{"id":1541,"date":"2025-10-29T05:01:22","date_gmt":"2025-10-28T21:01:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1541"},"modified":"2025-10-29T05:01:22","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T21:01:22","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e9%99%88%e8%8d%a3%e6%8d%b7%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e8%ae%ba%e6%96%87%e9%9b%86%e3%80%8bneo-confucianism-etc%ef%bc%9aessays","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1541","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u9648\u8363\u6377\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300bNeo-Confucianism etc\uff1aEssays"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0174<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u9648\u8363\u6377\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span>Neo-Confucianism etc<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\uff1a<\/strong><\/u><\/span>Essays<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9648\u8363\u6377<\/span><\/strong>\u535a\u58eb\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u65b0\u5112\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u548c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6587\u672c\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u5112\u5bb6\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f<\/span>\u4ec1<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4eba\u6027\u3001\u7231\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u7406<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u539f\u5219\u3001\u7406\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5148\u79e6\u3001\u6c49\u4ee3\u3001\u5b8b\u660e\u7406\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e<\/span>\u9053\u5bb6<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u4f5b\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u6731\u71b9<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u738b\u9633\u660e<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684<\/span>\u552f\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u5230\u4e86<\/span>\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u8c2d\u55e3\u540c<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u5728<\/span>\u4ec1<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u878d\u5165\u897f\u65b9<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/strong>\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u6587\u672c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u8d8b\u52bf<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u5178<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u300a\u8fd1\u601d\u5f55\u300b\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9648\u8363\u6377\u5148\u751f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u53ca\u5176\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u5c24\u4ee5\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u5b8b\u660e\u7406\u5b66\u4e3a\u91cd\u5fc3\u3002\u5168\u4e66\u4ee5\u8bba\u8ff0\u4ec1\u3001\u7406\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u6d3e\uff08\u5982\u4f5b\u5b66\u3001\u9053\u5bb6\uff09\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e3a\u7279\u8272\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u5112\u5bb6\u4ec1\u4e4b\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u6f14\u8fdb<\/span> (The Evolution of the Confucian Concept Jen)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8be6\u5c3d\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ec1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Jen<\/span>\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n\t\t\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u4e0e\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u6db5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u201c<\/span>\u4ec1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u7ecf\u5178\u4e2d\u5076\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u591a\u6307\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u7f8e\u5fb7<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u201c<\/span>\u4ec1\u7231<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u662f\u5b54\u5b50\uff08<\/span>551-479 B.C.<\/span>\uff09\u4f7f\u5176\u771f\u6b63\u5177\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u5b54\u5b50\u5c06\u4ec1\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7f8e\u5fb7\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a<\/span>\u5305\u7f57\u4e07\u8c61\u7684\u666e\u904d\u9053\u5fb7<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5168\u5fb7\u4e4b\u4ec1\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e0a\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u521b\u89c1\u3002\u4ec1\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u90aa\u6076\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5fb7\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u4ec1\u4e0e\u7231\u548c\u533a\u5206\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ec1\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7231<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>love<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6a0a\u8fdf\u95ee\u4ec1\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u7b54\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7231\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u7231\u662f\u6709\u5dee\u7b49\uff08\u611b\u6709\u5dee\u7b49\uff09\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u5b5d\u608c\uff08\u4ec1\u4e4b\u672c\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u63a8\u53ca\u4e8e\u6c11\u548c\u7269\u3002\u5b5f\u5b50\uff08<\/span>372-289 B.C.?<\/span>\uff09\u5bf9\u6b64\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u58a8\u5b50\uff08<\/span>Mo Tzu<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u517c\u7231\uff08<\/span>universal love<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u58a8\u6c0f\u517c\u7231\uff0c\u662f\u65e0\u7236\u4e5f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7406\u5b66\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7406\u4e00\u5206\u6b8a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u7231\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff08\u7406\u4e00\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u533a\u522b\uff08\u5206\u6b8a\uff09\u3002\u97e9\u6108\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u535a\u7231\u4e4b\u8c13\u4ec1<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ec1\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u5fc5\u987b\u5e76\u91cd\uff0c\u5e76\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u4ec1\u7684\u5b9e\u6027\u548c\u52a8\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u4ec1\u5728\u5b8b\u660e\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      \n
    • \n\t\t\t\u4e0e\u5b87\u5b99\u5408\u4e00\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ec1\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u63a8\u5411\u6781\u81f4\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f20\u8f7d\uff08<\/span>Chang
