">co-active<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u800c\u975e\u5f3a\u5236\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">coercive<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u4eba\u4e8b\u7ba1\u7406\u5206\u4e3a\u6559\u804c\u5458\u5de5\u4eba\u4e8b\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4eba\u4e8b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u51b2\u7a81\u89e3\u51b3\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u89e3\u51b3\u51b2\u7a81\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u652f\u914d\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">domination<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u59a5\u534f\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">compromise<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6574\u5408\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">integration<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5c06\u9700\u6c42\u878d\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u65b0\u7406\u5ff5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (THE NEW CONCEPTION OF EXTRACURRICULAR<br \/>\nACTIVITIES)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Joseph Roemer\uff0c\u76ae\u535a\u8fea\u5b66\u9662\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u6307\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5e38\u89c4\u8bfe\u5802\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4ece\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5076\u7136\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u88ab\u884c\u653f\u8ba4\u53ef\u548c\u9f13\u52b1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u6210\u957f\u7684\u6cd5\u5219<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u6709\u6548\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u6001\u5ea6\u548c\u793e\u4ea4\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u5b9e\u9645<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ec4\u7ec7\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6d3b\u52a8\u9879\u76ee\u5e94\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6821\u957f\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5426\u51b3\u6743<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001\u6bcf\u9879\u6d3b\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u6559\u5e08\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u6bcf\u4f4d\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u8d5e\u52a9\u4e00\u9879\u6d3b\u52a8\u3001\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5b66\u751f\u5e94\u53c2\u52a0\u4e00\u9879\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8d39\u7528\u5e94\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c11\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e38\u89c1\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63d0\u4f9b\u5229\u7528\u793e\u4ea4\u672c\u80fd\u3001\u57f9\u517b\u7279\u6b8a\u624d\u80fd\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u5730\u5229\u7528\u95f2\u6687\u65f6\u95f4<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u51fa\u7248\u7269\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5305\u62ec\u5e74\u520a\u3001\u6742\u5fd7\u3001\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c\u624b\u518c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e74\u520a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">annual<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4ef7\u503c\u6700\u5c0f\u4e14\u8d39\u7528\u8fc7\u9ad8\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c\u624b\u518c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u66f4\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d22\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u4f1a\u8ba1\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u5065\u5168\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5b66\u751f\u5904\u7406\u8d44\u91d1\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u8349\u7387\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u5b66\u539f\u7406<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (THE PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> William Carl Ruediger\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u5e08\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u5305\u62ec\u638c\u63e1\u76f8\u5173\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u827a\u672f\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e00\u95e8\u827a\u672f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff09\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5de8\u5927\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6d4b\u8bd5\u662f\u6559\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u5bf9\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u672a\u6765\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5e08\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7c7b\u578b\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5f3a\u8c03\u7ec6\u8282\u5bfc\u81f4\u6b7b\u8bb0\u786c\u80cc\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u5219\u8ffd\u6c42\u7406\u89e3\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\u5e94\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6570\u5b66\u4e0d\u80fd\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u89e3\u91ca\u529f\u80fd<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u76f4\u63a5\u653b\u51fb\u539f\u5219\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Principle<br \/>\n     of Direct Attack<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8fd9\u662f\u9632\u6b62\u6559\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u952e\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u6388\u5916\u8bed\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u907f\u514d\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff08\u7ffb\u8bd1\u662f\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e60\u60ef\uff09\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u5728\u7269\u7406\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e94\u4ece\u7269\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5355\u5143\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u76f4\u63a5\u653b\u51fb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u539f\u5219\u8981\u6c42\u5c06\u5b66\u4e60\u5185\u5bb9\u5212\u5206\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5b50\u5355\u5143<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5b66\u5929\u8d4b\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6559\u5b66\u53d8\u5f97\u667a\u80fd\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u6548\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5929\u751f\u7684\u8bc0\u7a8d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">inborn knack<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3002\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u662f\u5929\u751f\u548c\u57f9\u517b\u517c\u5907\u7684\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7763\u5bfc<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (THE SUPERVISION OF TEACHING AND STUDY)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Willis