{"id":1538,"date":"2025-10-29T04:56:44","date_gmt":"2025-10-28T20:56:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1538"},"modified":"2025-10-29T04:56:44","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T20:56:44","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e6%88%91%e7%9a%84%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e5%8f%91%e5%b1%95%e3%80%8bmy-philosophical-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1538","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u6211\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u300bMy Philosophical Development"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0173 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u6211\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span>My Philosophical Development<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u4f2f\u7279\u5170<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u4ece\u65e9\u5e74\u63a5\u53d7<\/span>\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5728<\/span>G.E.<\/span>\u6469\u5c14\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u8f6c\u5411<\/span>\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u8bf4<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6587\u672c\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4ed6\u4e0e<\/span>\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u5bf9<\/span>\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca\u89e3\u51b3<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u6096\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u5982<\/span>\u7c7b\u578b\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20\u8fd8\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u771f\u7406\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u975e\u6f14\u7ece\u63a8\u7406<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u4e94\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u516c\u8bbe<\/span><\/strong>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5bf9<\/span>\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7269\u8d28\uff09\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5e8f\u8a00\uff08<\/span>Prefatory Note<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u8be5\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u5230\u827e\u4f26<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u4f0d\u5fb7\uff08<\/span>Alan Wood<\/span>\uff09\u539f\u8ba1\u5212\u64b0\u5199\u4e00\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u7f57\u7d20\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6027\u8003\u5bdf\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e16\u65f6\u53ea\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5373<\/span>**<\/span>\u300a\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u4e00\u9879\u5bf9\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300b<\/span>**<\/span>\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9644\u5728\u4e86\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\uff08\u7b2c<\/span>255<\/span>\u9875\u5f00\u59cb\uff09\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u5efa\u8bae\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u9605\u8bfb\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u51fa\u8272\u5730\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u8bef\u89e3\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u7eea\u8bba\u63d0\u7eb2\uff08<\/span>Introductory Outline<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u5728\u5f00\u7bc7\u52fe\u52d2\u4e86\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9636\u6bb5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53ca\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c<\/span>\u8d2f\u7a7f\u59cb\u7ec8\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u63a2\u7a76<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u9053\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6216\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684<\/span>\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u6c34\u5cad<\/span><\/strong>\u662f<\/span>1899<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1900<\/span>\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u539f\u5b50\u8bba\u548c\u76ae\u4e9a\u8bfa\uff08<\/span>Peano<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6570\u7406\u903b\u8f91\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u573a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u9769\u547d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u6700\u521d\u5173\u6ce8\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u5bfb\u6c42\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bf4\u670d\u81ea\u5df1\u7eaf\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u77e5\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u5f88\u5feb\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u3001\u4e0d\u673d\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7b49\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u6761\u3002\u5728\u5251\u6865\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6240\u704c\u8f93\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u4e0e\u6469\u5c14\uff08<\/span>G. E. Moore<\/span>\uff09\u4e00\u8d77\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u8bf4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8be5\u5b66\u8bf4\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u6784\u6210\u9879\u6216\u6574\u4f53\u5185\u5728\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5173\u7cfb\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u76f8\u5173\u9879\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u76f8\u5e94\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u5728<\/span>1910<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1914<\/span>\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5b83\uff08\u5373\u611f\u77e5\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5a01\u5ec9<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\uff08<\/span>William James<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u611f\u89c9\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5f00\u59cb\u5173\u6ce8\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u8bcd\u6c47\u548c\u53e5\u6cd5\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e<\/span><\/strong>\u975e\u8bba\u8bc1\u6027\u63a8\u7406<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Non-Demonstrative Inference<\/span>\uff09\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u5bfb\u627e\u6bd4\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u539f\u5219\u6765\u652f\u6301\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5e38\u8bc6\u3002\u4ed6\u575a\u4fe1\uff0c\u81ea\u653e\u5f03\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u54f2\u5b66\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c<\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u6765\u5bfb\u6c42\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>2<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u6211\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u73b0\u884c\u89c2\u70b9\uff08<\/span>My Present View of
