{"id":1514,"date":"2025-10-28T06:34:43","date_gmt":"2025-10-27T22:34:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1514"},"modified":"2025-10-28T06:34:43","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T22:34:43","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%8e%b0%e4%bb%a3%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e7%90%86%e8%ae%ba%e3%80%8b-modern-educational-theories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1514","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u300b Modern Educational Theories"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0166<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba<\/u><\/span><\/strong>\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tModern Educational Theories<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a<\/span>\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u300b\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u5982\u4f55\u9002\u5e94<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u6210\u719f\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\u5176\u5728<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u660e\u786e\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/strong>\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684<\/span>\u5185\u90e8\u77db\u76fe<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u76f2\u76ee\u8ddf\u98ce<\/span><\/strong>\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u6587\u672c\u91cd\u70b9\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5f53\u524d\u6559\u80b2\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f<\/span>\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6784\u5efa<\/span><\/strong>\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9<\/span>\u804c\u4e1a\u6548\u7387<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u6790\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u9879\u76ee\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5<\/span>\u667a\u529b\u6d4b\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53ca\u5176\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\u5fc5\u987b\u8d85\u8d8a\u5355\u7eaf\u7684<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u5206\u6790<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u673a\u68b0\u4e60\u60ef\u517b\u6210<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u57f9\u517b<\/span>\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7ef4<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65<\/span><\/strong>\u7684<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u5bfc\u8bba<\/span> (PART I. INTRODUCTION)<\/span>
\n<\/h2>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f20\u7edf<\/span> (The American Tradition of Democracy)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5185\u6db5\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u91cd\u5851\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span>\u5728\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u4e92\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6210\u5458\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u548c\u8c03\u6574\u3002<\/span>Bode <\/span>\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u5f0f\u6587\u5316\u89c2\u5ff5\uff08\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u5b9e\u7528\u4e8b\u52a1\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u53d7\u8fc7\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u9700\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4ece\u4e8b\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\u5219\u89c6\u91ce\u72ed\u9698\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u5e94\u662f\u7ef4\u6301\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u6301\u7eed\u671d\u7740\u66f4\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u91cd\u5851\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6784\u5efa\u7406\u8bba<\/span> (PART II. THEORIES OF CURRICULUM CONSTRUCTION)<\/span>
\n<\/h2>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5236\u5b9a\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u9700\u6c42<\/span> (The Need of Orientation in Curriculum
\nMaking)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4ece\u8d35\u65cf\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u5b66\u6821\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u91cd\u7ec4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5bf9\u5c0f\u5b66<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e30\u5bcc\u751f\u6d3b\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u804c\u4e1a\u6216\u51c6\u804c\u4e1a\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u4efb\u52a1\u662f<\/span>\u9610\u660e\u548c\u5f62\u6210\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u8574\u542b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u4ee5\u675c\u5a01\uff08<\/span>John Dewey<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5176\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e30\u5bcc\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u505a\u51c6\u5907<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u6539\u9769\u8fd0\u52a8\u5bb9\u6613\u8d70\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5f3a\u8c03\u513f\u7ae5\u5174\u8da3\u800c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u6216\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5173\u6ce8\u4e3a\u6210\u4eba\u7279\u5b9a\u804c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u5e94\u5bf9\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u5b66\u79d1\u6750\u6599\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7406\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span> (Logical and Psychological Organization
\nof Subject Matter)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u65e8\u5728\u534f\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u9700\u6c42\uff1a\u804c\u4e1a\u6548\u7387\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u53d1\u73b0\u4e2a\u4f53\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u63d0\u4f9b\u79cd\u65cf\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u79d1\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u7f16\u5e74\u4f53\uff09\u5448\u73b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6210\u679c\u6216\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6f14\u7ece\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\u3002<\/span>\u5fc3\u7406\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span><\/strong>\u5219\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5165\u624b\u3002<\/span>Bode <\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u4fdd\u969c\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u672a\u6765\u6210\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u5fc3\u7406\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7eb2\u9886\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u8f6c\u578b\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5236\u5b9a\u4e0e\u610f\u89c1\u4e00\u81f4<\/span> (Curriculum Making and Consensus of Opinion)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u610f\u89c1\u4e00\u81f4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>consensus of opinion<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5177\u4f53\u76ee\u6807<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>specific objectives<\/span>\uff09\u53d6\u4ee3\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6279\u8bc4\u9c8d\u6bd4\u7279\uff08<\/span>Bobbitt<\/span>\uff09\u4f9d\u8d56<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ecf\u8fc7\u826f\u597d\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e14\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5224\u65ad\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u5177\u4f53\u80fd\u529b\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span>Bode <\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8981\u4e48\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u504f\u89c1\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c<\/span>\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8c03\u67e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\u4eba\u4eec<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6301\u7eed\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6559\u80b2\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u9759\u6001\u800c\u975e\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5236\u5b9a\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u5206\u6790\u6cd5<\/span> (Curriculum Making and the Method of Job
