{"id":1461,"date":"2025-10-27T05:23:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-26T21:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1461"},"modified":"2025-10-27T05:23:00","modified_gmt":"2025-10-26T21:23:00","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%9c%b0%e6%96%b9%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e6%a6%82%e8%a7%88%ef%bc%9a%e8%8b%b1%e6%a0%bc%e5%85%b0%e5%92%8c%e5%a8%81%e5%b0%94%e5%a3%ab%e5%88%b6%e5%ba%a6%e8%bf%90%e4%bd%9c%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e3%80%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1461","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6982\u89c8\uff1a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5236\u5ea6\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u300b Local Government in Outline"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660158<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6982\u89c8\uff1a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5236\u5ea6\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tLocal
\nGovernment in Outline<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5f17\u5170\u514b<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u6770\u745f\u666e\uff08<\/span>Frank Jessup<\/span>\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6982\u8ff0\u300b\u3002\u8be5\u624b\u518c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8303\u56f4<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u89d2\u8272<\/span><\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\u7684\u9644\u5f55\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u81ea\u624b\u518c\u7f16\u5199\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span>1947<\/span><\/strong>\u5e74\u300a\u57ce\u4e61\u89c4\u5212\u6cd5\u300b\u548c<\/span>1948<\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u6cd5\u300b\u5728\u5185\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u8fb9\u754c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u6539\u9769\u5efa\u8bae<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5728<\/span>\u804c\u80fd\u548c\u6743\u529b\u4e0a<\/span><\/strong>\u6b63\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u7684<\/span>\u91cd\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6982\u89c8<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h2>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11<\/span> (I. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND THE CITIZEN)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u5e7f\u9614\u8303\u56f4\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6e17\u900f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u6c11\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u5e94\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8303\u7574<\/span> (The Scope of Local Government)<\/span>
\n<\/h4>\n

\n\t\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5168\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ece<\/span>\u4ea7\u524d\u8bca\u6240\u5230\u516c\u5893<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u738b\u5ba4\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u96c7\u4e3b\uff0c\u5176\u652f\u51fa\u8d85\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u5185\u5bb9\u6781\u4e3a\u591a\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u7f8e\u672f\u9986\u5230\u6355\u9f20\uff0c\u4ece\u8017\u8d44\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5230\u4ec5\u9700\u51e0\u82f1\u9551\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u5de5\u7a0b\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5728\u4e8e\u6709\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u6700\u597d\u901a\u8fc7\u6216\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9053\u8def\u7ef4\u4fee\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u548c\u8b66\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6743\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u4e0e\u9650\u5236\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5e76\u975e\u65e0\u9650\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u884c\u4f7f\u8bae\u4f1a\u6cd5\u6848\u6388\u6743\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6388\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u522b\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u5c40\u7684<\/span>\u4e00\u822c\u6cd5\u6848<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982<\/span>1944<\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\uff09\u3001\u9700\u5f53\u5c40\u6b63\u5f0f\u51b3\u8bae\u91c7\u7528\u7684<\/span>\u91c7\u7eb3\u6cd5\u6848<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982<\/span>1833<\/span>\u5e74\u7167\u660e\u548c\u770b\u5b88\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u63a8\u52a8\u7684<\/span>\u5730\u65b9\u6216\u79c1\u4eba\u8bae\u4f1a\u6cd5\u6848<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u8bae\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5e38\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u4e0e<\/span>\u4e49\u52a1<\/span><\/strong>\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>shall<\/span>\uff09\u800c\u975e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>may<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u63aa\u8f9e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6210\u4e3a\u6267\u884c\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5355\u7eaf\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4e2d\u7b79\u96c6\u90e8\u5206\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u4e0d\u5177\u5907<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f19\u4f34<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u57ce\u4e61\u89c4\u5212\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> 11947<\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u57ce\u4e61\u89c4\u5212\u6cd5\u300b\u4e8e<\/span>1948<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>7<\/span>\u6708<\/span>1<\/span>\u65e5\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u624b\u518c\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u8865\u507f\u4e0e\u589e\u503c<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u5df2\u8fc7\u65f6\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u8005\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u5730<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f00\u53d1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5efa\u9020\u6216\u6539\u53d8\u7528\u9014\uff09\u5176\u571f\u5730\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8005\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u571f\u5730\u524d\u5fc5\u987b\u652f\u4ed8\u4e00\u7b14<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f00\u53d1\u8d39<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a<\/span>\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a\u548c\u90e1\u81ea\u6cbb\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684<\/span>\u5730\u65b9\u89c4\u5212\u5f53\u5c40<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u533a\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>district