\nthe World<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u8bd5\u56fe\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u4ed6\u9010\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u7efc\u5408\u4e86\u56db\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\uff1a<\/span>\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u7406\u903b\u8f91<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u5e94\u8be5\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u975e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u77e5\u9053<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u53ea\u662f\u524d\u8005\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4ed6\u63a5\u53d7\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u5fc3\u7075\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u8d77\u4efb\u4f55\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4e14\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u5c0f\u788e\u7247\u4e2d\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u725b\u987f\u7684\u56db\u5927\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u529b\uff09\uff0c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ee5\u65f6\u7a7a\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u4e14\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u7279\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8eab\u4e0a\u65f6\u624d\u53ef\u77e5\u6653\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6444\u5f71\u677f\u3001\u7535\u5f71\u6444\u5f71\u673a\u548c\u5e7f\u64ad\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20\u8bf4\u660e\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u662f<\/span>\u7ed3\u6784\u6052\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5185\u5728\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u7535\u5b50\u3001\u8d28\u5b50\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u4e0d\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7d20\u6750<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6784\u6210\u7684<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u5efa\u6784<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u800c\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u6570\u636e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u65e0\u9700\u63a8\u7406\u5373\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u6240\u6709\u611f\u5b98\u611f\u53d7\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u5e38\u8bc6\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5047\u8bbe\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7269\u4f53\u5728\u5185\u5728\u54c1\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u501f\u9274\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u4e86<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u79c1\u4eba\u7a7a\u95f4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u611f\u77e5\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\u548c<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u7269\u7406\u7a7a\u95f4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u89c2\u70b9\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u65f6\u7a7a\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0e<\/span><\/strong>\u5b9a\u5411\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027\uff09\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u601d\u60f3\u5c31\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5934\u8111\u4e2d<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u8111\uff09\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u79c1\u4eba\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u6f2b\u957f\u56e0\u679c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8fdc\u7aef\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u5fc3\u7075<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u8bb0\u5fc6\u94fe\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u96c6\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>3<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff08<\/span>First Efforts<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u7f57\u7d20\u5728<\/span>15<\/span>\u5c81\u5230\u8fdb\u5165\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u4e4b\u524d\uff08<\/span>1888-1890<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u8003\u662f\u5b64\u72ec\u4e14\u4e1a\u4f59\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u88ab\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u6761\u7684\u6000\u7591\u6240\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u521d\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u4e0d\u673d<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6000\u7591\u4e0e\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684<\/span>\u5168\u80fd<\/span><\/strong>\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7531\u5316\u5b66\u529b\u91cf\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u673a\u5668\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e<\/span>\u7269\u79cd\u4fdd\u5b58<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u51c6\u5219\u5e94\u8be5\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6700\u5927\u5316\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8003\u8651\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u53d7\u76ca\u4eba\u6570<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u826f\u77e5<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u795e\u5723\u7684\u6307\u5f15\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u72b6\u6001\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86<\/span>17<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08\u5982\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff09\u3001<\/span>18<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff08\u5982\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u5b8c\u5584\u6027\uff09\u548c<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff08\u5982\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u9057\u61be\u3001\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u72c2\u70ed\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u4e5f\u611f\u5230\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u8bc1\u660e\u548c\u65e0\u7a77\u5c0f\u6f14\u7b97\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>4<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u5bf9\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6d89\u730e\uff08<\/span>Excursion into
\nIdealism<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u5728<\/span>1890<\/span>\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u5251\u6865\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u63a5\u89e6\u4e13\u4e1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u6295\u5165\u5927\u91cf\u7cbe\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u54f2\u5b66\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u6700\u521d\u53d1\u8a93\u4e0d\u518d\u78b0\u6570\u5b66\u4e66\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u8fd8\u662f\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6570\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u8bba\u6587<\/span>**<\/span>\u300a\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u300b<\/span>\u65f6\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u54f2\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u300b\u5e26\u6709\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u98a0\u8986\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5168\u8eab\u5fc3\u6295\u5165\u5230<\/span><\/strong>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/span>\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e<\/span><\/strong>\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u5728\u90fd\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u7684<\/span>**<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u90fd\u56e0\u62bd\u8c61\u800c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u592a\u771f\u5b9e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u5728<\/span>1896<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1898<\/span>\u5e74\u95f4\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u7edd\u5bf9\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u539f\u5b50\u4e0e\u5145\u6ee1\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u9610\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u540e\u6765\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f7b\u5934\u5f7b\u5c3e\u7684\u80e1\u8a00\u4e71\u8bed<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u5982\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\uff09\u4e0e\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5e76\u65e0\u672c\u8d28\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>5<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u8f6c\u5411\u591a\u5143\u8bba\uff08<\/span>Revolt into