{"id":1520,"date":"2025-10-28T06:39:21","date_gmt":"2025-10-27T22:39:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1520"},"modified":"2025-10-28T06:39:21","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T22:39:21","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%8e%b0%e4%bb%a3%e6%95%99%e5%ad%a6%e5%ae%9e%e8%b7%b5%e4%b8%8e%e6%8a%80%e6%9c%af%e3%80%8b-modern-teaching-practice-and-technique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1520","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u300b Modern Teaching Practice and Technique"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0168 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tModern Teaching Practice and Technique<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u300b<\/span>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u539f\u5219\u6982\u8ff0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span><\/strong>\u6559\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6280\u5de7\u662f\u8fbe\u5230\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u800c\u975e\u76ee\u7684\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u6559\u5e08\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u5907<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/strong>\u6765\u660e\u786e\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u6790\u4e86<\/span>\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u5b66\u9700\u8981<\/span>\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong>\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u6280\u80fd\u4e60\u5f97<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u5199\u4f5c\u548c\u4f53\u80b2\u6d3b\u52a8\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4f20\u6388<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5982\u8d6b\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\u5f0f\u6b65\u9aa4\u3001\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c<\/span>\u89c6\u89c9\u8f85\u52a9<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u7535\u5f71\uff09\u7b49\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u89e6\u53ca\u4e86<\/span>\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u51c6\u5907<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u8bfe\u5802\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u54c1\u683c\u57f9\u517b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u6559\u5e08\u4e2a\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u5728\u6559\u5b66\u6210\u529f\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u7531<\/span> J. H. Panton, M.A. <\/span>\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4f0a\u5c14\u6c83\u601d\u5e02\u81ea\u6cbb\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u526f\u9662\u957f\u517c\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u8bb2\u5e08\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u521d\u6d89\u6559\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u7d27\u6025\u57f9\u8bad\u8ba1\u5212\uff08<\/span>Emergency Scheme<\/span>\uff09\u4e0b\u7684\u5b66\u5458\u4ee5\u53ca\u53c2\u52a0\u5e38\u89c4\u57f9\u8bad\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u800c\u4f5c\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5efa\u8bae\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5176\u957f\u671f\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\u57f9\u8bad\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u68c0\u9a8c\uff09\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u6700\u4f73\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5bfc\u8a00\u4e0e\u6982\u8ff0\uff08\u524d\u8a00\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4efd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8f7b\u677e\u6559\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6307\u5357\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u82e5\u8981\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\u7406\u89e3\u6559\u5e08\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u4e00\u8d77\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u524d\u4e09\u7ae0\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u513f\u7ae5\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e3a\u968f\u540e\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ae0\u8282\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7406\u6027\u80cc\u666f<\/span>\u201d (rational background)<\/span>\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5c55\u793a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8bfb\u8005\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u638c\u63e1\u5b9e\u8df5\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u5b66\u827a\u672f <\/span>(The Art of Teaching)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/h4>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u9996\u5148\u5c06<\/span>\u6559\u5b66\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u827a\u672f<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u660e\u786e\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6280\u5de7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>machinery<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u521b\u9020\u6027\u8868\u8fbe<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>creative
\nexpression<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u6280\u5de7\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u76ee\u7684\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5c11\u6570<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5929\u751f\u7684\u6559\u5e08<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u51ed\u76f4\u89c9\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8fdb\u5165\u6559\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u8ba4\u771f\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u88ab\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u827a\u672f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff0c<\/span>\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\u5219\u662f<\/span>\u6709\u610f\u63a7\u5236\u65e8\u5728\u4fee\u6b63\u6216\u6307\u5bfc\u4eba\u7c7b\u6210\u957f\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5f3a\u8c03\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5982\u679c\u6559\u5e08\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7814\u7a76\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5c31\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u53d7\u5230\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n\t\t\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u7980\u8d4b<\/span> (The Endowment of Children)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u513f\u7ae5\u4ece\u53d7\u7cbe\u5375\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5c31\u62e5\u6709\u51b3\u5b9a\u5176\u7269\u79cd\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7279\u8d28\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9057\u4f20<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>heredity<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u4e2a\u4f53\u62e5\u6709\u5fc3\u667a\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u6c14\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u62e5\u6709\u63a8\u52a8\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d70\u5411\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u751f\u547d\u51b2\u52a8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>life