\nAnalysis)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u5de5\u4f5c\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>Job Analysis<\/span>\uff09\u6700\u521d\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5de5\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u719f\u7ec3\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u780c\u7816\uff09\u6765\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u8bad\u7ec3\u65b0\u624b\u3002\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u6790<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Activity Analysis<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u6240\u9700\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u7406\u60f3\u548c\u54c1\u683c\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u627f\u8ba4\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u53cd\u5bf9\u5176\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9a\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u6216\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u660e\u786e\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5206\u6790\u65e8\u5728\u91cd\u590d\uff1b\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9700\u8981<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u654f\u9510\u5224\u65ad\u529b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5219\u9700\u8981<\/span>\u601d\u8003\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u91cd\u5efa\u7406\u60f3<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u751f\u6d3b\u89c6\u4e3a\u7531\u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6d3b\u52a8\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u76ee\u6807\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba<\/span>\u201d (The
\n“Sociological Determination” of Objectives)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u4ee5\u65af\u5185\u767b\uff08<\/span>David Snedden<\/span>\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u751f\u4ea7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u6548\u505a\u4e8b\uff0c\u4fa7\u91cd\u6280\u672f\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u82e6\u5dee\u4e8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5b66\u79d1\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d88\u8d39<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u6b23\u8d4f\uff0c\u4fa7\u91cd\u5174\u8da3\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9ad8\u7ea7\u73a9\u4e50<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5b66\u79d1\uff09\u3002<\/span>Bode <\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5212\u5206\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u590d\u8ff0\u53e4\u8001\u7684<\/span>\u8d35\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u4f11\u95f2\u9636\u7ea7\uff09\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u878d\u5408\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u622a\u7136\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65af\u5185\u767b\u901a\u8fc7\u8bc9\u8bf8<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u5a01\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5224\u65ad<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6765\u786e\u5b9a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u597d\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6d88\u8d39\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u518d\u6b21\u5c06\u76ee\u6807\u786e\u5b9a\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u610f\u89c1\u4e00\u81f4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u51b3\u5b9a\u6216\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5<\/span> (The Project Method)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>Project Method<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b58\u5728\u6df7\u6dc6\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u5b66\u751f\u6001\u5ea6\uff09\u3002\u5176\u6700\u521d\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u519c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u9644\u5e26\u6027\u5b66\u4e60<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>instrumental or incidental learning<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u5b66\u4e60\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fbe\u6210\u5373\u65f6\u5b9e\u7528\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9644\u5e26\u6027\u5b66\u4e60\u56fa\u7136\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u8fc7\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u8fde\u7eed\u3001\u968f\u610f\u548c\u5076\u7136<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u4ee3\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/span>Bode <\/span>\u968f\u540e\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u9ea6\u514b\u9ed8\u91cc\uff08<\/span>McMurry<\/span>\uff09\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6559\u5b66\u5355\u5143<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u7a7a\u6d1e\u548c\u6b66\u65ad\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u514b\u5c14\u5e15\u7279\u91cc\u514b\uff08<\/span>Kilpatrick<\/span>\uff09\u5c06\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6700\u7ec8\u6559\u5e08\u4ecd\u9700\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u8bc9\u8bf8\u5f3a\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9884\u5148\u9009\u5b9a\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u59ff\u6001\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u65b0\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span> (PART III. THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING)<\/span>
\n<\/h2>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u65b0\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span> (Scientific Method and the New Psychology)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\uff08\u89e3\u653e\u667a\u6167\uff09\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u5b98\u80fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u8d6b\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\u5b66\u6d3e\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span>Behaviorism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u673a\u68b0\u4e60\u60ef\uff08\u523a\u6fc0\u4e0e\u53cd\u5e94\uff09\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u667a\u6167\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u91cd\u70b9\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u6851\u4ee3\u514b\uff08<\/span>Thorndike<\/span>\uff09\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u4e60\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5206\u6790\u548c\u9009\u62e9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>analysis and
\nselection<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u5c06\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e94\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u89c6\u4e3a\u9884\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u60c5\u5883\u5143\u7d20<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53cd\u5e94\u5143\u7d20<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5f3a\u5316\u3002<\/span>Bode <\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u7b80\u5316\uff0c\u5b83<\/span>\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u601d\u8003\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7efc\u5408<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6784\u5efa<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6210\u5206<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u673a\u68b0\u4e60\u60ef\u517b\u6210\uff0c\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0e\u601d\u8003<\/span> (Habit and Thinking)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5145\u5206\u7684\u667a\u6167\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5b83\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u5c06\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0e\u5fc3\u667a\u4e25\u683c\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/span>Bode <\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4e60\u60ef\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7075\u6d3b\u7684<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u53cd\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u590d\u5408\u4f53<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u5185\u5728\u51b2\u52a8\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u3002\u601d\u8003\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span><\/strong>\u5bfb\u627e\u548c\u68c0\u9a8c\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u91cd\u7ec4\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>**<\/span>\u3002\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u80fd\u4f7f\u884c\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\uff08<\/span>transfer of training<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u667a\u6167\u662f\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\uff0c\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u57f9\u517b\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u6807\u5728\u4e8e\u57f9\u517b\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u65e7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u91cd\u6784\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u7b26\u5408\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\uff08\u5171\u4eab\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e2a\u6027\uff09\u7684\u65b0\u6001\u5ea6\u548c\u65b0\u4e60\u60ef\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3<\/span> (PART IV. EDUCATION AND THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL)<\/span>