Pluralism<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u5728<\/span>1898<\/span>\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20\u548c\u6469\u5c14\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684<\/span>\u53db\u4e71<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6469\u5c14\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8<\/span>\u62d2\u7edd\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u7f57\u7d20\u5219\u66f4\u5173\u6ce8<\/span>\u62d2\u7edd\u4e00\u5143\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u8fc7\u7f57\u7d20\u6240\u8c13\u7684<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u8bf4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u8be5\u5b66\u8bf4\u53cd\u5bf9\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5e03\u62c9\u5fb7\u96f7\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u5185\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u8bf4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u6240\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\u9879\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5c5e\u6027\u6216\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff09\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5185\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u516c\u7406\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e<\/span><\/strong>\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65e9\u4e8e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4ed6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u516c\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4<\/span>\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u4e00\u5143\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u5426\u5b9a<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7269\uff09\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u5c06\u8fd9\u6b21\u8f6c\u53d8\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u6b21\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u89e3\u653e\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u6734\u7d20\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u8005<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u62d2\u7edd\u5185\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u516c\u7406\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u76f8\u4fe1\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff08\u5982\u6570\u3001\u70b9\u3001\u77ac\u65f6\u3001\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u5965\u5361\u59c6\u5243\u5200<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Occam’s razor<\/span>\uff09\u7cbe\u7b80\u4e86\u5176\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u56f0\u60d1\uff08\u5982\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0e\u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6<\/span>1905<\/span>\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684<\/span>\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>theory of descriptions<\/span>\uff09\u5f97\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u4ed6\u81ea\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\u575a\u6301\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u5916\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u8bf4\u3001\u591a\u5143\u8bba\u3001\u5206\u6790\u5e76\u975e\u4f2a\u9020\u3001\u771f\u7406\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u5b87\u5b99\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>6<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6280\u672f\uff08<\/span>Logical Technique in
\nMathematics<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u5728<\/span>1900<\/span>\u5e74\u5df4\u9ece\u56fd\u9645\u54f2\u5b66\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\u9047\u89c1\u4e86\u76ae\u4e9a\u8bfa\uff08<\/span>Peano<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4ed6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u903b\u8f91\u6539\u9769\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff08<\/span>The Principles of Mathematics<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u64b0\u5199\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u76ae\u4e9a\u8bfa\u90a3\u91cc\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\uff1a<\/span>\u533a\u5206\u4e3b\u8c13\u547d\u9898\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u662f\u51e1\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u547d\u9898\u51fd\u6570\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6240\u6709\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u51e1\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u533a\u5206\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u7c7b\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5730\u7403\u7684\u536b\u661f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u5176\u552f\u4e00\u6210\u5458\uff08\u6708\u4eae\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533a\u522b\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u7b97\u672f\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ed6\u57fa\u4e8e\u547d\u9898\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6570\uff1a<\/span>\u6570\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5c5e\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6570\u5b57<\/span>\u201c1\u201d<\/span>\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5355\u4e00\u51fd\u6570<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff1b<\/span>\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570<\/span><\/strong>\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span>\u6240\u6709\u4e0e\u8be5\u7c7b\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u7c7b\u7684\u96c6\u5408<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u7531\u4e00\u9879\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\u5b9a\u4e49\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9a\u4e49\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0a\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u5de5\u5177\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8bcd\u6c47\uff08\u5982\u6216\u3001\u975e\u3001\u6240\u6709\u3001\u4e00\u4e9b\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u5b9a\u4e49\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u96f6\u548c\u4e00\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5904\u7406<\/span>\u65e0\u9650\u6570<\/span><\/strong>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>7<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff08<\/span>Principia
\nMathematica: Philosophical Aspects<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u4e0e\u6000\u7279\u6d77\uff08<\/span>Whitehead<\/span>\uff09\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728<\/span>1900<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1910<\/span>\u5e74\u95f4\u4e3b\u8981\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff08<\/span>Principia Mathematica<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u7684<\/span>\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u8bc1\u660e\u6240\u6709\u7eaf\u6570\u5b66\u90fd\u6e90\u4e8e\u7eaf\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u4ee4\u4eba\u6109\u60a6\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5de5\u5177\u6bd4\u9884\u60f3\u7684\u8981\u5c11\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u7c7b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684<\/span>**<\/span>\u3002\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5feb\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4ece\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa<\/span>\u77db\u76fe<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u7684<\/span>\u6096\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7c7b\u7684\u7c7b\u662f\u5426\u662f\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff09\u4f7f\u5f17\u96f7\u683c\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5176\u5c06\u7b97\u672f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u7c7b\u578b\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Theory of Types<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u7c7b\u578b\u8bba\u8981\u6c42\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5fc5\u987b\u6d88\u9664\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u7b26\u5408<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u5e38\u8bc6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7c7b\u578b\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u7c7b\u53ea\u662f\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u975e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e8b\u7269<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6096\u8bba\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u67d0\u79cd<\/span>\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u53cd\u5c04\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u4f53\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u6307\u6d89\u8be5\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u5728<\/span>1905<\/span>\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684<\/span>\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Theory of Descriptions<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u533a\u5206\u4e86<\/span>\u540d\u79f0<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65af\u79d1\u7279<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u300a\u5a01\u5f17\u5229\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u660e<\/span>\u4e00\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u6709\u6240\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u5b64\u7acb\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u6885\u519c\uff08<\/span>Meinong<\/span>\uff09\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u91d1\u5c71<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u9634\u5f71\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>8<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff08<\/span>Principia