    \n urge<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60<\/span> (Experience and Learning)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u83b7\u5f97\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\uff09\u8fd8\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u83b7\u5f97\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u624b\uff0c\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u4e66\u672c\u6216\u4ed6\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6d89\u53ca\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u5883\u65f6\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684<\/span>\u5fc3\u667a\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u6216\u8eab\u4f53\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u9650\u5236<\/span> (Limitations of Development)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u513f\u7ae5\u5728\u4f53\u683c\u3001\u667a\u529b\uff08\u5373<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u822c\u5fc3\u667a\u80fd\u529b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u6c14\u8d28\u4e0a\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5728\u667a\u529b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7537\u5973\u5e73\u5747\u80fd\u529b\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u5973\u5b69\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u65b9\u9762\u5360\u4f18\uff0c\u7537\u5b69\u5728\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u7b97\u672f\u65b9\u9762\u503e\u5411\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \n\t\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f<\/span>\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span><\/strong> (\u201cchild centred\u201d)<\/span>\u3002\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u79d1\u76ee<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5e76\u975e\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u662f<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u6001\u5ea6\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u667a\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u73af\u5883\u7684\u624b\u6bb5<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5b89\u6392\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f7f\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u6210\u957f\u7b26\u5408\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u6f5c\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u513f\u7ae5\u5982\u4f55\u5b66\u4e60\uff08<\/span>A. <\/span>\u8eab\u4f53\u53d1\u5c55\uff09<\/span>(How Children Learn\u2014A. Physical
    \nDevelopment)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
    \n<\/h4>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u5bdf\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u786e\u5b9a\u6559\u5e08\u6307\u5bfc\u5b66\u4e60\u4ee5\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u8eab\u5fc3\u5408\u4e00<\/span> (Body and Mind)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ee5\u5199\u4f5c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e38\u89c1\u5b66\u6821\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5b66\u4e60\u6d89\u53ca\u8eab\u4f53\u63a7\u5236\uff08\u5750\u59ff\u3001\u773c\u624b\u534f\u8c03\uff09\u548c\u5fc3\u667a\u63a7\u5236\uff08\u4e60\u60ef\u6027\u62fc\u5199\u3001\u521b\u9020\u6027\u601d\u8003\uff09\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u8fbe\u6210\uff0c\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u4e0e\u8eab\u4f53\u7d27\u5bc6\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c06\u591a\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u6574\u5408\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5fc3\u667a\u548c\u8eab\u4f53\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u7980\u8d4b<\/span> (Children’s Physical Endowment)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u547d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u673a\u80fd\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u808c\u8089\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u53cd\u5c04\u52a8\u4f5c\uff08\u5982\u624b\u90e8\u7f29\u56de\u53cd\u5c04\uff09\u6d89\u53ca\u53d7\u4f53\u523a\u6fc0\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u51b2\u52a8\u4f20\u5165\u4e2d\u67a2\uff08\u810a\u9ad3<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5927\u8111\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f20\u51fa\u6307\u4ee4\u81f3\u808c\u8089\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u53cd\u5c04\u52a8\u4f5c\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u4fee\u6b63<\/span> (How Reflex Actions are Modified)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u53cd\u5c04\u52a8\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4fee\u6b63\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6761\u4ef6\u5316<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>conditioned<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5b69\u5b50\u88ab\u7535\u6696\u5668\u70eb\u4f24\u540e\u4f1a\u907f\u514d\u89e6\u78b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u513f\u7ae5\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\u8eab\u4f53\u6280\u80fd<\/span> (How Children Develop Physical
      \n Skills)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6280\u80fd\u4e60\u5f97\u901a\u5e38\u9075\u5faa<\/span>\u89c2\u5bdf\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6a21\u4eff<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u6301\u7eed\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u5e76\u5f3a\u5316\u6210\u529f\u52a8\u4f5c<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5373<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e0e\u6210\u529f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u7ec3\u4e60\u8fbe\u5230\u7cbe\u901a<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8d77\u5230<\/span>\u6574\u5408<\/span><\/strong>\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u719f\u7ec3\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u4ece\u610f\u8bc6\u5fc3\u667a\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4f4e\u7ea7\u4e2d\u67a2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u91ca\u653e\u5fc3\u667a\u80fd\u91cf\u7528\u4e8e\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u513f\u7ae5\u5982\u4f55\u5b66\u4e60\uff08<\/span>B. <\/span>\u5fc3\u667a\u53d1\u5c55\uff09<\/span>(How Children Learn\u2014Contd. B. Mental
      \nDevelopment)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
      \n<\/h4>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u5fc3\u667a\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8eab\u5fc3\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\tI. <\/span><\/strong>\u611f\u5b98\u4e0e\u5fc3\u667a<\/span> (The Senses and the
        \n Mind)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u611f\u5b98\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u95e8\u6237<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u513f\u7ae5\u83b7\u53d6\u73af\u5883\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u611f\u5b98\uff08\u5982\u89c6\u89c9\u3001\u542c\u89c9\u3001\u808c\u8089\u611f\uff09\u7684\u6548\u7387\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u7a0b\u5ea6\u662f\u6559\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u611f\u5b98\u4fe1\u606f\u901a\u8fc7\u795e\u7ecf\u51b2\u52a8\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u5927\u8111\uff0c\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5fc3\u667a\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u77e5\u89c9<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Percepts<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u5bf9\u611f\u5b98\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\tII. <\/span><\/strong>\u513f\u7ae5\u5fc3\u667a\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55<\/span> (How Children’s
        \n Minds Develop)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          \n