      \n Tsai<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u300a\u897f\u94ed\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u543e\u540c\u80de\uff0c\u7269\u543e\u4e0e\u4e5f<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff0c\u5c06\u4ec1\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u7231\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4e0e\u5929\u5730\u4e07\u7269\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\uff08\u842c\u7269\u4e00\u9ad4\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\u751f\u547d\u529b\u4e0e\u52a8\u6001\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ec1\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7a0b\u6c0f\u5144\u5f1f\uff08<\/span>Ch\u2019eng brothers<\/span>\uff09\u5c06\u5176\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u751f\u751f\u4e4b\u7406<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\u6216\u751f\u547d\u529b\uff08<\/span>life force<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u5929\u5730\u751f\u517b\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u4ec1\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7279\u6027\u662f\u751f\u957f\u3001\u521b\u9020\u3001\u751f\u751f\u4e0d\u606f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\u6d3b\u52a8\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5112\u5bb6\u575a\u6301\u4ec1\u662f<\/span>\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>activity<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc3\u5883\uff08<\/span>state of mind<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u4ec1\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u5468\u6566\u9890\uff08<\/span>Chou
      \n Tun-i<\/span>\uff09\u66fe\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>impartiality<\/span>\uff09\u4ee3\u4ec1\uff0c\u4f46\u7a0b\u9890\uff08<\/span>Ch\u2019eng I<\/span>\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516c\u53ea\u662f\u4ec1\u4e4b\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c06\u516c\u6b63\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5b9e\u8df5\uff08\u9ad4\u4e4b\uff09\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u4ec1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    • \n\t\t\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ec1\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4ece\uff08<\/span>1<\/span>\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6069\u60e0\uff0c\u5230\uff08<\/span>3<\/span>\uff09\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u5230\uff08<\/span>6<\/span>\uff09\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u518d\u5230\uff08<\/span>12<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u5b87\u5b99\u5408\u4e00\u548c\uff08<\/span>13<\/span>\uff09\u751f\u751f\u4e4b\u7406\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u65b0\u5112\u5b66<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e4b\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u6f14\u8fdb<\/span> (The Evolution of the Neo-Confucian Concept Li as Principle)<\/span>
      \n<\/h3>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Li<\/span>\uff0c\u539f\u5219\u3001\u89c4\u5f8b\uff09\u5728\u8fd1\u516b\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u5176\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u65e9\u671f\u8d77\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u662f\uff0c<\/span>Li<\/span>\u5b57\u5728\u591a\u6570\u53e4\u4ee3\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7528\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9053\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e49\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u58a8\u5b50\uff08<\/span>Mo Tzu<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u5e84\u5b50\uff08<\/span>Zhuang Tzu<\/span>\uff09\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9053<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5e76\u5217\uff08\u9053\u7406\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u53ca<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5927\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5929\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u9b4f\u664b\u7384\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u9b4f\u664b\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u738b\u5f3c\uff08<\/span>Wang Pi<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u90ed\u8c61\uff08<\/span>Kuo Hsiang<\/span>\uff09\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          \n
        • \n\t\t\t\u738b\u5f3c\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f3a\u8c03\u7406\u7684<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u4e00<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d85\u8d8a<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>one and transcendental<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u7406\u89c6\u4e3a\u7edf\u6444\u4e07\u7269\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81f3\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e00\u5207\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\t\u90ed\u8c61\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f3a\u8c03\u7406\u7684<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u591a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5185\u5728<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>many and immanent<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7269\u5404\u6709\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u5206\u6b8a\u548c\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        • \n\t\t\u65b0\u5112\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u201c<\/span>\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5728\u5b8b\u4ee3\u6210\u4e3a\u65b0\u5112\u5b66\uff08\u7406\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            \n
          • \n\t\t\t\u7406\u4e00\u5206\u6b8a\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7a0b\u9890\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7406\u4e00\u5206\u6b8a\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e07\u4e8b\u4e07\u7269\u7686\u6709\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u4e07\u7406\u5f52\u4e8e\u4e00\u7406\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u8bf4\u6210\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u65b0\u5112\u5b66\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\t\u7406\u6c14\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6731\u71b9\uff08<\/span>Chu Hsi<\/span>\uff09\u7efc\u5408\u4e86\u4e8c\u7a0b\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5bf9\u7406\u548c\u6c14\uff08<\/span>material force<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7406\u662f\u65e0\u5f62\u7684\uff08\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u6c14\u662f\u6709\u5f62\u7684\uff08\u5f62\u800c\u4e0b\uff09\uff0c\u4e24\u8005<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u672a\u5c1d\u79bb\u4e4e\u7406\uff0c\u7406\u672a\u5c1d\u79bb\u4e4e\u6c14<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7406\u662f\u6c14\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u6c14\u7684\u603b\u548c\u662f\u592a\u6781\uff0c\u592a\u6781\u662f\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\t\u5fc3\u5373\u7406\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u9646\u8c61\u5c71\u548c\u738b\u9633\u660e\u5219\u8d70\u5411\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span>idealism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5fc3\u5373\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5c06\u5fc3\u4e0e\u7406\u7b49\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6076\u4e4b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3<\/span> (The Neo-Confucian Solution of The