\nMathematica: Mathematical Aspects<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u548c\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u5bf9\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u90e8\u5206\u53d7\u5230\u51b7\u843d\u8868\u793a\u5931\u671b\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86<\/span>\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5173\u7cfb\u662f<\/span>\u5185\u6db5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u6709\u5e8f\u5076\u96c6\u5408\u4ee5\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u5173\u7cfb\u6f14\u7b97\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u57df<\/span>\u201d\u201c<\/span>\u53cd\u57df<\/span>\u201d\u201c<\/span>\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e58\u79ef<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u590d\u6570<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a<\/span>\u4e00\u5bf9\u591a\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4ea7\u751f\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u7236\u4eb2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5efa\u7acb\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u4e00\u592b\u4e00\u59bb\u5236\u5a5a\u59fb\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u5e8f\u5217\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u3001\u4f20\u9012\u3001\u8fde\u901a\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6392\u5217\u9879\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u79fb\u9664\u4f20\u7edf\u7b97\u672f\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08\u5982\u52a0\u6cd5\u548c\u4e58\u6cd5\uff09\u4e2d\u5bf9<\/span>\u6709\u9650\u6570<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u4e58\u6cd5\u516c\u7406<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Multiplicative Axiom<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u975e\u7a7a\u7c7b\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\u603b\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u660e\u786e\u5217\u4e3a\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u5f17\u96f7\u683c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684<\/span>\u7956\u5148\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Ancestral Relation<\/span>\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u540e\u88d4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u6709\u9650\u6570<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f<\/span>\u6570\u5b66\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u800c\u975e\u516c\u7406\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u662f<\/span>\u5173\u7cfb\u7b97\u672f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>relation-arithmetic<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u5e8f\u6570\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Ordinal
\nSimilarity<\/span>\uff09\u7cbe\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\u3002\u5173\u7cfb\u6570\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6bd4\u5e8f\u6570\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6570\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65e0\u9650\u6570\u800c\u8a00\uff0c<\/span>\u4ea4\u6362\u5f8b\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>9<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\uff08<\/span>The External World<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u6d1b\u5384\u5c14\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff08<\/span>1914<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u300b\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u900f\u89c6\u548c\u751f\u7406\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\uff08\u773c\u5230\u8111\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u63a5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5230\u7684\u5e76\u975e\u7269\u7406\u5ba2\u4f53\u3002\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u6700\u521d\u6784\u5efa<\/span>\u7eaf\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6570\u636e<\/span><\/strong>\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7269\u7406\u5ba2\u4f53\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u5728<\/span>1914<\/span>\u5e74\u5143\u65e6\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\uff1a<\/span>\u7a7a\u95f4\u5177\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6700\u5c0f\u533a\u57df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u7ef4\u7684<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u900f\u89c6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u9897\u661f\u661f\u65f6\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u4e09\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1a\u661f\u661f\u7684\u7269\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u7269\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4ed6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u6536\u96c6\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u4e8b\u7269<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u592a\u9633\uff09\u7684\u6240\u6709<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u8868\u8c61<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span><\/strong>\u7269\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/span>\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u900f\u89c6<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u533a\u5206\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u611f\u77e5\u5dee\u5f02\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fc3\u7269\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6240\u6709\u56f0\u60d1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>10<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff08<\/span>The Impact of
\nWittgenstein<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u9996\u5148\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u6311\u6218\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u7684\u5b66\u6d3e\uff1a\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08<\/span>Formalists<\/span>\uff0c\u5e0c\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b26\u53f7\u53ea\u662f\u7eb8\u4e0a\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\uff0c\u7b97\u672f\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u89c4\u5219\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f4\u89c9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08<\/span>Intuitionists<\/span>\uff0c\u5e03\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5426\u5b9a\u6392\u4e2d\u5f8b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u547d\u9898\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u53ef\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u7b97\u771f\u6216\u5047\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff08<\/span>Wittgenstein<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ece\u5185\u90e8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5206\u4e24\u6ce2\uff1a\u6218\u524d\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u548c\u6218\u540e\u7684<\/span>**<\/span>\u300a\u903b\u8f91\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