        • \n\t\t\tA. <\/span><\/strong>\u77e5\u89c9<\/span> (Percepts)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5fc3\u667a\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u8fc7\u5f80\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5f71\u54cd\u5bf9\u65b0\u611f\u5b98\u5370\u8c61\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5b69\u5b50\u5bf9\u94c5\u7b14\u5212\u75d5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff09\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u5e94\u9075\u5faa<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7531\u5df2\u77e5\u5230\u672a\u77e5<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\tB. <\/span><\/strong>\u6982\u5ff5<\/span> (Concepts)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u662f\u5bf9\u7269\u4f53\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7b49\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u666e\u904d\u770b\u6cd5\u6216\u4e00\u822c\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u77e5\u89c9\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u5e94\u9075\u5faa<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7531\u5177\u4f53\u5230\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u7531\u7279\u6b8a\u5230\u4e00\u822c<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9c\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u6027\u539f\u5219\u6216\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f00\u7bc7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\tC. <\/span><\/strong>\u667a\u529b\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3<\/span> (Intelligence and
          \n Understanding)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u667a\u529b\uff08<\/span>\u201cg\u201d<\/span>\u56e0\u7d20\uff09\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u662f\u611f\u77e5\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u513f\u7ae5\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u667a\u529b\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5fc3\u667a\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6982\u62ec\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\tE. <\/span><\/strong>\u5174\u8da3\u4e0e\u5fc3\u667a\u53d1\u5c55<\/span> (Interest and
          \n Mental Development)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a<\/span>\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u6e90\u4e8e\u60c5\u611f\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5174\u8da3<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e8b\u7269<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u503c\u5f97\u505a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>worth-whileness<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5a31\u4e50<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u6fc0\u52b1\u4ed6\u4eec\u6295\u5165<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u503c\u5f97\u505a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\tF. <\/span><\/strong>\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u6027<\/span> (Permanence of
          \n Learning)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6301\u4e45\u6027\u53d7\u5174\u8da3\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d7\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7c7b\u578b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e60\u60ef\u6027\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff08\u5982\u62fc\u5199\u3001\u8868\u683c\uff09\u9700\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u590d\u7ec3\u4e60\u5efa\u7acb\u7262\u56fa\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8054\u7ed3\u952e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff08\u5982\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u6027\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u539f\u59cb\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u751f\u52a8\u6027\u3001\u5bf9\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f34\u968f\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u590d\u4e60\u5e94\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u540e\u5c3d\u5feb\u8fdb\u884c\uff1b\u4e14\u5728\u8bb0\u5fc6\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7b49\u6750\u6599\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6574\u4f53\u5b66\u4e60<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Whole learning<\/span>\uff09\u4f18\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5206\u6bb5\u5b66\u4e60<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Part learning<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u521d\u59cb\u6559\u5b66\u95ee\u9898<\/span> (Initial Teaching Problems)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
          \n<\/h4>\n

          \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u4ece\u5b9e\u8df5\u89d2\u5ea6\u63a2\u8ba8\u6559\u5e08\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u00b7        <\/span>I. <\/span><\/strong>\u5b66\u4e60\u8005<\/span> (The Learners)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6559\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3<\/span>\u73ed\u7ea7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u5e73\u5747\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u59d3\u540d\u3001\u667a\u529b<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6210\u5c31\u3001\u8eab\u4f53<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6c14\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u73af\u5883\uff09\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u00b7        <\/span>II. <\/span><\/strong>\u6559\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span> (What to Teach)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
              \n
            • \n\t\t\t\u73ed\u7ea7\u6559\u5b66\u5927\u7eb2\u4e0e\u5b66\u6821\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span> (Class Syllabuses and School
              \n Curricula)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5927\u7eb2\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5e94\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u5b66\u6821\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u662f<\/span>\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u751f\u800c\u975e\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u9002\u5e94\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\u6750\u6599\u7684\u9009\u62e9<\/span> (Selection of Matter)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u6839\u636e\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u9700\u6c42\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u6750\u6599\u3002\u6750\u6599\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u73b0\u5b9e\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u00b7        <\/span>III. <\/span><\/strong>\u6559\u5b66\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span> (Types of Teaching and General Method)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
                  \n
                • \n\t\t\t\u89c2\u5bdf<\/span> (Observation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u89c2\u5bdf\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u770b\u4ed6\u4eec<\/span>\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec<\/span>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u505a<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span> (Activities and Experiences)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5b66\u4e60\u6d3b\u52a8\u5927\u81f4\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a<\/span>\u6280\u80fd\u4e60\u5f97<\/span><\/strong> (Acquisition of Skills)<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u77e5\u8bc6\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/strong> (Development of Knowledge) <\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u54c1\u5473\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/strong> (Development of Taste)<\/span>\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u907f\u514d\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u6df7\u6dc6\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u4e00\u822c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span> (General Method)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u8d6b\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\u5f62\u5f0f\u6b65\u9aa4\uff08<\/span>Herbartian