L. Uhl\uff0c\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u6548\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u7763\u5bfc\u5458\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u52aa\u529b\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5e08\u89d2\u8272\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6709\u6548\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u5584\u4e8e\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u613f\u671b\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u6d3b\u52a8\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7763\u5bfc\u57fa\u7840\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7763\u5bfc\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5728\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6709\u6548\u6574\u5408\u516d\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u8981\u7d20<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u5e08\u751f\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u6750\u6599\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u8fdb\u6b65\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u6210\u5c31\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u751f\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7763\u5bfc\u5e94\u6307\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u6211\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">self-realization<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u5bfc\u5bf9\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f7f\u53cd\u6297\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4e3b\u52a8\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7763\u5bfc\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7763\u5bfc\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u76f4\u63a5\u89c2\u5bdf<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8bca\u65ad\u548c\u6d88\u9664\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u6216<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6ed1\u7a3d\u9519\u8bef<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">boners<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6548\u80fd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u6307\u5bfc<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (GUIDANCE)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Arthur J. Jones\uff0c\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u73b0\u4ee3\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u5b66\u751f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u8eab\u52aa\u529b\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e3b\u8981\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6fc0\u52b1<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6307\u5bfc\u662f\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u9047\u5230<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u751f\u5371\u673a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65f6\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u505a\u51fa\u66f4<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u660e\u667a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u65e5\u76ca\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u534f\u52a9\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0e\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6307\u5bfc<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e0d\u662f\u65b9\u5411\u6216\u6307\u4ee4<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u57f9\u517b<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u5bfc<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5386\u53f2\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u59cb\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1908<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u804c\u4e1a\u5c40\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Boston<br \/>\n     Vocation Bureau<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Frank Parsons<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Meyer Bloomfield<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6307\u5bfc\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6210\u529f\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u9700\u8981\u4e8b\u5b9e\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5173\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u513f\u7ae5\u672c\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u804c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u5b66\u6821\u4fe1\u606f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8c03\u6574\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6280\u672f\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6307\u5bfc\u6280\u672f\u5305\u62ec\u54a8\u8be2\u3001\u5b89\u7f6e\u548c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u3002\u6307\u5bfc\u5de5\u4f5c\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5230\u793e\u533a\u5404\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\uff08\u5982\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u95e8\u3001\u5546\u4f1a\uff09\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e13\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u6307\u5bfc\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u9700\u6c42\u8fdc\u8d85\u4f9b\u5e94\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u578b\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u54c8\u4f5b\u3001\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u57f9\u8bad\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u673a\u6784\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2a\u6848\u5de5\u4f5c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u804c\u524d\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (PREVOCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Melvin S. Lewis\uff0c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7eb3\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Vocational education<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5728\u6b64\u7279\u6307\u4e3a\u975e\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u804c\u4e1a\uff08\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5927\u5b66\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u57f9\u8bad\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63d0\u5230\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">19<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u673a\u68b0\u5e08\u5b66\u9662\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Mechanics\u2019<br \/>\n     Institute movement<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u5bf9\u804c\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u516c\u5171\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1917\u5e74\u8054\u90a6\u300a\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f11\u65af\u6cd5\u6848\uff09\u51fa\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u57f9\u8bad\u9886\u57df\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5e94\u7528\u827a\u672f\u3001\u6c7d\u8f66\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u91d1\u5c5e\u52a0\u5de5\u7b49\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u591c\u6821\u4e0e\u975e\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u5b66\u6821\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u591c\u6821<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e3b\u8981\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6210\u5e74\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u77ed\u5355\u5143\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u975e\u5168\u65e5\u5236<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u6821\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Part-time or continuation schools<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u9762\u5411<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">18<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5dde\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u5f3a\u5236\u8981\u6c42\u96c7\u4e3b\u91ca\u653e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u751f\u4e0a\u5b66\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5408\u4f5c\u5b66\u6821\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u901a\u8fc7\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4ea4\u66ff\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u62a5\u916c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5de5\u4e1a\u827a\u672f\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5de5\u4e1a\u827a\u672f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5728\u521d\u4e2d\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">junior high school<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u666e\u904d\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u64cd\u4f5c\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e2e\u52a9\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u7406\u89e3\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u519c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u5bb6\u653f\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u519c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53d7\u5230\u300a\u83ab\u91cc\u5c14\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u548c\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f11\u65af\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u3002\u5bb6\u653f\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5df2\u4ece\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u8f6c\u5411\u4e0e\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u76f8\u5173\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u827a\u672f\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u7279\u6b8a\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (SPECIAL EDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> J. E. W. Wallin\uff0c\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5927\u5b66\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u65e9\u671f\uff08\u53e4\u4ee3\uff09\u5bf9\u7f3a\u9677\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u5f85\u9047\u662f\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u73b0\u4ee3\u7279\u6b8a\u6559\u80b2\u59cb\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1740<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Pereire<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u804b\u54d1\u4eba<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u53e3\u8bed\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u5507\u8bfb\u548c\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff09\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1825<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Braille<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u76f2\u4eba<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u51f8\u70b9\u5370\u5237\u672f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Itard<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Seguin<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u667a\u529b\u7f3a\u9677\u513f\u7ae5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u513f\u7ae5\u6559\u80b2\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u663e\u8457\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u662f\u673a\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b66\u6821\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u63d0\u4f9b\u9002\u5408\u6240\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u513f\u7ae5\u7279\u6b8a\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6210\u529f\u6848\u4f8b\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6001\u5ea6\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b9e\u8df5\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u591a\u6570\u667a\u969c\u513f\u7ae5\u662f\u6613\u4e8e\u7ba1\u6559\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5b9e\u73b0\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u81ea\u7ed9\u81ea\u8db3\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u513f\u7ae5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5931\u8d25\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u51b7\u6f20\u3001\u504f\u89c1\u548c\u6b67\u89c6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u73b0\u72b6\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4f30\u8ba1\u9700\u8981\u7279\u6b8a\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u5b66\u9f84\u7f3a\u9677\u513f\u7ae5\u603b\u6570<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">300<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e07<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u5f97\u5230\u9002\u5f53\u6307\u5bfc\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e0d\u8db3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">10%<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u7f3a\u9677\u513f\u7ae5\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u719f\u7ec3\u548c\u4e0d\u719f\u7ec3\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5b66\u4e1a\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u8d25\u3002\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u7ecf\u8fc7<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u57f9\u8bad<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u73ed\u7ea7\u6559\u5e08\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u54c1\u683c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (CHARACTER EDUCATION AND RELIGIOUS<br \/>\nEDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> James V. Thompson\uff0c\u5fb7\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u80b2\u5386\u6765\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u9700\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u91cd\u70b9\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54c1\u683c\u57f9\u517b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54c1\u683c\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u793e\u4f1a\u9002\u5e94\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2a\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u627e\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fd0\u52a8\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u54c1\u683c\u6559\u80b2\u8fd0\u52a8\u59cb\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1903<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u76f4\u63a5\u6cd5\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Direct<br \/>\n      method<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u660e\u786e\u5730\u5448\u73b0\u54c1\u683c\u7279\u8d28\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ec3\u4e60\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u95f4\u63a5\u6cd5\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Indirect<br \/>\n      method<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bbe\u7f6e\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u6240\u9700\u54c1\u683c\u7279\u8d28\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u516c\u5171\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u516c\u5171\u5b66\u6821\u54c1\u683c\u6559\u80b2\u53d7\u5230\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8d85\u8f7d\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8db3\u591f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d3b\u529b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">dynamic<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7b49\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54c1\u683c\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54c1\u683c\u6559\u80b2\u8c03\u67e5\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Character Education Inquiry<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u884c\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4e14\u6240\u8c13\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54c1\u683c\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5bf9\u8bda\u5b9e\u5ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u66f4\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u5f53\u4eca\u6240\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6700\u82db\u523b\u548c\u6700\u5177\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\uff0c\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7b49\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u54c1\u683c\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u540c\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6750\u6599<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u6b21\u8981\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e61\u6751\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES IN RURAL<br \/>\nEDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Julian