u300b<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Tractatus<\/span>\uff09\u624b\u7a3f\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86<\/span><\/strong>\u903b\u8f91\u539f\u5b50\u8bba<\/span>\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u662f<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u547d\u9898\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u56fe\u753b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><\/strong>\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u63a5\u53d7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u6000\u7591\u56fe\u753b\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u8ba4\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ea\u80fd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u663e\u793a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8bf4\u51fa<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u903b\u8f91\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa<\/span><\/strong>\u9ad8\u9636\u8bed\u8a00<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u4f4e\u9636\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0d\u80fd\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u62d2\u7edd\u7f57\u7d20\u5173\u4e8e<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u540c\u4e00\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65ad\u8a00\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u540e\u6765\u53cd\u9a73\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u62e5\u6709\u6240\u6709\u5171\u540c\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u4e2a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u8fd8\u62d2\u7edd\u627f\u8ba4\u5173\u4e8e<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u65ad\u8a00\u3002\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span><\/strong>\u5916\u5ef6\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Principle of Extensionality<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u539f\u5b50\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Principle of
\nAtomicity<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u5728\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff08<\/span>1925<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u5916\u5ef6\u6027\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6700\u5c0f\u5316<\/span>\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u6027\u516c\u7406<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Axiom of Reducibility<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u6027\u516c\u7406\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u975e\u8c13\u8bcd\u6027\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u6307\u6d89\u5c5e\u6027\u603b\u4f53\uff09\u603b\u662f\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e2a\u8c13\u8bcd\u6027\u5c5e\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7b49\u4ef7\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u516c\u7406\u4ec5\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u7531<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5bfc\u5411\u7406\u60f3\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u907f\u514d\u77db\u76fe\uff09\u3002\u5170\u59c6\u9f50\uff08<\/span>F. P. Ramsey<\/span>\uff09\u540e\u6765\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u547d\u9898\u51fd\u6570\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a<\/span>\u4efb\u610f\u76f8\u5173\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u6765\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u53ef\u8fd8\u539f\u6027\u516c\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>11<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\uff08<\/span>Theory of Knowledge<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\uff08<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u540e\uff09\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5174\u8da3\u8f6c\u5411\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u516d\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u504f\u89c1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216\u8d77\u70b9\uff1a<\/span>1. <\/span>\u5f3a\u8c03\u52a8\u7269\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u63a5\u53d7\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u63a2\u7d22\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span>2. <\/span>\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\u7269\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u4e0a\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u56e0\u679c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/span>3. <\/span>\u53cd\u5bf9\u5938\u5927<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5305\u542b\u5927\u91cf\u5173\u4e8e\u975e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u4f1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u4e3a\u5730\u53d8\u611a\u8822<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span>4. <\/span>\u575a\u6301\u7ecf\u9a8c\u63a8\u7406<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5fc5\u987b\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u611f\u77e5\u6216\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u975e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u8bc1\u7684\u6982\u7387\u63a8\u7406\u5f62\u5f0f\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/span>5. <\/span>\u5173\u6ce8\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u524d\u8bed\u8a00\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span>6. <\/span>\u575a\u6301\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u59cb\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6a21\u7cca\u4f46\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u63ed\u793a\u7ec6\u8282\u548c\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>12<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff08<\/span>Consciousness and
\nExperience<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t1918<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20\u5bf9\u5fc3\u667a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u53d1\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff1a\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5e03\u4f26\u5854\u8bfa\uff08<\/span>Brentano<\/span>\uff09\u7684<\/span>\u611f\u5b98\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u63a5\u53d7\u5a01\u5ec9<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\uff08<\/span>William James<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u611f\u89c9\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\u6027\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u611f\u5b98\u6570\u636e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>sense-data<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span><\/strong>\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u865a\u6784<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<\/span>\u611f\u89c9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u6591\u5757<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u662f\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u8ba4\u77e5\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u63a5\u53d7<\/span>\u4e2d\u6027\u4e00\u5143\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Neutral