Formal Steps<\/span>\uff09\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4fa7\u91cd\u667a\u529b\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f39\u6027\u4e14\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u4f46\u8d6b\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\u7684<\/span>\u51c6\u5907<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Preparation<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u5e94\u7528<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Application<\/span>\uff09\u539f\u5219\u4ecd\u5177\u666e\u904d\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u5e94\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65b9\u6cd5\u5355\u5143<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>method-unit<\/span>\uff09\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u8bfe\u65f6\u3002\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6b65\u9aa4\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span>\u51c6\u5907\u3001\u5c55\u793a\u3001\u6982\u62ec\u3001\u5e94\u7528<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u4e60\u5f97<\/span> (The Acquisition of Skills)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                  \n<\/h4>\n

                  \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u6280\u80fd\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u4ece\u57fa\u672c\u8fd0\u52a8\u6280\u80fd\u5230\u5fc3\u667a\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u521b\u4f5c\u6280\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u6027\u8d28<\/span> (Nature of Skill)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6280\u80fd\u5206\u4e3a\u795e\u7ecf\u808c\u8089\u6280\u80fd\uff08\u5982\u884c\u8d70\u3001\u4e66\u5199\uff09\u548c\u5fc3\u667a\u4e60\u60ef\uff08\u5982\u62fc\u5199\u3001\u9605\u8bfb\uff09\u3002\u6240\u6709\u827a\u672f\u548c\u624b\u827a\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca<\/span>\u6280\u672f<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u521b\u9020\u6027\u8868\u8fbe<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u6559\u5b66\u539f\u5219<\/span> (Teaching Principles)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6280\u672f\u7ec3\u4e60\u4e0d\u5e94\u8131\u79bb\u521b\u9020\u6027\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u6280\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u5fc5\u987b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684<\/span>\u81ea\u8eab\u9700\u6c42<\/span><\/strong>\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ec3\u4e60\u5e94\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u6587\u6280\u5de7<\/span> (Composition Skills)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u5e94\u8425\u9020<\/span>\u771f\u5b9e\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u751f\u6d3b\u60c5\u5883\u8fdb\u884c\u521b\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u4e00\u822c\u6559\u5b66\u6b65\u9aa4<\/span> (General Teaching Steps)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u51c6\u5907<\/span> (Preparation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5b66\u4e60\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u5e94\u7528<\/span> (Application)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u76ee\u6807\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u6b65\u9aa4\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u5c55\u793a<\/span> (Presentation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u521d\u6b65\u638c\u63e1\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u793a\u8303\u548c\u89e3\u91ca<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u7ec3\u4e60<\/span> (Practice)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5b8c\u5584\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u8fdb\u884c\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c<\/span>\u6307\u5bfc\u5e94\u9488\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6d88\u9664\u65e0\u76ca\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u7684<\/span>\u6279\u6539<\/span><\/strong>\u5e94\u9f13\u52b1\u5b66\u751f\u4e3b\u52a8\u7ea0\u6b63\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ee3\u52b3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u808c\u8089\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/span> (The Development of Muscular Skills)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                      \n<\/h4>\n

                      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u8ff0\u8eab\u4f53\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\u6559\u5b66\u76ee\u6807<\/span> (Teaching Objectives)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5e2e\u52a9\u513f\u7ae5\u53d1\u5c55\u795e\u7ecf\u548c\u808c\u8089\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u6027\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u8f7b\u677e\u81ea\u5982\u7684\u7cbe\u6e5b\u8868\u73b0<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u6559\u5b66\u6280\u5de7<\/span> (Teaching Technique)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6cbf\u7528<\/span>\u51c6\u5907\u3001\u5c55\u793a\u3001\u7ec3\u4e60\u3001\u5e94\u7528<\/span><\/strong>\u56db\u6b65\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u5c55\u793a<\/span> (Presentation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u9636\u6bb5<\/span>: <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          \n
                        • \n\t\t\tA. <\/span><\/strong>\u7406\u89e3<\/span> (Appreciation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6559\u5e08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8868\u6f14\u8005\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u793a\u8303\u5e94\u4ee5<\/span>\u5de5\u4f5c\u8282\u594f<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u6559\u5b66\u8282\u594f<\/span><\/strong>\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u8f85\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u5e26\u7740\u5174\u8da3\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u505a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\tB. <\/span><\/strong>\u8868\u73b0<\/span> (Performance)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5b66\u751f\u4eb2\u81ea\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u8fdb\u884c<\/span>\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u6307\u5bfc<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f<\/span>\u53ca\u65e9\u53d1\u73b0\u5e76\u6d88\u9664\u65e0\u76ca\u6216\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u7ec3\u4e60<\/span> (Practice)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5e94\u5b89\u6392<\/span>\u76f8\u5bf9\u77ed\u4fc3\u800c\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec3\u4e60<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u75b2\u52b3\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u6280\u80fd\u90fd\u6709\u5176<\/span>\u8282\u594f\u548c\u8282\u62cd<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u52a8\u4f5c\u534f\u8c03\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/span> (Progress in Learning)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6280\u80fd\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u8fdb\u5ea6\u56fe\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u5747\u5300\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5e73\u53f0\u671f\u6216\u632b\u6298\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u6b63\u4ece\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e00\u7ec4\u4e60\u60ef\u5411\u66f4\u9ad8\u9636\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u5b9e\u7528\u8003\u91cf<\/span> (Practical Considerations)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u96be\u5ea6\u5e94\u5faa\u5e8f\u6e10\u8fdb\u3002\u5bf9\u7b28\u62d9\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u5e94\u7ed9\u4e88<\/span>\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u9f13\u52b1\u548c\u8b66\u60d5\u7684\u6307\u5bfc<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u82db\u523b\u6279\u8bc4\u6216\u5632\u7b11\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u9020\u6210\u60c5\u611f\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/span> (The Development of Knowledge)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                          \n<\/h4>\n

