{"id":1517,"date":"2025-10-28T06:37:01","date_gmt":"2025-10-27T22:37:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1517"},"modified":"2025-10-28T06:37:01","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T22:37:01","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%8e%b0%e4%bb%a3%e8%af%ad%e9%9f%b3%e8%ae%ad%e7%bb%83%ef%bc%9a%e5%85%ab%e4%b8%aa%e9%94%99%e8%af%af%e6%b3%95%e3%80%8b-modern-speech-training%ef%bc%9athe-eight-error-method","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1517","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u97f3\u8bad\u7ec3\uff1a\u516b\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u6cd5\u300b Modern Speech Training\uff1aThe eight Error Method"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660167<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u97f3\u8bad\u7ec3\uff1a\u516b\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u6cd5\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tModern Speech Training\uff1a<\/strong><\/u><\/span>The eight
\nError Method<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tB.
\nLumsden Milne<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u64b0\u5199\u7684 <\/span>\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u97f3\u8bad\u7ec3\uff1a\u516b\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u6cd5\u300b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u4e8e<\/span> 1954 <\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9 <\/span>\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u3001\u722a\u54c7\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u7f05\u7538\u3001\u9521\u5170\u3001\u4e1c\u975e\u548c\u897f\u975e\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b<\/span><\/strong> \u7b49\u5730\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u77eb\u6b63\u82f1\u8bed\u53d1\u97f3\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u57fa\u4e8e\u4f5c\u8005\u591a\u5e74\u5728\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u8bc6\u522b\u4e86 <\/span>\u516b\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u9519\u8bef\u9886\u57df<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u957f\u5143\u97f3\u3001\u53cc\u5143\u97f3\u3001\u91cd\u97f3\u548c\u8bed\u8c03\uff09\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 <\/span>\u8bed\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7<\/span><\/strong> \u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b <\/span>\u7ec3\u4e60<\/span><\/strong> \u6765\u7ea0\u6b63\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8f85\u97f3\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\u4ee5\u53ca <\/span>\u58f0\u95e8\u585e\u97f3<\/span><\/strong> \u7684\u4e0d\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u524d\u8a00\u548c\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86 <\/span>\u52e4\u594b\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8046\u542c\u548c\u53cd\u590d\u7ec3\u4e60<\/span><\/strong> \u5bf9\u53d6\u5f97\u826f\u597d\u53e3\u8bed\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6982\u89c8\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u97f3\u8bad\u7ec3\uff1a\u516b\u5927\u9519\u8bef\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\u7531 <\/span>B. Lumsden Milne<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span> 1951 <\/span>\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u591a\u5e74\u5728\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u70ed\u60c5\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u5c06\u82f1\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5916\u8bed\u5b66\u4e60\u5e76\u5e0c\u671b\u8bf4\u5f97\u6d41\u5229\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u548c\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u9762\u5411\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u3001\u722a\u54c7\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u7f05\u7538\u3001\u9521\u5170\u3001\u4e1c\u975e\u548c\u897f\u975e\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u53d1\u97f3\u4e2d\u5e38\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4e66\u540d\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516b\u5927\u9519\u8bef\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6307\u7684\u662f\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u7ea0\u6b63\u516b\u79cd\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5c31\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u8bed\u97f3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8981\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5fc5\u987b\u505a\u5230\u4e09\u70b9\uff1a<\/span>\u601d\u8003\uff08<\/span>Think<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u503e\u542c\uff08<\/span>Listen<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u5927\u58f0\u7ec3\u4e60\uff08<\/span>Practise Aloud<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/p>\n
\n