Monism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u65e0\u91cd\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u7d20\u6750\uff08\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u611f\u89c9\uff09\u6784\u6210\u7684<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u5efa\u6784<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u6392\u5217\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u7528<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6ce8\u610f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>noticing<\/span>\uff09\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u76f8\u8bc6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>acquaintance<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7ecf\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/span>\u611f\u77e5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Perception<\/span>\uff09\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u611f\u89c9\u6838\u5fc3\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u671f\u671b\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u611f\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u8bef\u5bfc\u3002<\/span>\u5fc3\u7075<\/span><\/strong>\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u8bb0\u5fc6\u94fe<\/span><\/strong>\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u610f\u8bc6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span><\/strong>\u6ce8\u610f\u5230<\/span>**<\/span>\u67d0\u4e8b\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>13<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bed\u8a00\uff08<\/span>Language<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u5f00\u59cb\u5173\u6ce8<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u610f\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230<\/span>\u8bcd\u8bed\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u666e\u904d\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72d7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6709\u65e0\u6570\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u610f\u4e49\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e0e\u5b83\u6240\u6307\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u5ba2\u4f53\u8bcd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u4e60\u5f97<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e3b\u52a8\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u770b\u5230\u72d7\u8bf4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72d7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u88ab\u52a8\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u542c\u5230<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72d7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5bfb\u627e\u72d7\uff09\u4e24\u79cd\u4e60\u60ef\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u9694\u7edd\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f<\/span><\/strong>\u8352\u8c2c\u7684<\/span>**<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bed\u8a00\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u611f\u73b0\u8c61\uff08\u8eab\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u610f\u8c61<\/span><\/strong>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u60f3\u8c61\u4ee5\u53ca\u63cf\u8ff0\u975e\u611f\u5b98\u5728\u573a\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u53e5\u5b50<\/span><\/strong>\u6bd4\u5ba2\u4f53\u8bcd\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u771f\u5047\u4e8c\u91cd\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u771f\u7406\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u5fc5\u987b\u9884\u8bbe<\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u5b58\u5728<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span><\/strong>\u662f<\/span>\u6574\u4f53\u4e2d\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6216\u5355\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u54c1\u8d28<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u53e5\u5b50\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/span>\u4fe1\u5ff5<\/span><\/strong>\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u975e\u8a00\u8bed\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>14<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u666e\u904d\u6027\u4e0e\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u53ca\u540d\u79f0\uff08<\/span>Universals and
\nParticulars and Names<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9<\/span>\u771f\u7406\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u7531\u591a\u91cd\u4e8b\u7269\u6784\u6210<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u575a\u6301\u3002\u4ed6\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u5982\u5728\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u4e2d\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9879<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u8bcd\u6c47\u4e2d\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8bcd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba1\u6570\u4e3a\u4e00\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u666e\u904d\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u53d7\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7c7b\u578b\u8bba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span>\u6734\u7d20\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u3001\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7279\u6b8a\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5728\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u611f\u5b98\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7531<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u54c1\u8d28<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5bf9\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u4ed6\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7d20\u6750<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7531\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u54c1\u8d28<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u6784\u6210\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u767d\u5ea6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u5b8c\u5168\u540c\u5728\u590d\u5408\u4f53<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>complete complex of compresence<\/span>\uff09\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8bb8\u591a\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff08\u5982\u989c\u8272\u3001\u786c\u5ea6\uff09\u5728\u53e5\u6cd5\u4e0a\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46<\/span>\u5173\u7cfb\u8bcd<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65e9\u4e8e<\/span>\u201d\u201c<\/span>\u7c7b\u4f3c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u4e14\u6700\u987d\u56fa\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c<\/span>\u8bcd\u8bed\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u666e\u904d\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u732b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff09\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u4ed6\u603b\u7ed3\u9053\uff1a<\/span>\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u6700\u7ec8\u901a\u8fc7\u53e5\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>15<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u771f\u7406\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08<\/span>The Definition of
\n\u2018Truth\u2019<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u575a\u6301<\/span>\u771f\u7406\u7684\u7b26\u5408\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86<\/span>\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u7684\u878d\u8d2f\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Coherence Theory<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u672a\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9<\/span>\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Pragmatism<\/span>\uff0c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u5c06\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u771f\u4f2a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u826f\u597d\u540e\u679c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u662f<\/span>\u65e0\u9650\u5012\u9000<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u662f<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u771f\u7406\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u73af\u5883\u800c\u53d8\u5316\uff09\u3002\u5728\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6027\u611f\u89c9\u7406\u8bba\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u771f\u7406\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u771f\u7406\u548c\u8c2c\u8bef\u4e3b\u8981\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u624d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u547d\u9898\u548c\u53e5\u5b50<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f7f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6210\u771f\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff08<\/span>\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8005<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c<\/span>verifier<\/span>\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u5927\u591a\u6570\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ece\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u7684<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u611f\u89c9\u5f88\u70ed<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span>**<\/span>\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8a00\u8bed\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6240\u81f4\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\uff1a<\/span>\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56fe\u753b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u52a0\u4e0a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u662f<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5426<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u611f\u89c9\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u8be5\u56fe\u753b\u5177\u6709\u539f\u578b\u4e0e\u610f\u8c61\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u5219\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u771f<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>16<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u975e\u8bba\u8bc1\u6027\u63a8\u7406\uff08<\/span>Non-Demonstrative