                          \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8f6c\u5411\u77e5\u8bc6\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • \n\t\t\u73b0\u4ee3\u53d6\u5411<\/span> (Modern Orientation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u53d1\u5c55\u5e94\u4ece<\/span>\u611f\u5b98\u548c\u77e5\u89c9\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong>\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u5230<\/span>\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc3\u667a<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u53e3\u5934\u9648\u8ff0\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u539f\u5219\u5f00\u7bc7\u7684\u65e7\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u73b0\u5b9e\u6027<\/span> (Reality)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u52aa\u529b\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5177\u6709\u73b0\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff09\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u624b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u542c\u8bb2\uff09\u9014\u5f84\u83b7\u5f97\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/span>\u53d1\u73b0<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Discovering<\/span>\uff09\u77e5\u8bc6\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4<\/span>\u63a5\u6536<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Receiving<\/span>\uff09\u77e5\u8bc6\u66f4\u6301\u4e45\u3001\u66f4\u771f\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u4e00\u822c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span> (General Method)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f\uff1a<\/span>\u51c6\u5907\u3001\u5c55\u793a\u3001\u6982\u62ec\u3001\u5e94\u7528<\/span><\/strong>\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              \n
                            • \n\t\t\t\u51c6\u5907<\/span> (Preparation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6fc0\u53d1\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6f84\u6e05\u9700\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u9700\u7cbe\u5fc3\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u6d89\u53ca\u6821\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u9884\u5148\u6307\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\t\u5c55\u793a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u53d1\u5c55<\/span> (Presentation\/Development)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u5fc3\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u3002\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e94<\/span>\u5b9a\u671f\u68c0\u67e5\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u7a0b\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5c06\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u89e3\u6210\u788e\u7247\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\t\u6982\u62ec<\/span> (Generalisation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u65e8\u5728\u6f84\u6e05\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u6240\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9f13\u52b1\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u81ea\u5df1\u8fdb\u884c\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u601d\u8003<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \n\t\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u7eed\uff09\uff1a\u5e38\u89c1\u6280\u5de7\u4e0e\u6559\u5b66\u8f85\u52a9\u5de5\u5177<\/span> (The Development of Knowledge\u2014Contd. Some Common Techniques and
                              \nTeaching Aids)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                              \n<\/h4>\n

                              \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4fc3\u8fdb\u77e5\u8bc6\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t\u00b7        <\/span>A. <\/span><\/strong>\u53e3\u5934\u6559\u5b66<\/span> (Oral Teaching)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u53e3\u5934\u6559\u5b66\u4ecd\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u586b\u8865\u77e5\u8bc6\u7a7a\u767d\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d1\u73b0\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n
                                  \n
                                • \n\t\t\t\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e0e\u63cf\u8ff0<\/span> (Narration and Description)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u8a00\u8bed\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u5448\u73b0\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u751f\u52a8\u3001\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u5229\u7528<\/span>\u8bcd\u8bed\u753b\u9762<\/span><\/strong>\u6fc0\u53d1\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\t\u89e3\u91ca<\/span> (Explanation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u65e8\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9610\u660e\u3001\u63ed\u793a\u6216\u4f7f\u4eba\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u76f8\u5173\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u60c5\u5883\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\t\u603b\u8bba<\/span> (General Note)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u53e3\u5934\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e94\u4e0e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2a\u4eba\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u53d1\u97f3\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5197\u957f\u548c\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e60\u60ef\uff08<\/span>mannerisms<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  \n\t\u00b7        <\/span>B. <\/span><\/strong>\u89c6\u89c9\u8f85\u52a9\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u8fd0\u7528<\/span> (The Use of Visual Aids)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                      \n
                                    • \n\t\t\t\u56fe\u7247<\/span> (Pictures)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u80fd\u6fc0\u53d1\u6559\u5e08\u6240\u9700\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u56fe\u7247\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u5b9c\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u6291\u5236\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                    • \n\t\t\t\u5730\u56fe\u4e0e\u56fe\u8868<\/span> (Maps and Diagrams)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5e94\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u91cd\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                    • \n\t\t\t\u7535\u5f71<\/span> (Films)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5206\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\u7247\u548c\u524d\u666f\u6307\u5bfc\u7247\u3002\u6709\u6548\u4f7f\u7528\u6280\u5de7\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span>I. <\/span>\u51c6\u5907<\/span> (Preparation)<\/span>\uff1b<\/span>II. <\/span>\u5c55\u793a<\/span> (Presentation)\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u6700\u597d\u5206\u4e09\u9636\u6bb5\uff08\u5b8c\u6574\u653e\u6620\u3001\u521d\u6b65\u8ddf\u8fdb\u3001\u518d\u6b21\u653e\u6620\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\uff1b<\/span>III. <\/span>\u8ddf\u8fdb<\/span> (Follow-up)\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5173\u8054\u6240\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      \n\t\u00b7        <\/span>C. <\/span><\/strong>\u901a\u8fc7\u5b66\u4e60\u53d1\u5c55\u77e5\u8bc6<\/span> (Developing Knowledge