            \nProblem of Evil)<\/span>
            \n<\/h3>\n

            \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5b8b\u660e\u7406\u5b66\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u6076\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u6076\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u6839\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6076\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u6c14\uff08<\/span>material force<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u7269\u8d28\u529b\u91cf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u592a\u865a\uff08<\/span>Great
              \n Vacuity<\/span>\uff09\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u7acb\u3001\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u7980\u8d4b\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u6731\u71b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5929\u5730\u7684\u672c\u6027\u662f\u7406\uff08<\/span>principle<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u9634\u9633\u4e94\u884c\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\uff08\u6c14\uff09\uff0c\u4fbf\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u4e4b\u6027\uff08<\/span>physical nature<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5584\u6076\u5e76\u5b58\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u4ec1\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u6076\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ec1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u751f\u751f\u4e4b\u7406\uff09\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5929\u5730\u7684\u672c\u5fc3\u662f\u751f\u751f\u4e0d\u606f\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u7980\u53d7\u6b64\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ec1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u8d4b\u4e88\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u521b\u9020\u6027\u548c\u6269\u5f20\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6269\u5f20\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u6d88\u9664\u81ea\u6211\u4e0e\u975e\u6211\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u4e0e\u5929\u5730\u4e07\u7269\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4f53\uff08\u842c\u7269\u4e00\u9ad4\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u79fb\u9664\u6076\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u738b\u9633\u660e\u4e0e\u7985<\/span> (Wang Yang-ming and Zen)<\/span>
              \n<\/h3>\n

              \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u738b\u9633\u660e\uff08<\/span>Wang Yang-ming, 1472-1529<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u7985\u5b97\uff08<\/span>Zen<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u66fe\u53d7\u7985\u5b97\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u53cd\u7985\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n\t\t\u63a5\u89e6\u4e0e\u6280\u5de7\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u738b\u9633\u660e\u66fe\u9189\u5fc3\u4e8e\u4f5b\u8001\u8fd1\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u7985\u5b97\u7684\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u5982\u5927\u58f0\u547c\u559d\u6216\u53cd\u5411\u8a00\u8bed\u4ee5\u6c42\u9707\u60ca\u5b66\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5bf9\u7acb\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u738b\u9633\u660e\u5bf9\u7985\u5b97\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u6bd4\u5b8b\u5112\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u4ed6\u96c6\u4e2d\u653b\u51fb\u7985\u5b97\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  \n
                • \n\t\t\t\u9a73\u65a5\u7a7a\u5bc2\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u4f5b\u5bb6\u8ffd\u6c42<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u601d\u5584\u4e0d\u601d\u6076<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u65e0\u5ff5\uff09\u7684\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u79c1\u81ea\u5229\u7684\u4f01\u56fe\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65ad\u706d\u7985\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u6279\u8bc4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u8457\u76f8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u9633\u660e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f5b\u5bb6\u867d\u7136\u58f0\u79f0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u8457\u76f8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u9003\u907f\u541b\u81e3\u3001\u7236\u5b50\u3001\u592b\u5987\u7b49\u4f26\u5e38\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8457\u4e86\u76f8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u6267\u7740\u4e8e\u81ea\u6211\u79c1\u610f\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u8457\u76f8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u4f26\u5e38\u4e2d\u5c3d\u5230\u4ec1\u4e49\uff0c\u987a\u5176\u5929\u5219\u81ea\u7136\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u9633\u660e\u575a\u6301\u5112\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81f4\u826f\u77e5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5c06\u8ba4\u77e5\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u5112\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e38\u6709\u4e8b\u7109<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Always be doing something<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5c06\u529f\u592b\u7528\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u4eba\u4f26\u4e8b\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u4f5b\u5bb6\u8131\u79bb\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6cbb\u5929\u4e0b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u8bba\u4ec1<\/span> (K’ang Yu-wei on Jen)<\/span>
                  \n<\/h3>\n

