{"id":1464,"date":"2025-10-27T05:25:18","date_gmt":"2025-10-26T21:25:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1464"},"modified":"2025-10-27T05:25:18","modified_gmt":"2025-10-26T21:25:18","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e8%87%aa%e5%ad%a6%e9%80%bb%e8%be%91%e3%80%8bteach-yourself%ef%bc%9alogic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1464","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u81ea\u5b66\u903b\u8f91\u300bTeach Yourself\uff1aLogic"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span><\/span>0159<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u81ea\u5b66\u903b\u8f91\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span>Teach Yourself<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\uff1a<\/strong><\/u><\/span>Logic<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u56f4\u7ed5<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bdd\u8bed\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\uff0c\u5e76\u7531<\/span>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7<\/span><\/strong>\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6587\u672c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u7684<\/span>\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong>\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u7814\u7a76\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u800c\u975e\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5b83\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5f62\u5f0f\u903b\u8f91\u7684<\/span>\u6838\u5fc3\u8981\u7d20<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u8bcd\u9879<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Terms<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u547d\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Propositions<\/span>\uff09\u53ca\u5176<\/span>\u6570\u91cf\u4e0e\u6027\u8d28<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Syllogism<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u683c\u4e0e\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u76f4\u63a5\u63a8\u7406<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Immediate
\nInference<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8d44\u6599\u8fd8\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u8c2c\u8bef<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Fallacies<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Induction<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u7b80\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86<\/span>\u7b26\u53f7\u903b\u8f91<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Symbolic Logic<\/span>\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u4e66\u8bc4\u662f\u6839\u636e<\/span>A. A. Luce<\/span>\u6240\u8457\u300a\u81ea\u5b66\u903b\u8f91\u300b\uff08<\/span>Teach
\nYourself Logic<\/span>\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u6574\u7406\u800c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u4f20\u6388\u4f20\u7edf\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e14\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5bf9\u57f9\u517b\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3001\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6bcd\u8bed\u8fd0\u7528\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u57f9\u517b\u4e13\u4e1a\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u9884\u5907\u6027\u5b66\u79d1<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>propaedeutic<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u901a\u8bc6\u6587\u5316\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u975e\u4e13\u4e1a\u5165\u95e8\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u903b\u8f91\u80fd\u591f\u6253\u5f00\u5fc3\u667a\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u4e4b\u95e8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u4f7f\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u8a00\u8bed\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u81ea\u89c9\u610f\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u7279\u522b\u4e3a\u81ea\u5b66\u8005\u63a8\u8350\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u9605\u8bfb\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5148\u638c\u63e1\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u521d\u59cb\u5b66\u4e60\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7565\u8bfb\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u96c6\u4e2d\u7cbe\u529b\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u548c\u4e94\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7684\u7cbe\u9009\u9875\u7801\uff08<\/span>12-18<\/span>\u9875\u3001<\/span>34-55<\/span>\u9875\u3001<\/span>64-95<\/span>\u9875\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u5f7b\u5e95\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u638c\u63e1\u9aa8\u67b6\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cbe\u9009\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u8db3\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\u547d\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\u7ed3\u6784\u7684<\/span>\u672f\u8bed<\/span><\/strong>\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u7ed3\u6784\u7684<\/span>\u547d\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u683c\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u89c4\u5219\u7684<\/span>\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u8fde\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e00\u65e6\u80fd\u591f\u8f7b\u677e\u8bc1\u660e\u683c\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5c31\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u518d\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u5f00\u59cb\u8fde\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb\u5168\u4e66\uff0c\u8865\u5145\u9996\u6b21\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u8df3\u8fc7\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff08\u5982\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5206\u7c7b\u548c\u975e\u76f4\u8a00\u547d\u9898\u7b49\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \n\t <\/p>\n
    \n

    \t<\/span>\n<\/div>\n

    \n\t\u8be6\u7ec6\u7ae0\u8282\u56de\u987e\u4e0e\u8bc4\u8bba<\/span><\/span>
    \n<\/h3>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5b66\u4e60<\/span> (The Study of Logic)<\/span>
    \n<\/h4>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u76ee\u7684\uff1a\u903b\u8f91\u6e90\u81ea\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed<\/span> $\\lambda \\text{\u00f3}\\gamma o\\varsigma$<\/span>\uff08\u8bdd\u8bed\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u95e8<\/span>\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u5b66\u79d1<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>a discipline of discourse<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u903b\u8f91\u8bad\u7ec3\u5fc3\u667a\u5f97\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u6307\u5bfc\u8fa9\u8bba\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u903b\u8f91\u662f<\/span>\u5f62\u5f0f\u903b\u8f91<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Formal