E. Butterworth\uff0c\u5eb7\u5948\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u4e61\u6751\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4e61\u6751\u6559\u80b2\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u53e3\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a00\u758f\u5730\u533a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u4f4e\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">2500<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u53e3\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e13\u4e1a\u804c\u4f4d\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4e61\u6751\u6559\u80b2\u6db5\u76d6\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\uff08\u5982\u53bf\u7763\u5b66\uff09\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u7763\u5bfc\uff08\u5982\u666e\u901a\u7763\u5bfc\u3001\u7279\u957f\u79d1\u76ee\u7763\u5bfc\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u7279\u6b8a\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u5982\u8bbf\u95ee\u6559\u5e08\u3001\u536b\u751f\u62a4\u58eb\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u63a8\u5e7f\u5458\uff09\u7b49\u804c\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5f3a\u8c03\u4e61\u6751\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u793e\u533a\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5982\u4ea4\u901a\u3001\u8d22\u5bcc\uff09\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5982\u5355\u95f4\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u5e08\u9700\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u884c\u653f\u804c\u80fd\u591a\u4e8e\u57ce\u5e02\u6559\u5e08\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4e61\u6751\u5b66\u6821\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5355\u5143\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u666e\u901a\u5b66\u533a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a\u5355\u95f4\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u8d44\u6e90\u6709\u9650\uff09\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9547\u533a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5408\u5e76\u5b66\u533a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53bf\u7ea7\u5355\u5143<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e02\u53bf\u5b66\u533a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u672c\u5730\u5b66\u533a\u5e94\u8db3\u591f\u5927\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u6821\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u793e\u533a\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u3002\u53bf\u7ea7\u5355\u5143\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u95f4\u5355\u4f4d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bbe\u65bd\uff08\u5982\u804c\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4e61\u6751\u793e\u533a\u56e0\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0d\u5747\u800c\u9762\u4e34\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5dde\u57fa\u91d1<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u6700\u4f4e\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">minimum<br \/>\n     educational program<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u5730\u533a\u95f4\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u513f\u7ae5\u4eab\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6559\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4e61\u6751\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5e94\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u5171\u540c\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e61\u6751\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5e94\u6839\u636e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u73af\u5883<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5b66\u6761\u4ef6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u300a\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f11\u65af\u804c\u4e1a\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e61\u6751\u9ad8\u4e2d\u519c\u4e1a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u8bbe\u7acb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e13\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4e61\u6751\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u57f9\u8bad\u6b63\u9010\u6e10\u4ece\u9ad8\u4e2d\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5e08\u8303\u9662\u6821\u548c\u6559\u5e08\u5b66\u9662\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u57f9\u8bad\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0b\u7684\u673a\u4f1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (OPPORTUNITY ON VARIOUS LEVELS OF<br \/>\nTRAINING)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> A. C. Anderson\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u57f9\u8bad\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u673a\u4f1a\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0e\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f8e\u56fd\u7ea6\u6709<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">100<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e07\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u4ec5\u6559\u5e08\u804c\u4f4d\u66f4\u6362\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">15<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e07\u4eba\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5e08\u7d20\u8d28\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Charters\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Waples<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u6559\u5e08\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">25<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9879\u7279\u8d28\uff08\u5982\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u3001\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u63a7\u5236\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u7279\u8d28\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u57f9\u8bad\u83b7\u5f97\u6216\u6539\u5584\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57f9\u8bad\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0e\u85aa\u916c\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e13\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u85aa\u6c34\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5730\u70b9\u4e0a\u5904\u4e8e\u52a3\u52bf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5dde\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u5927\u591a\u5728\u4e61\u6751\u5b66\u6821\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u85aa\u6c34\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8981\u6c42\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4e24\u5e74\u5236\u548c\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5bf9\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff08\u5982\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u539f\u7406\uff09\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u540e\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u83b7\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u88ab\u62db\u52df\u62c5\u4efb<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u884c\u653f\u6216\u76d1\u7763\u804c\u4f4d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u6216\u8fdb\u5165\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u7ea7\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5982\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8bb2\u5e08\u804c\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u80b2\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8d22\u52a1\u56de\u62a5\u4e0d\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u670d\u52a1\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u667a\u529b\u6ee1\u8db3\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u4e30\u539a\u56de\u62a5\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (THE CERTIFICATION OF TEACHERS)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> B. L. Parkinson\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5dde\u6559\u80b2\u5c40\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u5e08\u8bc1\u4e66\u5177\u6709<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e94\u91cd\u529f\u80fd<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u5408\u683c\u6559\u5e08\u514d\u53d7\u4e0d\u5408\u683c\u8005\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u63d0\u4f9b\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u6559\u5b66\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3001\u4fdd\u62a4\u513f\u7ae5\u514d\u53d7\u4e0d\u5408\u683c\u6559\u5e08\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3001\u6539\u8fdb\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63d0\u4f9b\u6559\u5e08\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6e05\u67e5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5386\u53f2\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4fdd\u62a4\u5408\u683c\u6559\u5e08\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u884c\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">guild<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u6267\u7167\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">licentia