\t<\/span>\n<\/div>\n

\n\t\u5185\u5bb9\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0e\u7ae0\u8282\u8bc4\u8ff0<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u56f4\u7ed5\u516b\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u9519\u8bef\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u5e76\u8f85\u4ee5\u97f3\u6807\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u7efc\u5408\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u7ae0\u8282\u540d\u79f0<\/span> (Contents)<\/span><\/b>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5<\/span> (Key Concepts)<\/span><\/b>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tForeword \/ A Letter to You \/ What We have
\n to do<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u7eea\u8bba\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u6001\u5ea6\u3001\u516b\u5927\u9519\u8bef\u5217\u8868<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Beginning \/ How to use Phonetics<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u8bed\u97f3\u5b66\u7b26\u53f7\uff08\u97f3\u6807\uff09\u5165\u95e8\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t1. Long Vowels<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u7ea0\u6b63\u5e38\u5143\u97f3\u53d1\u97f3\u8fc7\u77ed\u7684\u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t2. Diphthongs<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u7ea0\u6b63\u53cc\u5143\u97f3\u53d1\u97f3\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u6216\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5931\u8c03\u7684\u9519\u8bef<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t3. Other Vowels<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u7ea0\u6b63\u6613\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u77ed\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u4e2d\u5143\u97f3<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t4. Consonants<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u7ea0\u6b63\u8f85\u97f3\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6e05\u8f85\u97f3\u548c\u6d4a\u8f85\u97f3\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t5. The Glottal Stop<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u7ea0\u6b63\u58f0\u95e8\u585e\u97f3\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t6. Syllable Stress, Word Stress, Strong
\n and Weak Form<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u7ea0\u6b63\u91cd\u97f3\u4f4d\u7f6e\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u5f3a\u5f0f\u548c\u5f31\u5f0f\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t7. Rhythm<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u5b66\u4e60\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u8282\u594f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6563\u6587\u548c\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u8282\u594f<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t8. Intonation<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u5b66\u4e60\u8bed\u8c03\u7684\u5347\u964d\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u610f\u601d\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u4f20\u8fbe<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tConclusion \/ Appendix A & B<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u603b\u7ed3\u3001\u97f3\u6807\u8f6c\u5f55\u7ec3\u4e60\u7b54\u6848\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u6307\u5357<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\n\t\u524d\u671f\u51c6\u5907\uff1a\u97f3\u6807\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/span> (How to use Phonetics)<\/span>
\n<\/h4>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u62fc\u5199\u6765\u6b63\u786e\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u6216\u4e00\u7ec4\u5b57\u6bcd\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 <\/span>rough<\/span><\/em>, <\/span>cough<\/span><\/em>, <\/span>though<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u7684 <\/span>ough<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u53d1\u97f3\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u6b8a\u7b26\u53f7<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u97f3\u6807\uff08<\/span>phonetic
\nsymbols<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u6765\u8868\u793a\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u53ea\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u4e2a\u58f0\u97f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5efa\u8bae\u5b66\u751f\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e00\u672c\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u7ec3\u4e60\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u65f6\u5c06\u97f3\u6807\u8868\u94fa\u5728\u684c\u4e0a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6b7b\u8bb0\u786c\u80cc\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u97f3\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5728\u8f6c\u5f55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5fc5\u987b\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u5fd8\u8bb0\u62fc\u5199<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u5c06\u5355\u8bcd\u5206\u89e3\u6210\u58f0\u97f3<\/span><\/strong> (e.g., <\/span>platform<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a<\/span> p l \u00e6 t f <\/span>\u0254\uff1a<\/span> m)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u7528\u7b26\u53f7\u4ee3\u66ff\u58f0\u97f3<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u4e66\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5b57\u6bcd <\/span>c<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u548c <\/span>x<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u88ab\u7701\u7565\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u6df7\u6dc6\uff08<\/span>c <\/span>\u6709\u65f6\u53d1<\/span> \/s\/ <\/span>\u6216<\/span> \/k\/ <\/span>\u7684\u97f3\uff0c<\/span>x <\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f<\/span> \/k\/ <\/span>\u548c<\/span> \/s\/ <\/span>\u4e24\u4e2a\u97f3\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t1. <\/span>\u957f\u5143\u97f3<\/span> (Long Vowels)<\/span>
    \n<\/h4>\n

    \n\t\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5e38\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u662f<\/span>\u5c06\u957f\u5143\u97f3\u7f29\u77ed<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <\/span>shot<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u548c <\/span>short<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u5927\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u7ea0\u6b63\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5728\u97f3\u6807\u4e2d\uff0c\u957f\u97f3\u7b26\uff08<\/span>colon, :<\/span>\uff09\u88ab\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u77ed\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u58f0\u97f3\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u62c9\u957f\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5efa\u8bae\u5b66\u751f\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u79d2\u8868\u6765\u7ec3\u4e60\u957f\u97f3\u6301\u7eed\u4e24\u79d2\u949f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u7ec3\u4e60\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86<\/span> \/i<\/span>\u02d0<\/span>\/<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\/<\/span>\u0254\u02d0<\/span>\/<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\/<\/span>\u025c\u02d0<\/span>\/<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\/u<\/span>\u02d0<\/span>\/ <\/span>\u548c<\/span> \/a<\/span>\u02d0<\/span>\/ <\/span>\u7b49\u957f\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u7ec3\u4e60\u8bcd\u6c47\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t2. <\/span>\u53cc\u5143\u97f3<\/span> (Diphthongs)<\/span>
      \n<\/h4>\n