      \n Logic<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684<\/span>\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Form<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5185\u5bb9\u6216\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u7cbe\u786e\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u4e14\u6052\u5b9a\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u903b\u8f91\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206\u7b26\u5408\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684<\/span>\u771f\u7406<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Truth<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u7b26\u5408\u903b\u8f91\u89c4\u5219\u7684<\/span>\u6709\u6548\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Validity<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\u5173\u6ce8\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u9075\u5b88\uff0c\u5373\u8bba\u8bc1\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\uff08<\/span>valid<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u5426\u771f\u5b9e\uff08<\/span>true<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u4ef7\u503c\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5b66\u4e60\u903b\u8f91\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u4f7f\u601d\u7ef4\u3001\u8bf4\u8bdd\u548c\u5199\u4f5c\u83b7\u5f97<\/span>\u6e05\u6670\u6027\u3001\u7cbe\u786e\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u575a\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u9996\u8981\u6210\u679c\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff08<\/span>Consistency<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u907f\u514d\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u672f\u8bed<\/span> (Terms)<\/span>
      \n<\/h4>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u6784\u6210\u547d\u9898\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u672f\u8bed\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u672f\u8bed\u662f\u547d\u9898\u7684\u4e3b\u9879\u6216\u8c13\u9879\u3002\u672f\u8bed\u5177\u6709\u53cc\u91cd\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u5728<\/span>\u8a00\u8bed\u65b9\u9762<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u6307\u80fd\u72ec\u7acb\u5145\u5f53\u4e3b\u9879\u6216\u8c13\u9879\u7684\u8bcd\u6216\u8bcd\u7ec4\uff1b\u5728<\/span>\u5b9e\u5728\u65b9\u9762<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u6307\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9879\u6216\u8c13\u9879\u601d\u8003\u548c\u8c08\u8bba\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u5982\u4eba\u6216\u7269\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5206\u7c7b\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u672f\u8bed\u5206\u7c7b\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span>\u62bd\u8c61\u672f\u8bed<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u54c1\u8d28\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u5177\u4f53\u672f\u8bed<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4eba\u3001\u4e8b\u7269\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u5355\u79f0\u672f\u8bed<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u89c6\u4f5c\u5168\u79f0\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u666e\u901a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u666e\u904d\u672f\u8bed<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Common\/General<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u96c6\u5408\u672f\u8bed<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Collective<\/span>\uff09\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u80af\u5b9a\u672f\u8bed<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u5426\u5b9a\u672f\u8bed<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u7f3a\u5931\u672f\u8bed<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\u9884\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5185\u6db5\u4e0e\u5916\u5ef6\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5185\u6db5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Connotation\/Intension<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u672f\u8bed\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff1b<\/span>\u5916\u5ef6<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Denotation\/Extension<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u672f\u8bed\u6307\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6216\u7c7b\u522b\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<\/span>\u5185\u6db5\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5916\u5ef6\u7684\u51cf\u5c11<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u53cd\u5411\u53d8\u5316<\/span> Inverse Variation<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u5212\u5206\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u9648\u8ff0\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u5c5e<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Genus<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u79cd\u5dee<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Differentia<\/span>\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/span>\u5212\u5206<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Division<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5916\u5ef6\u548c\u6307\u79f0\u3002\u5212\u5206\u5fc5\u987b\u7a77\u5c3d\u3001\u5fc5\u987b\u5206\u660e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ea\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5212\u5206\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u547d\u9898<\/span> (Propositions)<\/span>
        \n<\/h4>\n