                                      \nThrough Study)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                          \n
                                        • \n\t\t\t\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u51b3<\/span> (Problem Solving)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ece\u5b9e\u8df5\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u5f15\u51fa\u5b66\u4e60\uff08\u5177\u6709\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4f9d\u636e\uff09\u3002\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a<\/span>(i) <\/span>\u9610\u660e\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff1b<\/span>(ii) <\/span>\u6536\u96c6\u76f8\u5173\u6570\u636e<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u89c2\u5bdf<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff09\uff1b<\/span>(iii) <\/span>\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff1b<\/span>(iv) <\/span>\u68c0\u9a8c\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                        • \n\t\t\t\u81ea\u5b66<\/span> (Private Study)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5b66\u751f\u901a\u8fc7\u9605\u8bfb\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u9700\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5bfc\uff08\u5982\u63d0\u95ee\u6216\u6307\u5357\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u57f9\u8bad\u5b66\u751f\u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u548c\u7d22\u5f15\u7684\u6280\u5de7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                        • \n\t\t\t\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span> (Discussion)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u65e8\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7b5b\u9009\u3001\u6574\u7406\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u63ed\u793a\u771f\u76f8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0e\u8fa9\u8bba\uff08<\/span>debate<\/span>\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u57f9\u517b\u903b\u8f91\u601d\u7ef4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          \n\t\u00b7        <\/span>D. <\/span><\/strong>\u63d0\u95ee<\/span> (Questioning)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u63d0\u95ee\u7528\u4e8e\u5f15\u53d1\u63a2\u7d22\u6027\u601d\u7ef4\u6216\u56de\u987e\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u63d0\u95ee\u5e94\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u8d34\u5207\u3001\u5bcc\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u3002\u5e94\u907f\u514d\u91cd\u590d\u5b66\u751f\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u5b66\u751f\u6e05\u6670\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u8ba4\u771f\u8046\u542c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                          \n\t\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u54c1\u5473\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/span> (The Development of Taste)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                          \n<\/h4>\n

                                          \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u57f9\u517b\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u548c\u827a\u672f\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9274\u8d4f\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • \n\t\t\u54c1\u5473\u7684\u6027\u8d28<\/span> (Nature of Taste)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u54c1\u5473\u662f\u5bf9\u7f8e\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4f18\u79c0\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u8fa8\u522b\u548c\u6b23\u8d4f\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f8e\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Aesthetics<\/span>\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u54c1\u5473\u6ca1\u6709\u552f\u4e00\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6700\u4f73<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6280\u5de7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                          • \n\t\t\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd<\/span> (Environmental Influences)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5b66\u6821\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u54c1\u5473\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5177\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u6574\u6d01\u3001\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u73af\u5883\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u95f4\u63a5\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u9ad8\u54c1\u5473\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                          • \n\t\t\u521b\u9020\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span> (Creative Activities)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u4eff\u548c\u8be0\u91ca\u4f18\u79c0\u4f5c\u54c1\uff08\u5982\u97f3\u4e50\u6f14\u594f\u3001\u620f\u5267\u8868\u6f14\uff09\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5f97\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u91cd\u73b0<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u521b\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f3a\u52a0\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u548c\u65b0\u9c9c\u611f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                          • \n\t\t\u9274\u8d4f\u8bfe<\/span> (The Appreciation Lesson)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u65e8\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u8fa8\u522b\u548c\u6b23\u8d4f\u7279\u5b9a\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u7f8e\u3002\u6b65\u9aa4\u5305\u62ec\uff1a <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                              \n
                                            • \n\t\t\t\u51c6\u5907<\/span> (Preparation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8425\u9020\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5408\u9002\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u8eab\u4f53\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u4ecb\u7ecd\u65b0\u4f5c\u54c1\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u611f\u53d7\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5197\u957f\u7684\u4f20\u8bb0\u7ec6\u8282\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                            • \n\t\t\t\u5c55\u793a<\/span> (Presentation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5448\u73b0\u5e94\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u6574\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\u5c55\u793a\u3002\u968f\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u7406\u89e3\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u611f\u53d7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u5728\u7406\u89e3\uff08\u667a\u529b\uff09\u548c\u60c5\u611f\uff08\u60c5\u7eea\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                            • \n\t\t\t\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span> (Conclusion)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u4f46\u5e94\u5173\u6ce8\u5b66\u751f\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u5426\u613f\u610f\u80cc\u8bf5\u6216\u518d\u6b21\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e2a\u4f53\u3001\u5c0f\u7ec4\u548c\u73ed\u7ea7\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5<\/span> (Individual, Group, and Class Teaching Methods)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                              \n<\/h4>\n