      \n\t\u53cc\u5143\u97f3\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5982<\/span> \/ei\/ <\/span>\u7531<\/span> \/e\/ <\/span>\u548c<\/span> \/i\/ <\/span>\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u7ea0\u6b63\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5fc5\u987b\u8bb0\u4f4f\u53cc\u5143\u97f3\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u4f46<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u58f0\u97f3\u957f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u58f0\u97f3\u77ed<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6574\u4e2a\u53cc\u5143\u97f3\u662f\u957f\u97f3\uff0c\u4f46<\/span>\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u957f\u97f3\u7b26\u53f7\uff08<\/span>:<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u91cd\u70b9\u63d0\u9192\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7ec3\u4e60\u65f6\u5e94\u5148\u5355\u72ec\u7ec3\u4e60\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u97f3\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t3. <\/span>\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u97f3<\/span> (Other Vowels)<\/span>
        \n<\/h4>\n

        \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u91cd\u70b9\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e24\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e2d\u7b49\u957f\u5ea6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5143\u97f3<\/span> \/\u00e6\/<\/span>\uff08\u5982 <\/span>man<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u548c<\/span> \/e\/<\/span>\uff08\u5982 <\/span>men<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u9519\u8bef\u503e\u5411\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5b66\u751f\u7ecf\u5e38\u5c06<\/span> \/e\/ <\/span>\u53d1\u6210<\/span> \/\u00e6\/<\/span>\uff0c\u4e14\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u7f29\u77ed\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u7ea0\u6b63\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u53d1<\/span> \/\u00e6\/ <\/span>\u65f6\u5634\u5df4\u5e94\u8be5\u5f20\u5f97\u6bd4<\/span> \/e\/ <\/span>\u66f4\u5f00<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8fd8\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u77ed<\/span> \/<\/span>\u026a<\/span>\/<\/span>\uff08\u5982 <\/span>sit<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u77ed<\/span> \/<\/span>\u026a<\/span>\/ <\/span>\u4e0d\u88ab\u62c9\u957f\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5 <\/span>y<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u4e2d\uff08\u5982 <\/span>heavy<\/span><\/em>, <\/span>many<\/span><\/em><\/span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span>y<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u7684<\/span> \/<\/span>\u026a<\/span>\/ <\/span>\u97f3\u603b\u662f\u77ed\u97f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t4. <\/span>\u8f85\u97f3<\/span> (Consonants)<\/span>
          \n<\/h4>\n

          \n\t\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u8f85\u97f3\u4e0a\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e94\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \n\t\t\u6e05\u8f85\u97f3\u4e0e\u6d4a\u8f85\u97f3<\/span> (Sounded and whispered)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u624b\u6307\u653e\u5728\u5589\u90e8\uff08\u5589\u5934\uff09\u6765\u611f\u53d7\u58f0\u5e26\u662f\u5426\u632f\u52a8\uff08<\/span>zzzz<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u632f\u52a8\u4e3a\u6d4a\u97f3\uff0c<\/span>ssss<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u4e0d\u632f\u52a8\u4e3a\u6e05\u97f3\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          2. \n\t\t\u8bcd\u5c3e\u8f85\u97f3<\/span> (Final consonants)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5b66\u751f\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u7701\u7565\u8bcd\u5c3e\u8f85\u97f3\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8fc7\u5ea6\u53d1\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9001\u6c14<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>aspirating<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u3002\u89c4\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u5f53\u8bcd\u5c3e\u8f85\u97f3\u5728\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff08\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u547c\u5438\u7ec4\uff09\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9001\u6c14\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u95f4\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a<\/span>\u5e26\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          3. \n\t\t\/\u03b8\/ <\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span> \/\u00f0\/<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5e38\u5e38\u7528<\/span> \/s\/ <\/span>\u6216<\/span> \/z\/<\/span>\uff0c\u6216<\/span> \/t\/ <\/span>\u548c<\/span> \/d\/ <\/span>\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u8fd9\u4e9b\u97f3\u3002\u7ea0\u6b63\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u53d1\u97f3\u65f6\u820c\u5c16\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u4f38\u51fa\u7259\u9f7f\u4e4b\u5916<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          4. \n\t\t\/p\/ <\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span> \/f\/<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7279\u522b\u662f\u8bf4\u9a6c\u6765\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709<\/span> \/p\/<\/span>\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5e38\u6df7\u6dc6\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u97f3\u3002<\/span>\/p\/ <\/span>\u662f\u53cc\u5507\u5e76\u62e2\uff0c\u6c14\u606f\u7206\u7834\uff1b<\/span>\/f\/ <\/span>\u662f\u4e0a\u7259\u63a5\u89e6\u4e0b\u5507\uff0c\u6c14\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6301\u7eed\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          5. \n\t\t\/w\/ <\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span> \/v\/<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7279\u522b\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\uff0c\u5e38\u5c06<\/span> \/v\/ <\/span>\u53d1\u6210<\/span> \/w\/<\/span>\u3002\u7ea0\u6b63\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u53d1<\/span> \/v\/ <\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0a\u7259\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u89e6\u4e0b\u5507\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \n\t5. <\/span>\u58f0\u95e8\u585e\u97f3<\/span> (The Glottal Stop)<\/span>
            \n<\/h4>\n