        \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u5143<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u547d\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u547d\u9898\u7531\u4e3b\u9879\uff08<\/span>Subject<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u8c13\u9879\uff08<\/span>Predicate<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u7cfb\u8bcd<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Copula<\/span>\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f<\/span>\u201cto be\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u6784\u6210\u3002\u7cfb\u8bcd\u662f\u8c13\u8ff0\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u547d\u9898\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u8bed\u53e5\u90fd\u662f\u547d\u9898\uff1b\u547d\u9898\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6807\u8bb0\u662f\u5b83\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u771f\u6216\u5047\u7684\u80fd\u529b<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u547d\u9898\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u51c6\u5907<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6210\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u8868\u8fbe\u91cf<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Quantity<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u8868\u8fbe\u7cfb\u8bcd<\/span><\/strong>\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u56db\u79cd\u6807\u51c6\u547d\u9898\uff08<\/span>A, E, I, O<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7ed3\u5408<\/span>\u8d28<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u80af\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5426\u5b9a\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u91cf<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5168\u79f0<\/span>\/<\/span>\u7279\u79f0\uff09\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u7c7b\u3002<\/span>A<\/span>\u548c<\/span>I<\/span>\u8868\u793a\u80af\u5b9a\uff08<\/span>Affirmo<\/span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span>E<\/span>\u548c<\/span>O<\/span>\u8868\u793a\u5426\u5b9a\uff08<\/span>Nego<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u5468\u5ef6\u6027\uff08<\/span>Distribution<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5468\u5ef6<\/span><\/strong>\u6307\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5916\u5ef6\u88ab\u547d\u9898\u6db5\u76d6\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            \n
          • \n\t\t\t\u4e3b\u9879\u7684\u5468\u5ef6\u6027\u7531\u547d\u9898\u7684\u91cf\u51b3\u5b9a\uff08\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u9898\u4e3b\u9879\u5468\u5ef6\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\t\u8c13\u9879\u7684\u5468\u5ef6\u6027\u7531\u547d\u9898\u7684\u8d28\u51b3\u5b9a\uff1a<\/span>\u5426\u5b9a\u547d\u9898\u7684\u8c13\u9879\u5468\u5ef6<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c<\/span>\u80af\u5b9a\u547d\u9898\u7684\u8c13\u9879\u4e0d\u5468\u5ef6<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          • \n\t\t\u975e\u76f4\u8a00\u547d\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u5047\u8a00\u547d\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Hypothetical<\/span>\uff0c\u5305\u542b<\/span>\u524d\u4ef6<\/span><\/strong>Antecedent<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u540e\u4ef6<\/span><\/strong>Consequent<\/span>\uff0c\u9648\u8ff0\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u9009\u8a00\u547d\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Disjunctive<\/span>\uff0c\u9648\u8ff0\u5907\u9009\u65b9\u6848\uff09\u3002\u9009\u8a00\u547d\u9898\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5177\u6709\u6b67\u4e49\u6027\uff08\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u6216\u975e\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e2d\u662f\u9700\u8981\u8b66\u60d5\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u6a21\u6001\u547d\u9898\uff08<\/span>Modal Propositions<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8c13\u8ff0\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u8bcd\u8bed\u8fdb\u884c\u9650\u5b9a\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u5bf9\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u63a8\u7406<\/span> (Immediate Inference)<\/span>
            \n<\/h4>\n

            \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4ece\u5355\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u76f4\u63a5\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u63a8\u7406\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u8574\u6db5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Implication<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u76f4\u63a5\u63a8\u7406\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5728\u4e0d\u501f\u52a9\u4efb\u4f55\u7b2c\u4e09\u9879\uff08<\/span>Middle Term<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u5f97\u51fa\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u4e0b\u53cd\u5bf9\u5173\u7cfb\uff08<\/span>Subalternation<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u91cf\u4e0d\u540c\u4f46\u8d28\u76f8\u540c\uff08<\/span>A-I, E-O<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u6709\u6548\u63a8\u7406\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\uff1a\u4ece\u5168\u79f0\u7684\u771f\u63a8\u51fa\u7279\u79f0\u7684\u771f\uff0c\u6216\u4ece\u7279\u79f0\u7684\u5047\u63a8\u51fa\u5168\u79f0\u7684\u5047\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u5bf9\u5f53\u5173\u7cfb\uff08<\/span>Opposition<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8d28\u4e0d\u540c\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                \n
              • \n\t\t\t\u77db\u76fe<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Contradiction<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>A-O, E-I<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u771f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u5047\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u53cd\u5bf9<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Contrariety<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>A-E<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u771f\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u540c\u5047\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u4e0b\u53cd\u5bf9<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Subcontrariety<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>I-O<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u53ef\u540c\u771f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u5047\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u8981\u8f6c\u6362\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  \n
                • \n\t\t\t\u6362\u8d28<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Obversion<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u6539\u53d8\u547d\u9898\u7684\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8c13\u9879\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u5176<\/span>\u77db\u76fe\u9879<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u6362\u4f4d<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Conversion<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u4e3b\u9879\u548c\u8c13\u9879\u4e92\u6362\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88<\/span>\u5468\u5ef6\u6027\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u539f\u547d\u9898\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5468\u5ef6\u7684\u9879\uff0c\u5728\u6362\u4f4d\u547d\u9898\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5f97\u5468\u5ef6\u3002<\/span>E<\/span>\u548c<\/span>I<\/span>\u53ef\u7b80\u5355\u6362\u4f4d\uff1b<\/span>A<\/span>\u9700<\/span>Per