                                              \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5e76\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • \n\t\t\u96c6\u4f53\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5<\/span> (Collective Methods)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u9057\u7559\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u73ed\u7ea7\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5747\u8d28\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u586b\u9e2d\u5f0f\u6559\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Chalk and
                                                \n talk<\/span>\uff09\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                              • \n\t\t\u6311\u6218<\/span> (Challenges)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8499\u53f0\u68ad\u5229\uff08<\/span>Montessori<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u5236\uff08<\/span>Dalton Plan<\/span>\uff09\u90fd\u5021\u5bfc<\/span>\u4e2a\u4f53\u5de5\u4f5c<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u5236\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5206\u914d\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u9879\u76ee\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>Project Method<\/span>\uff09\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u51b3\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u6253\u7834\u4f20\u7edf\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                              • \n\t\t\u4e2a\u4f53\u5de5\u4f5c\u6cd5<\/span> (Individual Work Methods)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6280\u80fd\u4e60\u5f97\uff08\u5982\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u4e66\u5199\u3001\u7b97\u672f\uff09\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6559\u5e08\u5bc6\u5207\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u8bb0\u5f55\u8fdb\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                              • \n\t\t\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5de5\u4f5c\u6cd5<\/span> (Group Work)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u6309\u80fd\u529b\u5206\u7ec4\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e2a\u4f53\u5b66\u4e60\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u9650\u5236\uff08\u5982\u9605\u8bfb\u7ec3\u4e60\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff09\u3002\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u4f5c\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                              • \n\t\t\u96c6\u4f53\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\u7684\u4ef7\u503c<\/span> (Value of Collective Methods)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u7b49<\/span>\u9f13\u821e\u4eba\u5fc3<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u6559\u5b66\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\uff0c\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7fa4\u4f53\u60c5\u611f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4ea7\u751f\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u5f53\u80fd\u591f\u8282\u7701\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7cbe\u529b\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u9650\u5236\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u6709\u6548\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u51c6\u5907<\/span> (The Teacher’s Preparation)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                                \n<\/h4>\n

                                                \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6307\u5bfc\u6559\u5e08\u5982\u4f55\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u8ba1\u5212\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • \n\t\t\u4e66\u9762\u7b14\u8bb0\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027<\/span> (Necessity of Written Notes)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u505a\u4e66\u9762\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5728\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u3002\u64b0\u5199\u7b14\u8bb0\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e<\/span>\u6f84\u6e05\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                • \n\t\t\u4e00\u822c\u6b65\u9aa4<\/span> (General Steps)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u89c4\u5212\u5e94\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span>1. <\/span>\u786e\u5b9a\u76ee\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\uff1b<\/span>2. <\/span>\u8bc4\u4f30\u60c5\u5883<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5b66\u751f\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u65e7\u77e5\u8bc6\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u672a\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u53ef\u7528\u8bbe\u65bd\uff09\uff1b<\/span>3. <\/span>\u5236\u5b9a\u6700\u4f73\u884c\u52a8\u65b9\u6848<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u8003\u8651\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\uff09\uff1b<\/span>4. <\/span>\u8be6\u7ec6\u5236\u5b9a\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                • \n\t\t\u8bfe\u7a0b\u51c6\u5907<\/span> (Preparing Courses of Lessons)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5e94\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65b9\u6cd5\u5355\u5143<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u800c\u975e\u5355\u4e2a\u8bfe\u65f6\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u8fdb\u884c\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u8fde\u8d2f\u6027\u548c\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                • \n\t\t\u8be6\u7ec6\u51c6\u5907<\/span> (Detailed Preparation)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • \n\t\t\t\u76ee\u6807<\/span> (Aim)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u660e\u786e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5355\u8bfe\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                                  • \n\t\t\t\u5bfc\u5165<\/span> (Introduction)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u9ad8\u6548\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u8fdb\u5165\u4e3b\u8981\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u56de\u987e\u6216\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                                  • \n\t\t\t\u53d1\u5c55<\/span> (Development)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6e05\u6670\u754c\u5b9a\u5b66\u751f\u5c06\u8981\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u653e\u5728<\/span>\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6750\u6599\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u548c\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                                  • \n\t\t\t\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span> (Conclusion)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u4e86\u4e4b\uff0c\u5e94\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6536\u5c3e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u603b\u7ed3\u3001\u63d0\u95ee\u6216\u5e03\u7f6e\u5e94\u7528\u7ec3\u4e60\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                  • \n\t\t\u4e66\u9762\u7b14\u8bb0\u683c\u5f0f<\/span> (Written Notes Format)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5efa\u8bae\u91c7\u7528<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u5bfc\u5165\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u7ed3\u8bba\u3001\u7b14\u8bb0<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u6807\u9898\u3002\u7b14\u8bb0\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u8bb0\u5f55\u884c\u653f\u7ec6\u8282\u548c\u5e08\u751f\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u54c1\u683c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span> (Character Development and Discipline)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                                    \n<\/h4>\n