                  \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\uff08<\/span>K\u2019ang Yu-wei<\/span>\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u4f20\u7edf\u5112\u5bb6\u4ec1\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u601d\u6f6e\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u4ec1\u7684\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u5112\u5bb6\u4ee5\u4ec1\u4e3a\u81f3\u5fb7\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5927\u540c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u4ec1\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u4e0d\u5fcd\u4eba\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ec1\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u5fcd\u4eba\u4e4b\u5fc3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u82e6\u96be\u7684\u540c\u60c5\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u4ec1\u653f\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u7231\u540c\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ec1\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7231\u540c\u7c7b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7231\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u5438\u5f15\u4e4b\u529b<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>power of attraction<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5927\u540c\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u4ee5\u592a\u4e0e\u7535\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u9996\u6b21\u5c06\u4ec1\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5<\/span>\u4ee5\u592a<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>ether<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u7535<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>electricity<\/span>\uff09\u7b49\u540c\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ec1\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u5929\u4eba\u5408\u4e00\u7684\u65b0\u6ce8\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7531\u4e8e\u4ec1\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u6216\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u5c06\u4f20\u7edf\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ec1\u8005\u4e0e\u5929\u5730\u4e07\u7269\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc3\u5883\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u767d\u6c99\u4e4b\u52a8\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u521b\u4f5c<\/span> (The Creativity and Dynamic Philosophy of
                      \nCh’en Pai-sha)<\/span>
                      \n<\/h3>\n

                      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u9648\u767d\u6c99\uff08<\/span>Ch’en Pai-sha, 1428-1500<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u5fc3\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\u9759\u4e2d\u517b\u7aef\u502a\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u9648\u767d\u6c99\u9075\u5faa\u7406\u5b66\u4e3b\u9759\uff08<\/span>tranquility<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9759\u7684\u529f\u592b\u57f9\u517b\u51fa<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u9759\u4e2d\u517b\u51fa\u4e2a\u7aef\u502a<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u52a8\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ed6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u52a8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>dynamic<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5c06\u5b87\u5b99\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u751f\u751f\u6d3b\u6cfc\u4e4b\u4e16\u754c<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u751f\u673a\uff08\u751f\u547d\u529b\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u9759\u7684\u4fee\u517b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8d5e\u5316\u80b2\uff0c\u518d\u9020\u751f\u751f\u4e0d\u606f\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5728\u4e8e\u5c06\u751f\u751f\u4e4b\u7406\u4ece\u7a0b\u660e\u9053\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a\u5fc3\u5b66\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u521b\u9020\u6027\uff08\u521b\u4f5c\uff09\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u6027\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u5999\u6cd5\u83b2\u534e\u7ecf<\/span> (The Lotus Sutra)<\/span>
                        \n<\/h3>\n

                        \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u300a\u5999\u6cd5\u83b2\u534e\u7ecf\u300b\uff08<\/span>The Lotus Sutra<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5bf9\u4e1c\u4e9a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \n\t\t\u6838\u5fc3\u6559\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u300a\u6cd5\u534e\u7ecf\u300b\u662f\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u5021<\/span>\u4e00\u4e58<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>One
                          \n Vehicle<\/span>\uff09\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f5b\u9640\u8fc7\u53bb\u8bf4\u4e09\u4e58\uff08\u58f0\u95fb\u3001\u7f18\u89c9\u3001\u83e9\u8428\uff09\u53ea\u662f\u65b9\u4fbf\u6cd5\u95e8\uff08<\/span>expediency<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e58\u83b7\u5f97\u89e3\u8131\u3002\u6d85\u69c3\u5e76\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6d88\u706d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6d88\u9664\u5e7b\u89c9\u548c\u65e0\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u4f5b\u9640\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7ecf\u4e2d\u5c06\u4f5b\u9640\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a<\/span>\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u5b58\u5728<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5168\u77e5\u3001\u5168\u80fd\u3001\u904d\u5728\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5bf9\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u8c61\u5f81\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u83b2\u82b1\u662f\u8be5\u7ecf\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u7eaf\u6d01\uff0c\u5e76\u5177\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6e90\u548c\u8d4b\u4e88\u751f\u547d\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u7ecf\u6587\u5f3a\u8c03\u4fe1\u5f92\u53ea\u9700\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\u548c\u8654\u8bda\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u5982\u5ff5\u8bf5\u4f5b\u53f7\u6216\u6298\u624b\u793c\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u6551\u8d4e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u672c\u571f\u5316\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7ecf\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u89c2\u97f3\uff08<\/span>Kuan-yin<\/span>\uff09\u83e9\u8428\u5728\u4f20\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u9010\u6e10<\/span>\u4eba\u6027\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u5973\u6027\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6148\u60b2\u5973\u795e\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u957f\u5bff\u548c\u5b50\u55e3\u7b49\u73b0\u4e16\u795d\u798f\u7684\u6e34\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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