\ncouncils<\/span>\uff09\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u89c4\u5212\u6743\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e<\/span> (The Citizen’s Part)<\/span>
\n<\/h4>\n

\n\t\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u9700\u8981\u793e\u533a\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u793e\u533a\u662f\u6240\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u9009\u4e3e<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u6765\u884c\u4f7f\u3002\u5065\u5168\u4e14\u6709\u6548\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u8981\u6c42\u516c\u6c11\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u5f62\u6210\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u8868\u8fbe\u89c2\u70b9\u4f7f\u4e4b\u88ab\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4f1a\u8bae\u901a\u5e38\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u4f46\u9c9c\u6709\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\u3002\u5a92\u4f53\u4ee3\u8868\u62e5\u6709\u6cd5\u5b9a\u6743\u5229\u53c2\u52a0\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u5730\u62a5\u7eb8\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u62a5\u9053\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u591f\u4e25\u8083\u6df1\u5165\uff09\u3001\u8054\u7cfb\u5e02\u653f\u5385\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u6216\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u652f\u4ed8\u8d39\u7528\u67e5\u9605\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bb0\u5f55\uff08\u8bb8\u591a\u5f53\u5c40\u514d\u8d39\u5728\u516c\u5171\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u63d0\u4f9b\uff09\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u300b\u5141\u8bb8\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u8bbe\u7acb\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bb2\u5ea7\u548c\u7535\u5f71\u653e\u6620\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u666e\u904d\u7684\u51b7\u6f20\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f53\u524d\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684<\/span>\u51b7\u6f20<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6570\u636e\u4ee4\u4eba\u6cae\u4e27\uff0c\u6295\u7968\u7387\u5c11\u4e8e\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u4e14\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u88ab\u6295\u7968\u7387\u5938\u5927\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8868\u8fbe\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u6e20\u9053\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u516c\u6c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u7968\u3001\u4f1a\u89c1\u6216\u81f4\u4fe1\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u6210\u5458\u6216\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u516c\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bae\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u81f4\u4fe1\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u5411\u4e0a\u7ea7\u8bae\u5458\u6216\u76f8\u5173\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u6295\u8bc9\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u6e20\u9053\u8868\u8fbe\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u516c\u6c11\u613f\u610f\u652f\u4ed8\u6bcf\u5e74<\/span>20<\/span>\u81f3<\/span>40<\/span>\u82f1\u9551\u7684\u5dee\u9977\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5bf9\u63a7\u5236\u8fd9\u7b14\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u80fd\u529b\u6beb\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5174\u8da3\u800c\u975e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u673a\u4f1a\u6240\u81f4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c<\/span> (II. HOW LOCAL GOVERNMENT WORKS)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u6784\u6210\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u7c7b\u578b<\/span> (Types of Local Authority)<\/span>
\n<\/h4>\n
    \n
  • \n\t\t\u7279\u8bbe\u673a\u6784\uff08<\/span>ad hoc authority<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e13\u4e3a\u6267\u884c\u5355\u4e00\u804c\u80fd\u800c\u8bbe\u7acb\uff0c\u5982\u5927\u90fd\u4f1a\u6c34\u52a1\u5c40\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u533a\u57df\u901a\u5e38\u8d85\u51fa\u5355\u4e00\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6210\u5458\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u7279\u5b9a\u673a\u6784\u63d0\u540d\u6216\u7531\u8be5\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u4efb\u547d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u591a\u529f\u80fd\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\uff08\u9664\u4f26\u6566\u5916\uff09\u6709\u516d\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u6559\u533a\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u4e61\u6751\u533a\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u533a\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u90e1\u81ea\u6cbb\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u548c\u884c\u653f\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u6751\u5e84\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7531\u6559\u533a\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u4e61\u6751\u533a\u8bae\u4f1a\u548c\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e09\u65b9\u5206\u62c5\u804c\u80fd\u3002\u804c\u80fd\u5e76\u975e\u6309\u7b49\u7ea7\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5404\u6709\u4e13\u8d23\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u4e3b\u8981\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u3001\u536b\u751f\u3001\u516c\u8def\uff09\uff0c\u6559\u533a\u8bae\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u5730\u65b9\u4e8b\u52a1\uff08\u7167\u660e\u3001\u6e38\u4e50\u573a\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u90e1\u81ea\u6cbb\u5e02\uff08<\/span>County