\nInference<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u7f57\u7d20\u5bf9\u975e\u6f14\u7ece\u63a8\u7406\uff08<\/span>N-D.I.<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5e38\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u7ed3\u8bba\u53ea\u662f<\/span>\u6216\u7136\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u9700\u7684\u989d\u5916\u903b\u8f91\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u4e86<\/span>\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u6982\u7387<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u9891\u7387\u7406\u8bba\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5b58\u7591\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>degree of credibility\/doubtfulness<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u90a3\u4e9b\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u6848\u4f8b\uff08\u5982\u5f71\u5b50\u968f\u8eab\u79fb\u52a8\uff09\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u63d0\u70bc\u51fa\u989d\u5916\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86<\/span>\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>solipsist<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u5982\u679c\u903b\u8f91\u5f7b\u5e95\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u53d7<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u77ac\u95f4\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u548c\u672a\u6765\u540c\u6837\u5b58\u7591\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span><\/strong>\u56e0\u679c\u7ebf<\/span>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5e8f\u5217\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u63a8\u65ad\u6027\uff09\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e8b\u7269<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u8f93\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5185\u5728\u54c1\u8d28\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u63a8\u7406\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u989d\u5916\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u516c\u8bbe\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d4b\u4e88\u6982\u62ec<\/span><\/strong>\u6709\u9650\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6982\u7387<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08\u6ee1\u8db3\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u5bf9\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u4e94\u4e2a\u516c\u8bbe<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u51c6\u6301\u4e45\u6027\u516c\u8bbe\u3001\u53ef\u5206\u79bb\u56e0\u679c\u7ebf\u516c\u8bbe\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u516c\u8bbe\u3001\u7c7b\u6bd4\u516c\u8bbe\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u8bbe\u90fd\u662f\u6982\u7387\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u8bc1\u660e\u5e38\u8bc6\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5728<\/span>\u611f\u89c9\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/strong>\u4e4b\u95f4\u67b6\u8d77\u6865\u6881\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>17<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u9000\u51fa\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span>The Retreat from
\nPythagoras<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u9010\u6b65\u9000\u51fa\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Pythagoras<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u8131\u79bb\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66\u6346\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u65e9\u5e74\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\uff08\u5982\u6760\u6746\u3001\u629b\u7269\u7ebf\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8f6c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5c06\u6570\u5b66\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span><\/strong>\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u673d\u7684\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5929\u5802<\/span>\u4e2d\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u5176\u603b\u4f53\u601d\u60f3\u662f<\/span><\/strong>\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u5c06\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7f8e\u8a89\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u51b7\u5cfb\u800c\u6734\u7d20\u7684\u7f8e<\/span>\u201d\u201c<\/span>\u5d07\u9ad8\u7eaf\u6d01\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u9003\u79bb<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u67af\u71e5\u6d41\u653e\u5730<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u907f\u96be\u6240\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u7eea\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u9000\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u53d1\u73b0\u6570\u5b66\u662f<\/span><\/strong>\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d<\/span>**<\/span>\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5d07\u9ad8\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u4e8e<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u4f7f\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u601c\u60af\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u9762\u524d\u663e\u5f97<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5355\u8584\u800c\u7410\u788e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bfb\u627e\u5b8c\u7f8e\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5bf9\u771f\u7406\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u5c48\u670d\u3002\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u76f8\u4fe1\u771f\u7406\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e0d\u518d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u667a\u529b\u4f18\u4e8e\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u611f\u5b98\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a97\u6237\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7262\u7b3c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span>18<\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u5bf9\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff08<\/span>Some Replies to