                  \n Accidens<\/span><\/em>\u6362\u4f4d\uff1b<\/span>O<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u6362\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u6362\u8d28\u4f4d<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Contraposition<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u5148\u6362\u8d28\uff0c\u518d\u6362\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba<\/span> (The Syllogism)<\/span>
                  \n<\/h4>\n

                  \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u5f0f\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u5fc5\u7136\u4ece\u53e6\u5916\u4e24\u4e2a<\/span>\u524d\u63d0<\/span><\/strong>\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u4e2d\u9879<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Middle
                    \n Term<\/span>\uff09\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u9879\uff08<\/span>Extremes<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u9879\u548c\u8c13\u9879\uff09\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u4e2d\u9879\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5219\uff08<\/span>General Rules<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u7684\u4e03\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      \n
                    1. \n\t\t\t\u4e2d\u9879\u5fc5\u987b\u81f3\u5c11\u5468\u5ef6\u4e00\u6b21<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\uff08\u8fdd\u53cd\u5373\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e2d\u9879\u4e0d\u5468\u5ef6<\/span>\u201dUndistributed Middle<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    2. \n\t\t\t\u524d\u63d0\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5468\u5ef6\u7684\u9879\uff0c\u5728\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5f97\u5468\u5ef6<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\uff08\u8fdd\u53cd\u5373\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5077\u6362<\/span>\u201dIllicit Process<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    3. \n\t\t\t\u4e24\u4e2a\u5426\u5b9a\u524d\u63d0\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    4. \n\t\t\t\u4e24\u4e2a\u80af\u5b9a\u524d\u63d0\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u51fa\u5426\u5b9a\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    5. \n\t\t\t\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4e00\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    6. \n\t\t\t\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u79f0\u524d\u63d0\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    7. \n\t\t\t\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4e00\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u7279\u79f0\u7684\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7279\u79f0\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                    8. \n\t\t\u683c\uff08<\/span>Figures<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6839\u636e\u4e2d\u9879\uff08<\/span>M<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u524d\u63d0\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u79cd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u683c\uff08<\/span>MP\/SM\/SP<\/span>\uff09\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    9. \n\t\t\u7279\u6b8a\u89c4\u5219\uff08<\/span>Special Rules<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u9488\u5bf9\u6bcf\u683c\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u7531\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5219\u63a8\u5bfc\u800c\u6765\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        \n
                          \n
                        • \n\t\t\t\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u683c\u8981\u6c42\u5c0f\u524d\u63d0\u5fc5\u987b\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u5fc5\u987b\u5168\u79f0\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u683c\u8981\u6c42\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5426\u5b9a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u4e14\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u5fc5\u987b\u5168\u79f0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u5f0f\uff08<\/span>Moods<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6839\u636e\u4e09\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u7684\u8d28\u548c\u91cf\u5206\u7c7b\uff08\u5982<\/span> AAA, EAE<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u52a9\u8bb0\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u540d\uff08\u5982 <\/span>Barbara, Celarent<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u6765\u540c\u65f6\u6307\u793a\u5176\u683c\u548c\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u5f52\u7ea6\u4e0e\u63a8\u7406\u539f\u5219<\/span> (Reduction and Principles of Reasoning)<\/span>
                          \n<\/h4>\n

                          \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u683c\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u683c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • \n\t\t\u5f52\u7ea6\uff08<\/span>Reduction<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5c06\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u6216\u7b2c\u56db\u683c\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u683c\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              \n
                            • \n\t\t\t\u76f4\u63a5\u5f52\u7ea6\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u901a\u8fc7\u6362\u4f4d\uff08<\/span>Conversion<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u6362\u4f4d\uff08<\/span>Metathesis<\/span>\uff0c\u524d\u63d0\u4e92\u6362\uff09\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\t\u95f4\u63a5\u5f52\u7ea6\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e5f\u79f0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53cd\u8bc1\u5f52\u7ea6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>per contradictionem\/per impossibile<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e<\/span> Baroco <\/span>\u548c<\/span> Bocardo <\/span>\u7b49\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u683c\u662f<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u683c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u683c\uff08\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u7b2c\u56db\u683c\uff09\u662f<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5f52\u7ea6\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u683c\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9a\u8a00<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Dictum de omni et de nullo<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/span>\u51e1\u88ab\u65ad\u8a00\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u65ad\u8a00\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8be5\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u4efb\u4e00\u90e8\u5206<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u672c\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>J. S. Mill<\/span>\u5bf9\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u662f<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u7a83\u53d6\u8bba\u9898<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Petitio Principii<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\uff09\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u6d89\u53ca<\/span><\/strong>\u4e2a\u4eba\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u589e\u8fdb<\/span>**<\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u76f4\u7ebf\u5f0f\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u4ece\u5df2\u77e5\u63a8\u5411\u672a\u77e5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u601d\u7ef4\u89c4\u5f8b\uff08<\/span>The Laws of Thought<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u6b63\u786e\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                \n