\n<\/h2>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span> (The Democratic Movement in Education)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7f6e\u4e8e\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u656c\u610f\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u5b66\u672f\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u8d35\u65cf\u5f0f\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u6559\u80b2\u8981\u6c42\u4e2a\u4f53\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\u5e94\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\u5e76\u521b\u9020\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u675f\u7f1a\u4e8e\u9884\u5b9a\u7684\u8f68\u9053\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6559\u80b2\u672a\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u9677\u5165\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u80fd\u8131\u79bb\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u672a\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u670d\u4ece\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u79ef\u7d2f\u8f6c\u5411<\/span>\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u3001\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u548c\u601d\u8003\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u57f9\u517b<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7406\u60f3<\/span> (The Ideal of Culture in a Democratic
\nCommunity)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u5316<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u65b0\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7406\u60f3\uff08\u8d35\u65cf\u5f0f\u3001\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u5206\u79bb\uff09\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u8981\u6c42\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u6587\u5316\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u62e5\u6709<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u662f\u6307\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5c55\u5176\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u65ad\u91cd\u7ec4\u5176\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u9002\u5e94\u548c\u63a8\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u8981\u6c42\u5c06\u804c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7528\u4f5c\u793e\u4f1a\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u8003\u548c\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span> (Scientific Method and Higher Education)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f17\u5170\u80af\u65af\u5766<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Frankenstein<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff08\u5982\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u88ab<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u6027\u5316<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8f6c\u800c\u4f24\u5bb3\u521b\u9020\u8005\u3002\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u7ec4\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7075\u9b42<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b66\u751f\u666e\u904d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u77e5\u8bc6\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u667a\u529b\u4e0a\u7684\u8ba4\u771f\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u80b2\u672a\u80fd\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u524d\u666f\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u662f<\/span>\u5b9e\u73b0\u7cbe\u795e\u91cd\u751f<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\uff08\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u3001\u7eaa\u5f8b\u6027\uff09\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u5bf9\u771f\u7406\u7684<\/span>\u70ed\u5207\u5174\u8da3<\/span><\/strong>\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\u624d\u80fd\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u4e0e\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2<\/span> (Specialization versus General Education)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u7edf\u4e00\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0e\u5206\u5316\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u51b2\u7a81\u662f\u53e4\u8001\u7684<\/span>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5f0f\u6587\u5316\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u5eb8\u4fd7\u804c\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u4e4b\u95f4\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u5b66\u672f\u4e13\u5bb6\uff1a\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff08\u5bf9\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u672f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u6027\u5927\u4e8e\u4eba\u6027\u5316\uff09\u548c\u5c06\u4e13\u4e1a\u5174\u8da3\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u8981\u6c42\u57f9\u517b\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5e7f\u9614\u4eba\u7c7b\u5174\u8da3\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u804c\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\u53ef\u4ee5\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\u4ecd\u9700\u8981\u5404\u79cd<\/span>\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u63a2\u7a76\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u548c\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6297\u65b0\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42\u66b4\u653f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u5fc3\u667a\u6d4b\u9a8c\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u610f\u4e49<\/span> (The Educational Significance of Mental
\nTests)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5fc3\u667a\u6d4b\u9a8c\uff08<\/span>mental tests<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5168\u56fd\u5e73\u5747\u667a\u529b\u5e74\u9f84\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6559\u80b2\u6216\u5efa\u7acb<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u547c\u5401\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>educational determinism<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e<\/span>\u672a\u7ecf\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\u5047\u8bbe<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5373\u667a\u529b\u662f\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u6539\u53d8\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u91cf<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6d4b\u9a8c\u4e3b\u8981\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u662f<\/span>\u540e\u5929\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u667a\u529b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u5185\u5bb9\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6d4b\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8981\u6c42<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u6269\u5f20<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u8bba\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u9650\u5236\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5fc3\u667a\u6d4b\u9a8c\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u9700\u8981\u5e94\u5bf9\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u6784\u5efa\u6c11\u4e3b\u6240\u9700\u7684<\/span>\u5171\u540c\u6001\u5ea6\u548c\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u4e0a\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba<\/span> (Scientific Method and Educational Theory)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u6216\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u5b66\u9662\u4eba\u58eb\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6301\u8511\u89c6\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u65e9\u5df2\u7531\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u4e13\u5bb6\u786e\u5b9a\u3002<\/span>Bode <\/span>\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5728\u4e8e\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u7eb2\u9886\u6216\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u8bfb\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u8c03\u67e5\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5982\u4f55<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4f7f\u7528\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6307\u5bfc\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u76f2\u76ee\u548c\u65e0\u6548\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u9610\u660e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6307\u5bfc\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6709\u6548\u5e94\u7528\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t