            \n\t\u58f0\u95e8\u585e\u97f3\u662f\u6307\u5173\u95ed\u6c14\u7ba1\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u54b3\u55fd\u5f00\u59cb\u524d\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u786c\u97f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u9519\u8bef\u503e\u5411\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u5143\u97f3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u58f0\u95e8\u585e\u97f3\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b66\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5728\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u5143\u97f3\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u8bcd\u524d\u9762\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u58f0\u95e8\u585e\u97f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u7ea0\u6b63\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4ee5\u5143\u97f3\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u8bcd<\/span>\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u524d\u9762\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f85\u97f3\u4e0a<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u201cthe\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f3a\u8c03 <\/span>the<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff1a\u5728\u5143\u97f3\u524d\u53d1 <\/span>di<\/span><\/strong> (\/\u00f0i\/)<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u8f85\u97f3\u524d\u53d1 <\/span>da<\/span><\/strong> (\/\u00f0<\/span>\u0259<\/span>\/)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u505c\u987f\u89c4\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6700\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u53ea\u5728\u6807\u70b9\u7b26\u53f7\u5904\u505c\u987f\u3002\u5728\u547c\u5438\u7ec4\u5185\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u5438\u6c14\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u58f0\u95e8\u585e\u97f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t6. <\/span>\u97f3\u8282\u91cd\u97f3\u3001\u5355\u8bcd\u91cd\u97f3\u3001\u5f3a\u5f0f\u548c\u5f31\u5f0f<\/span> (Syllable
              \nStress, Word Stress, Strong and Weak Form)<\/span>
              \n<\/h4>\n
                \n
              1. \n\t\t\u97f3\u8282\u91cd\u97f3\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5728\u591a\u97f3\u8282\u8bcd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u97f3\u8282\u53d1\u5f97<\/span>\u957f\u5ea6\u76f8\u7b49<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c06\u91cd\u97f3\u653e\u5728\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u97f3\u8282\u4e0a\u3002\u91cd\u97f3\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u5f97\u66f4\u6162\u3001\u66f4\u5927\u58f0\u3002\u91cd\u97f3\u9519\u8bef\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u8bcd\u4e49\uff08\u5982 <\/span>conduct<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u4f5c\u540d\u8bcd\u548c\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              2. \n\t\t\u5355\u8bcd\u91cd\u97f3\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5728\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u8bcd\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u8bfb\u3002\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u91cd\u97f3\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5efa\u8bae\u901a\u8fc7\u6717\u8bf5\u8bd7\u6b4c\u5e76\u7528\u624b\u6307\u6572\u51fb\u8282\u594f\u6765\u7ec3\u4e60\u91cd\u97f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              3. \n\t\t\u5f3a\u5f0f\u548c\u5f31\u5f0f\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8bb8\u591a\u8bcd\u6709\u5f3a\u5f0f<\/span> (Strong form) <\/span>\u548c\u5f31\u5f0f<\/span> (Weak form)<\/span>\u3002\u89c4\u5219\u662f\uff1a<\/span>\u9664\u975e\u88ab\u91cd\u8bfb\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e00\u5f8b\u4f7f\u7528\u5f31\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u5305\u62ec <\/span>am,
                \n is, were, can, he, of, to<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u7b49\u8bcd\u7684\u5f3a\u5f0f\u548c\u5f31\u5f0f\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \n\t7. <\/span>\u8282\u594f<\/span> (Rhythm)<\/span>
                \n<\/h4>\n