                                  \n
                                1. \n\t\t\t\u540c\u4e00\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Identity<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span>A <\/span>\u662f<\/span> A<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                2. \n\t\t\t\u77db\u76fe\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Contradiction<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span>A <\/span>\u4e0d\u662f\u975e<\/span> A<\/span>\uff0c\u6216<\/span> A <\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u662f<\/span> B <\/span>\u548c\u975e<\/span> B<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                3. \n\t\t\t\u6392\u4e2d\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Excluded
                                  \n Middle<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span>A <\/span>\u8981\u4e48\u662f<\/span> B<\/span>\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u975e<\/span> B<\/span>\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u95f4\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u8303\u7574\u4e0e\u8c13\u9879\u3002\u5c5e\u3001\u79cd\u548c\u7c7b\u3002\u56fe\u8868<\/span> (The Categories and Predicables. Genus,
                                  \nSpecies, and Class. Diagrams)<\/span>
                                  \n<\/h4>\n

                                  \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6d89\u53ca\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5206\u7c7b\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u89c6\u89c9\u8f85\u52a9\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • \n\t\t\u8303\u7574\uff08<\/span>Categories<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5217\u51fa\u5341\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u8c13\u9879\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/span>\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Substance<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u9996\u8981\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u8c13\u9879\uff08<\/span>Predicables<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u63cf\u8ff0\u8c13\u9879\u4e0e\u4e3b\u9879\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span>\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u5c5e<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Genus<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u79cd\u5dee<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Differentia<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u7279\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Property<\/span>\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7279\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u5076\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Accident<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u6709\u53ef\u65e0\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u5c5e\u4e0e\u79cd\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u76f8\u5bf9\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u62e5\u6709<\/span>\u66f4\u5927\u5185\u6db5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u66f4\u591a\u5c5e\u6027\uff09\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u662f<\/span>\u79cd<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Species<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5185\u6db5\u8f83\u5c0f\u4e14\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u662f<\/span>\u5c5e<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Genus<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u6b27\u62c9\u56fe\uff08<\/span>Eulerian Diagrams<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4f7f\u7528\u5706\u5708\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u8868\u793a\u672f\u8bed\u7684<\/span>\u5916\u5ef6<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u6307\u79f0\uff0c\u4ee5\u56fe\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c55\u793a\u547d\u9898\u95f4\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u56fe\u8868\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u4ee3\u8868\u5916\u5ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<\/span>E<\/span>\uff08\u5168\u79f0\u5426\u5b9a\uff09\u547d\u9898\u603b\u662f\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u76f8\u4ea4\u7684\u5706\u5708\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    \n\t\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e0e\u8c2c\u8bef<\/span> (Syllogistic Arguments. Fallacies)<\/span>
                                    \n<\/h4>\n

                                    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ca\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • \n\t\t\u7701\u7565\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\uff08<\/span>Enthymeme<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7f29\u7565\u7684\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\uff0c\u7701\u7565\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u6216\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                    • \n\t\t\u591a\u6bb5\u8bba\uff08<\/span>Sorites<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e00\u79cd\u94fe\u5f0f\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u591a\u4e2a\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u4e32\u8054\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7ed3\u8bba\u88ab\u7701\u7565\u3002\u5176\u89c4\u5219\uff08\u5982\u53ea\u6709\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7279\u79f0\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\uff09\u9075\u5faa\u7b2c\u4e00\u683c\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                    • \n\t\t\u5047\u8a00\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                        \n