\nCriticism<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u7f57\u7d20\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u611f\u5230<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8fc7\u65f6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u88ab\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u540e\u671f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff08<\/span>WII<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b<\/span><\/strong>\uff09\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7410\u788e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e14<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u8ba4\u771f\u601d\u8003\u800c\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u00b7        <\/span>I. <\/span><\/strong>\u5bf9\u5384\u59c6\u68ee\uff08<\/span>Urmson<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7f57\u7d20\u91cd\u7533\u5176\u6839\u672c\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span>\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u53e5\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4<\/span>WII<\/span>\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5c06\u8bed\u8a00\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8352\u8c2c\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5bfb\u627e\u652f\u6301\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5e38\u8bc6\u7684<\/span>\u6700\u5c0f\u5047\u8bbe<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u5e76\u5426\u8ba4\u5206\u6790\u5fc5\u987b\u8fbe\u5230<\/span>\u7b80\u5355\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u8d23<\/span>WII<\/span>\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee5\u6765\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e25\u8083\u800c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u52a1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u611a\u8822\u7684\u4eba\u8bf4\u8822\u8bdd\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u00b7        <\/span>II. <\/span><\/strong>\u5bf9\u6c83\u8bfa\u514b\uff08<\/span>Warnock<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6c83\u8bfa\u514b\u6279\u8bc4\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684<\/span>\u5b58\u5728\u91cf\u8bcd<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Existential Quantifier, $\\exists$<\/span>\uff09\u5c06\u65e5\u5e38\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u533a\u5206\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u4ee5<\/span>\u4f0a\u897f\u8fea\u4e9a\u4eba\uff08<\/span>Isidians<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9c7c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u8bed\u8a00\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u548c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e5\u5e38\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6982\u5ff5\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u53e5\u6cd5\u548c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5965\u5361\u59c6\u5243\u5200\u51cf\u5c11<\/span><\/strong>\u65ad\u8a00\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4\u8bed\u8a00\u9700\u8981<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5173\u7cfb\u8bcd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u662f\u5426\u6307\u5411\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u4ecd\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u00b7        <\/span>III. <\/span><\/strong>\u5bf9\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u68ee\uff08<\/span>Strawson<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6307\u79f0\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u65af\u7279\u52b3\u68ee\u8bd5\u56fe\u9a73\u65a5\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u68ee\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5c06<\/span>\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e09\u7684\u7acb\u65b9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e<\/span>\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u73b0\u4efb\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u4e13\u540d<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Logically Proper Names<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6240\u6307\u4e8b\u7269\uff09\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u5173\u8054\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u793a\u8bc1\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>ostensive definition<\/span>\uff09\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u65e5\u5e38\u8bed\u8a00\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u6a21\u7cca\u548c\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u8ffd\u6c42\u7cbe\u786e\u5fc5\u987b\u4fee\u6539\u8bed\u8a00\uff08\u5982\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65e5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u00b7        <\/span>IV. <\/span><\/strong>\u5bf9\u83b1\u5c14\uff08<\/span>Ryle<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5fc3\u667a\u6982\u5ff5\u300b\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7f57\u7d20\u540c\u610f\u83b1\u5c14\u62d2\u7edd\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u3001\u611f\u5b98\u6570\u636e\u548c\u611f\u89c9\u5373\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u83b1\u5c14\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u667a\u80fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6613\u788e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7cbe\u795e\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u53cd\u5bf9\u83b1\u5c14\u5426\u5b9a<\/span>\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u79c1\u5bc6\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u68a6\u3001\u60f3\u8c61\u3001\u5feb\u611f<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u5feb\u611f\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u83b1\u5c14\u62d2\u7edd\u601d\u60f3\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86<\/span>\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u504f\u89c1<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u603b\u7ed3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u80fd\u8131\u79bb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u800c\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/p>\n
\n

\t<\/span>\n<\/div>\n

\n\t\u4f0d\u5fb7\uff1a\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u4e00\u9879\u5bf9\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u827e\u4f26<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u4f0d\u5fb7\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6db5\u76d6\u9762\u5e7f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u4f0d\u5fb7\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u7f57\u7d20\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c<\/span>\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u5e76\u65ad\u8a00<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u540e\u7f57\u7d20\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u90fd\u662f<\/span>\u2018<\/span>\u7531\u4e8e<\/span>\u2019<\/span>\u7f57\u7d20\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>propter-Russellians<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u5176\u5bf9<\/span><\/strong>\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/span>\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ffd\u6c42\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8fd1\u4e4e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u8d2f\u7a7f\u59cb\u7ec8\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728<\/span><\/strong>\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63a2\u7d22\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5931\u8d25<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u544a\u7ec8\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5931\u8d25\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u89e3\uff08\u5982\u5316\u5706\u4e3a\u65b9\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u4ece\u7ed3\u679c\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u9006\u5411\u63a8\u7406\u81f3\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4fa6\u63a2\u5de5\u4f5c\u6216\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd0\u7528<\/span><\/strong>\u5965\u5361\u59c6\u5243\u5200<\/span>**<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u51cf\u5c11\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7f8e\u5b66\u4f18\u96c5\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684<\/span>\u70ed\u7231<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u8feb\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u6e34\u671b\u7684<\/span>\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u53d1\u660e<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u5b87\u5b99\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6591\u70b9\u548c\u8df3\u8dc3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4f0d\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u8bef\u5bfc\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u672c\u4eba\u4e5f\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\uff0c\u5176<\/span>\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\u4ecd\u5e94\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t