                \n\t\u8282\u594f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5355\u8bcd\u91cd\u97f3\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8bd7\u6b4c\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cd\u97f3\u662f\u89c4\u5219\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u6563\u6587\uff08\u65e5\u5e38\u8bf4\u8bdd\u6216\u9605\u8bfb\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cd\u97f3\u662f<\/span>\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u4f46\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n\t\t\u8bad\u7ec3\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8282\u594f\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6309\u56db\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u8fdb\u884c\uff1a<\/span>(i) <\/span>\u6807\u8bb0\u547c\u5438\u7ec4\uff0c<\/span>(ii) <\/span>\u5f3a\u8c03\u91cd\u97f3\uff0c<\/span>(iii) <\/span>\u5c06\u4ee5\u5143\u97f3\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u8bcd\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f85\u97f3\u4e0a\uff08\u8fde\u97f3\uff09\uff0c<\/span>(iv) <\/span>\u8f6c\u5f55\u6210\u97f3\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\t8. <\/span>\u8bed\u8c03<\/span> (Intonation)<\/span>
                  \n<\/h4>\n

                  \n\t\u8bed\u8c03\u662f\u6839\u636e\u53e5\u5b50\u542b\u4e49\u63d0\u9ad8\u6216\u964d\u4f4e\u97f3\u9ad8\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u9519\u8bef\u7684\u8bed\u8c03\u53ef\u80fd\u4f20\u8fbe\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5e76\u4f1a\u4f7f\u516c\u5171\u6f14\u8bb2\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u8f6f\u5f31\u65e0\u529b\u6216\u4e0d\u771f\u8bda\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u5173\u952e\u533a\u522b\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8bed\u8c03\uff08<\/span>Pitch<\/span>\uff0c\u97f3\u9ad8\uff09\u4e0e\u97f3\u91cf\uff08<\/span>Volume<\/span>\uff0c\u54cd\u5ea6\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u7591\u95ee\u53e5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u662f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5426<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u5728\u53e5\u672b\u63d0\u9ad8\u97f3\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u9648\u8ff0\u53e5<\/span>\/<\/span>\u975e\u662f<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5426\u7591\u95ee\u53e5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5728\u53e5\u672b\u964d\u4f4e\u97f3\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u8bed\u8c03\u5cf0\u503c\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u627e\u5230\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u542b\u4e49\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u8bcd\uff0c\u5c06\u97f3\u9ad8\u5cf0\u503c\u653e\u5728\u8be5\u8bcd\u7684\u91cd\u8bfb\u97f3\u8282\u4e0a\u3002\u6539\u53d8\u8bed\u8c03\u5cf0\u503c\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u6539\u53d8\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff08\u5982 <\/span>John
                      \n drove the car into the ditch<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u91cd\u97f3\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \n\t\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0e\u9644\u5f55<\/span> (Conclusion and Appendices)<\/span>
                      \n<\/h4>\n

                      \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u603b\u7ed3\u4e2d\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8981\u8fbe\u5230\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u82f1\u8bed\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u9700\u8981<\/span>\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u529b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u575a\u6301\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u64cd\u573a\u548c\u5bb6\u91cc<\/span>\u59cb\u7ec8\u5982\u4e00\u5730<\/span><\/strong>\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u65e7\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002\u4ec5\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u79bb\u6821\u5c31\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u6240\u6709\u76ca\u5904\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n\t\u9644\u5f55<\/span> A <\/span>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7ec3\u4e60\u7684\u97f3\u6807\u8f6c\u5f55\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u6838\u5bf9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n\t\u9644\u5f55<\/span> B <\/span>\u662f\u6559\u5e08\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6559\u5e08\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u672c\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u743c\u65af<\/span> (Daniel Jones) <\/span>\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u8bed\u53d1\u97f3\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u575a\u6301\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u5e38\u89c4\uff0c\u5e76\u575a\u6301\u91cd\u590d\u7684<\/span>\u96c6\u4f53\u5927\u58f0\u7ec3\u4e60<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u6559\u5e08\u5fc5\u987b\u5927\u58f0\u6392\u7ec3\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u6717\u8bfb\u7684\u8bfe\u6587\u3001\u7ec3\u4e60\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b66\u751f\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u8bfe\u5916\u8bfb\u7269\u4e2d\u6807\u6ce8\u91cd\u97f3\u548c\u8fde\u97f3\uff0c\u5e76\u6572\u51fb\u8282\u594f\u8fdb\u884c\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t