                                      • \n\t\t\tModus Ponens<\/span><\/em>\uff08\u80af\u5b9a\u5f0f<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\uff09\uff1a\u80af\u5b9a\u524d\u4ef6\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u540e\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                      • \n\t\t\tModus Tollens<\/span><\/em>\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\u5f0f<\/span>\/<\/span>\u7834\u574f\u6027\uff09\uff1a\u5426\u5b9a\u540e\u4ef6\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u524d\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                      • \n\t\t\t\u63a8\u7406\u8c2c\u8bef<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u80af\u5b9a\u540e\u4ef6\u6765\u80af\u5b9a\u524d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5426\u5b9a\u524d\u4ef6\u6765\u5426\u5b9a\u540e\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                      • \n\t\t\u9009\u8a00\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                          \n
                                        • \n\t\t\tModus Tollendo Ponens<\/span><\/em>\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\u80af\u5b9a\u5f0f\uff09\uff1a\u5426\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5907\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\u6b64\u5f0f\u603b\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                        • \n\t\t\tModus Ponendo Tollens<\/span><\/em>\uff08\u80af\u5b9a\u5426\u5b9a\u5f0f\uff09\uff1a\u80af\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5907\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\u6b64\u5f0f\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5907\u9009\u9879\u662f\u5426<\/span>\u4e92\u65a5<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                        • \n\t\t\u4e24\u96be\u63a8\u7406\uff08<\/span>Dilemma<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u5047\u8a00\u548c\u9009\u8a00\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u5939\u51fb\u5f0f\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u5e94\u5bf9\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span>\u9003\u907f\u4e24\u89d2<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u6293\u4f4f\u4e24\u89d2<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u53cd\u9a73<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                        • \n\t\t\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff08<\/span>Analogy<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ece\u7279\u5b9a\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u3002\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u6f14\u7ece\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u6865\u6881\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                        • \n\t\t\u8c2c\u8bef\uff08<\/span>Fallacies<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u9519\u8bef\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                            \n
                                          • \n\t\t\t\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u8c2c\u8bef\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e2d\u9879\u4e0d\u5468\u5ef6\uff08<\/span>Undistributed
                                            \n Middle<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5077\u6362\uff08<\/span>Illicit Process<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u56db\u9879\u8c2c\u8bef\uff08<\/span>Two Middle Terms<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                          • \n\t\t\t\u8a00\u8f9e\u5185\u8c2c\u8bef\uff08<\/span>in dictione<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5982\u542b\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\uff08<\/span>Equivocation<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u6b67\u4e49\uff08<\/span>Amphiboly<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                          • \n\t\t\t\u8a00\u8f9e\u5916\u8c2c\u8bef\uff08<\/span>extra dictionem<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5982\u5076\u6027\u8c2c\u8bef\uff08<\/span>Accident<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u5ffd\u7565\u9650\u5236\uff08<\/span>Secundum
                                            \n Quid<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u5077\u6362\u8bba\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Ignoratio Elenchi<\/span>\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u7684\u70b9\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u7a83\u53d6\u8bba\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Petitio
                                            \n Principii<\/span>\uff0c\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u539f\u56e0<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Non Causa pro Causa<\/span>\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 <\/span>Post
                                            \n hoc ergo propter hoc<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u591a\u91cd\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Many
                                            \n Questions<\/span>\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5355\u4e00\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u590d\u5408\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            \n\t\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span> (Induction and Scientific Method)<\/span>
                                            \n<\/h4>\n

                                            \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u5f52\u7eb3\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6f14\u7ece\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u8865\u5145\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • \n\t\t\u5f52\u7eb3\uff08<\/span>Induction<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u65e8\u5728\u4ece\u7279\u6b8a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u63a8\u5bfc\u81f3\u4e00\u822c\u547d\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                            • \n\t\t\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5f52\u7eb3\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u662f<\/span>\u5b8c\u5168\u679a\u4e3e\u5f52\u7eb3<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Induction