docendi<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a7\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u4f1a\u66fe\u5784\u65ad\u6559\u80b2\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u3002\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5229\u7528\u6559\u5e08\u8ba4\u8bc1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u704c\u8f93<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u56fd\u738b\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4fdd\u62a4\u513f\u7ae5\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bc1\u4e66\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7b26\u5408\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u513f\u7ae5\u514d\u53d7\u4e0d\u79f0\u804c\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6539\u8fdb\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u65b0\u529f\u80fd\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba4\u8bc1\u7684\u9996\u8981\u529f\u80fd\u5df2\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6539\u8fdb\u6559\u5b66<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u79ef\u6781\u3001\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5dde\u7ea7\u7ba1\u7406\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5dde\u7ea7\u96c6\u4e2d\u8ba4\u8bc1\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u8ba4\u8bc1\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u81ea\u7531\u8c03\u52a8\u6559\u5e08\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ba4\u8bc1\u4f9d\u8d56\u8003\u8bd5\u800c\u975e\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba4\u8bc1\u57fa\u7840\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8ba4\u8bc1\u57fa\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57f9\u8bad\u8bc1\u636e<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u800c\u975e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8003\u8bd5\u5206\u6570<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u662f\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u4e14\u9996\u9009\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5dee\u5f02\u5316\u8bc1\u4e66\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u8ba4\u8bc1\u8ba1\u5212\u8981\u6c42\u8bc1\u4e66\u5177\u6709<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5dee\u5f02\u5316<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4ee5\u9f13\u52b1\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u804c\u4f4d\uff08\u5982\u5c0f\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u5b66\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\uff09\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bc1\u4e66\u5408\u540c\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bc1\u4e66\u662f\u6559\u5e08\u4e0e\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u5e94\u660e\u786e\u63cf\u8ff0\u6301\u6709\u8005\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6210\u5c31<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6743\u5229<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u79c1\u7acb\u6216\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u5e08\u4e0d\u53d7\u5dde\u8ba4\u8bc1\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u5dde\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u5b66\u6821\u8c03\u67e5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (THE SCHOOL SURVEY)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Gladstone H. Yeuell\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u517c\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b66\u6821\u8c03\u67e5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u5168\u9762\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4e3a\u6539\u8fdb\u5b66\u6821\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4f9d\u636e\u548c\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5386\u53f2\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u6821\u8c03\u67e5\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1845<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u5728\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u7531<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Horace<br \/>\n     Mann<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e66\u9762\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8c03\u67e5\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u5dde\u6797\u6069\u5e02\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Lynn, Massachusetts<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u548c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7ec4\u6210\u7b49\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u8fd8\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5dde<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Autauga<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53bf\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u53bf\u7ea7\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7edf\u4e00\u548c\u6709\u6548<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8c03\u67e5\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5168\u9762\u8c03\u67e5\u5e94\u5305\u62ec\u884c\u653f\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u884c\u653f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u548c\u4e1a\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u6821\u820d\u548c\u5efa\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u4eba\u5458\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u62a5\u544a\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e13\u4e1a\u51c6\u5907\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8c03\u67e5\u5de5\u4f5c\u9700\u8981\u5177\u5907\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u3001\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e0e\u6d4b\u91cf\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7814\u7a76\u4ef7\u503c\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u6602\u8d35\u4e14\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u5f7b\u5e95\u8c03\u67e5\u624d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u5927\u6539\u9769\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u8c03\u67e5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6700\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u6280\u672f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u8d22\u653f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (PUBLIC SCHOOL FINANCE)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Fletcher Harper Swift\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u6c38\u7eed\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u514d\u8d39\u548c\u666e\u53ca<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4ece\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u666e\u53ca\u6216\u514d\u8d39\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d39\u7528\u589e\u52a0\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1890\u5e74\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1928<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u652f\u51fa\u60ca\u4eba\u5730\u589e\u957f\uff08\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">15<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u500d\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5305\u62ec\u5165\u5b66\u4eba\u6570\u589e\u52a0\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u62d3\u5bbd\uff08\u5982\u804c\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\uff09\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u4e13\u4e1a\u8d44\u683c\u8981\u6c42\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u5143\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u8d2c\u503c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d22\u653f\u4e0d\u8db3\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5dde\uff08\u5982\u963f\u80af\u8272\u3001\u4f5b\u7f57\u91cc\u8fbe\u3001\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\uff09\u5b66\u6821\u56e0\u8d44\u91d1\u8017\u5c3d\u800c\u5173\u95ed\u6216\u6559\u5e08\u5de5\u8d44\u4f4e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u88ab\u62d6\u6b20\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u6821\u9884\u7b97\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9884\u7b97\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u6210\u672c\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u7a0e\u7387\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u652f\u51fa\u3002\u7f16\u5236\u9884\u7b97\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6210\u672c\u6838\u7b97\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Cost<br \/>\n     accounting<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5c06\u652f\u51fa\u5206\u4e3a\u516b\u5927\u7c7b\uff08\u5982\u4e00\u822c\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u6307\u5bfc\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u652f\u51fa\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u9884\u7b97\u7684\u6210\u529f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8d44\u91d1\u662f\u5426\u660e\u667a\u5730\u7528\u4e8e\u9884\u5b9a\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d22\u653f\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u666e\u901a\u8d22\u4ea7\u7a0e<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u6536\u5165\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u6240\u6709\u7a0e\u52a1\u4e13\u5bb6\u6240\u8c34\u8d23\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5177\u6709<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u516c\u7136\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u6027<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u7a0e\u6536\u6765\u6e90\u5305\u62ec<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u3001\u516c\u53f8\u7a0e\u548c\u9057\u4ea7\u7a0e<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5dde\u7ea7\u652f\u6301\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5730\u65b9\u5355\u5143\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\uff0c\u4ec5\u9760\u5730\u65b9\u8d22\u653f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u53ea\u6709<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5dde\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u624d\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5dde\u57fa\u91d1\u5206\u914d\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u914d\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u5982\u5b66\u9f84\u513f\u7ae5\u666e\u67e5\u6cd5\uff09\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5747\u8861\u57fa\u91d1\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">equalization fund<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u6765\u4fdd\u969c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u533a\u90fd\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6700\u4f4e\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e13\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u8d22\u653f\u95ee\u9898\u4e9f\u5f85\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u53d7\u8fc7\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7b49\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (RESEARCH IN EDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> H. L. Smith\uff0c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7eb3\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7814\u7a76\u662f\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u589e\u957f\uff08\u5411\u7740\u66f4\u5145\u5206\u5b9e\u73b0\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff09\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u4fdd\u969c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7814\u7a76\u6307<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u52e4\u594b\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u4ee5\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6216\u539f\u7406<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6982\u5ff5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5c06\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f3a\u4e4f\u7814\u7a76\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u793e\u533a\u5c06\u6ca6\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bc4\u751f\u866b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u90fd\u5e94\u57f9\u517b\u7814\u7a76\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6280\u672f\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f57\u5217\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u3001\u4e2a\u6848\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u8c03\u67e5\u6280\u672f\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u6280\u672f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6280\u672f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b49\u3002\u5e76\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">13<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002 <\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6cd5\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Experimental<br \/>\n      method<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5728\u63a7\u5236\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5355\u4e00\u56e0\u7d20\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff08\u5355\u7ec4\u3001\u7b49\u6548\u7ec4\u3001\u8f6e\u6362\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5386\u53f2\u6cd5\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Historical<br \/>\n      method<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u8d44\u6599<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5982\u5baa\u6cd5\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u8bb0\u5f55\uff09\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u624b\u8d44\u6599\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7edf\u8ba1\u6cd5\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Statistical<br \/>\n      method<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5904\u7406\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u3001\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\uff08\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u3001\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u3001\u4f17\u6570\uff09\u3001\u79bb\u6563\u8d8b\u52bf\uff08\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\uff09\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54f2\u5b66\u6cd5\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Philosophical<br \/>\n      method<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6279\u5224\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u7acb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u4e92\u8865\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\uff08\u5982\u7814\u7a76\u5c40\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">20<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\u6765\u81ea<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">J. M. Rice<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b49\u5148\u9a71\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u804c\u4e1a\u524d\u666f\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u56de\u62a5\u9887\u5177\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u7814\u7a76\u5c40\u4e3b\u4efb\u7684\u5e74\u85aa\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u7ea6\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">$4,800<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1jzJTCYXFbPHR6pveYj0eF-ihPcK50rem\/preview\" width=\"800\" height=\"1080\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660188 &nbsp; \u300a\u6559\u80b2\u5bfc\u8bba\u300bOrientation in Education &nbsp;  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1596,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[163],"class_list":["post-1595","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-5","tag-163"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1595","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1595"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1595\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1597,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1595\/revisions\/1597"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1596"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1595"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1595"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1595"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}