                                                    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • \n\t\t\u54c1\u683c\u53d1\u5c55<\/span> (Character Development)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u54c1\u683c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e<\/span>\u884c\u4e3a\u52a8\u673a<\/span><\/strong>\u800c\u975e\u5916\u663e\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e<\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u4ece\u6743\u5a01\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u672c\u80fd\u51b2\u52a8\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8fbe\u5230\u53d7<\/span>\u7406\u60f3<\/span><\/strong>\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                    • \n\t\t\u5b9e\u7528\u63a8\u8bba<\/span> (Practical Corollaries)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u7eaa\u5f8b\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f<\/span>\u672c\u80fd\u51b2\u52a8\u7684\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u5e94\u5177\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u6027\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u5e94\u63d0\u4f9b\u5065\u5eb7\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u9f13\u52b1\u5b66\u751f\u627f\u62c5\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                    • \n\t\t\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e\u9f13\u52b1<\/span> (Rules and Encouragement)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u89c4\u7ae0\u5236\u5ea6\u5e94\u4ee5<\/span>\u79ef\u6781\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong>\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u5e76\u5c3d\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u81ea\u7136\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                    • \n\t\t\u8868\u626c\u4e0e\u8d23\u5907<\/span> (Praise and Blame)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u9700\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5e94\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u8bbd\u523a<\/span> (sarcasm)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                    • \n\t\t\u60e9\u7f5a<\/span> (Punishments)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u60e9\u7f5a\u5e94\u4ee5<\/span>\u77eb\u6b63<\/span><\/strong>\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u62a5\u590d\u6216\u673a\u68b0\u5f0f\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                    • \n\t\t\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span> (Discipline and Order)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a<\/span>\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Order<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u5f00\u5c55\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b<\/span>\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Discipline<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u81ea\u613f\u987a\u4ece\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u7eaa\u5f8b\u662f<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u6388\u4e88\u5b66\u751f\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u72af\u9519\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u5f15\u5bfc\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                    • \n\t\t\u73ed\u7ea7\u7ba1\u7406<\/span> (Class Management)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u521d\u4efb\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u7ef4\u6301\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u4fdd\u6301\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u7684<\/span>\u5174\u8da3<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5e94\u9075\u5faa\u5e76\u9010\u6b65\u6539\u8fdb\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u73ed\u7ea7\u60ef\u4f8b\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u51c6\u65f6\u548c\u6574\u6d01\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u5e08<\/span> (The Teacher)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
                                                      \n<\/h4>\n

                                                      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u6210\u529f\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u6211\u6279\u5224\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • \n\t\t\u6559\u5b66\u6548\u7387<\/span> (Teaching Efficiency)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u96be\u4ee5\u5ba2\u89c2\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u54c1\u683c\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u654f\u611f\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5355\u4e00\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6559\u5b66\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4eba\u683c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                      • \n\t\t\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u4e2a\u6027<\/span> (The Teacher’s Personality)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6700\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5177\u5907\u67d0\u4e9b\u5929\u8d4b\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u672c\u8272<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                      • \n\t\t\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7279\u8d28<\/span> (Qualities for Success)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • \n\t\t\t\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span> (Leadership)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                                        • \n\t\t\t\u5176\u4ed6\u6c14\u8d28\u7279\u5f81<\/span> (Other Temperamental Characteristics)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u7ec6\u5fc3\uff08<\/span>carefulness<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\uff08<\/span>initiative<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u6bc5\u529b\uff08<\/span>persistence<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u793e\u4ea4\u80fd\u529b\uff08<\/span>sociability<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u5e7d\u9ed8\u611f\uff08<\/span>sense of humour<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8bfe\u5802\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                        • \n\t\t\u804c\u4e1a\u98ce\u8303<\/span> (Professional Manner)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6ce8\u610f\u9762\u90e8\u8868\u60c5\uff08\u5e94\u79ef\u6781\u3001\u5f00\u6717\uff09\u548c\u7740\u88c5\u3002<\/span>\u8a00\u8bed<\/span><\/strong>\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5e94\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u52a8\u542c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u6c34\u5e73\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                        • \n\t\t\u81ea\u6211\u6279\u5224<\/span> (Self-Criticism)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u5b66\u827a\u672f\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u8bc4\u4f30\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u540e\u7eed\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                        • \n\t\t\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span> (Conclusion)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u524d\u666f\u5e7f\u9614\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u7cbe\u529b\u4e8e\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span>\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8981\u7d20\u7efc\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u827a\u672f\u5bb6<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5c06\u521b\u9020\u6027\u51b2\u52a8\u5145\u5206\u8868\u8fbe\u5728\u670d\u52a1\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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