                                              \n by Complete Enumeration<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                            • \n\t\t\u57f9\u6839\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7b80\u5355\u679a\u4e3e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u679a\u4e3e\uff09\u4e3a\u5e7c\u7a1a\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u62d2\u7edd\u548c\u6392\u9664<\/span><\/strong>\u6765\u5206\u6790\u81ea\u7136\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                            • \n\t\t\u5f25\u5c14\uff08<\/span>Mill<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5f52\u7eb3\u903b\u8f91\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f25\u5c14\u5c06\u5f52\u7eb3\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e00\u822c\u547d\u9898\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6982\u62ec\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f<\/span><\/strong>\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>uniformity of nature<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5f52\u7eb3\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u786e\u5b9a<\/span>\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u539f\u56e0\u5373\u4e0d\u53d8\u4e14\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5148\u884c\u8005\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                            • \n\t\t\u5f25\u5c14\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e94\u79cd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ca\u5176\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff1a <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                \n
                                              1. \n\t\t\t\u5951\u5408\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Rule of Agreement<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u5bfb\u627e\u51fa\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                              2. \n\t\t\t\u5dee\u5f02\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Rule of Difference<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u4e0d\u51fa\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                              3. \n\t\t\t\u5951\u5408\u4e0e\u5dee\u5f02\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>The Joint Method<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                              4. \n\t\t\t\u5269\u4f59\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Rule of Residues<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u51cf\u53bb\u5df2\u77e5\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u5269\u4f59\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                              5. \n\t\t\t\u5171\u53d8\u89c4\u5219<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Rule of Concomitant
                                                \n Variations<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u82e5\u4e24\u73b0\u8c61\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e00\u540c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5219\u5b83\u4eec\u5b58\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u7b26\u53f7\u903b\u8f91<\/span> (Symbolic Logic)<\/span>
                                                \n<\/h4>\n

                                                \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u4e2d\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u65b0\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • \n\t\t\u6027\u8d28\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7b26\u53f7\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8f83\u65b0\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u7ea6\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u5386\u53f2\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u6570\u7406\u903b\u8f91<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Mathematical
                                                  \n Logic<\/span>\uff09\u6216<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u65af\u8482<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Logistic<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                • \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> De Morgan <\/span>\u548c<\/span> G. Boole <\/span>\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3002<\/span>A. N. Whitehead <\/span>\u548c<\/span> Bertrand Russell <\/span>\u7684\u300a\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff08<\/span>Principia
                                                  \n Mathematica<\/span>\uff09\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u6570\u5b66<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u9636\u6bb5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                • \n\t\t\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u4f46\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u53c8\u4e92\u8865\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u901a\u8bc6\u6587\u5316\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u7b26\u53f7\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u66f4\u5e7f\uff0c\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u4f20\u7edf\u903b\u8f91\u5fc5\u987b\u820d\u5f03\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u548c\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                • \n\t\t\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7b26\u53f7\u903b\u8f91\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u7b26\u53f7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5fc3\u667a\u901f\u8bb0\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • \n\t\t\t\u547d\u9898\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> $p, q, r$<\/span>\uff08\u4ee3\u8868\u4efb\u4f55\u547d\u9898\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                                                  • \n\t\t\t\u903b\u8f91\u5e38\u9879\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> $\\sim$<\/span>\uff08\u5426\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u77db\u76fe\uff09\u3001<\/span>$\\cdot$<\/span>\uff08\u5408\u53d6<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0e\uff09\u3001<\/span>$\\vee$<\/span>\uff08\u6790\u53d6<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6216\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6307\u975e\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\uff09\u3001<\/span>$\\supset$<\/span>\uff08\u8574\u542b<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5982\u679c<\/span>…<\/span>\u90a3\u4e48\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                  • \n\t\t\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7b26\u53f7\u903b\u8f91\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>\u771f\u503c\u8868<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Truth-tables<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u68c0\u9a8c\u547d\u9898\u7684\u771f\u503c\u548c\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u7b26\u53f7\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u4ece\u65e5\u5e38\u8bed\u8a00\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7b26\u53f7\u8bed\u8a00\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    \n\t\n<\/p>\n

                                                    \n\t
                                                    \n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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