Borough<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u57ce\u9547\uff0c\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e0d\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5168\u529f\u80fd\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\uff08\u9664\u7279\u8bbe\u673a\u6784\u5916\uff09\u3002\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u6b64\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u57ce\u9547\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8fbe\u5230<\/span>100,000<\/span>\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u4eba\u53e3\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u57ce\u9547\u4eba\u53e3\u8f83\u5c11\u4e5f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6b64\u5730\u4f4d\uff08\u5982\u574e\u7279\u4f2f\u96f7\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3<\/span>22,000<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \n\t\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8fd0\u4f5c<\/span> (The System as a Whole)<\/span>
    \n<\/h4>\n

    \n\t\u534f\u8c03\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d<\/span>\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6b63\u5f0f\u548c\u5168\u9762\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/strong>\u6765\u9632\u6b62\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u5f53\u5c40\u4e4b\u95f4\u804c\u80fd\u91cd\u53e0\u6216\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u517c\u4efb\u8bae\u5458\u3001\u5b98\u5458\u95f4\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u534f\u5546\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a\u5bf9\u533a\u8bae\u4f1a\u6709\u9650\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u6743\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u534f\u8c03\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u76d1\u7763\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u5982\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u3001\u5185\u653f\u90e8\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u76d1\u7763\u786e\u4fdd\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u591f\u59a5\u5584\u6267\u884c\u5176\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u8d22\u653f\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u5982\u679c\u672a\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u5728\u89c4\u7ae0\u3001\u901a\u51fd\u6216\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u5176\u62e8\u6b3e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u68c0\u67e5\u4e0e\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u76d1\u7763\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u68c0\u67e5<\/span><\/strong>\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u68c0\u67e5\u5458\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5404\u81ea\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6bd4\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u804c\u80fd\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u65b9\u6848\u5236\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u9700\u63d0\u4ea4\u53d1\u5c55\u8ba1\u5212\u4f9b\u90e8\u957f\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff08\u5982<\/span>1944<\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u652f\u51fa\u68c0\u67e5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u8fdb\u884c\u957f\u671f\u8d44\u672c\u5de5\u7a0b\u501f\u6b3e\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5230\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u3002\u5730\u533a\u5ba1\u8ba1\u5458\uff08<\/span>District Auditors<\/span>\uff09\u4e25\u683c\u5ba1\u67e5\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u8d26\u76ee\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u821e\u5f0a\u3001\u4f4e\u6548\u548c<\/span>\u8d8a\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\uff08<\/span>ultra vires<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u652f\u51fa\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u8d8a\u6743\uff0c\u5ba1\u8ba1\u5458\u53ef\u5411\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u6210\u5458\u6216\u5b98\u5458\u8ffd\u7f34\u8d39\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u4e2d\u592e\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u662f<\/span>\u4e2d\u592e\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb<\/span><\/strong>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u63a7\u5236\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u4fdd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u4e0d\u88ab\u727a\u7272\uff0c\u800c\u63a7\u5236\u53c8\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4e25\u82db\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u627c\u6740\u5730\u65b9\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u548c\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7ba1\u7406\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4eba\u5458<\/span> (The People Who Run Local Government)<\/span>
      \n<\/h4>\n

      \n\t\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7531<\/span>\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4ee3\u8868<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u8bae\u5458\uff09\u884c\u4f7f\u76f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u7531<\/span>\u5b98\u5458<\/span><\/strong>\u8d1f\u8d23\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u7531\u8bae\u5458\uff08\u4e09\u5e74\u4efb\u671f\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u9000\u4f11\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u53c2\u4e8b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Aldermen<\/span>\uff0c\u7531\u8bae\u5458\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u516d\u5e74\u4efb\u671f\uff0c\u5360\u8bae\u5458\u4eba\u6570\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u53c2\u4e8b\u7684\u8bbe\u7acb\u65e8\u5728\u5f15\u5165\u8d44\u6df1\u8bae\u5458\u6216\u6709\u4e13\u957f\u4f46\u4e0d\u60f3\u53c2\u52a0\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u4eba\u58eb\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b80\u5355\u4e14\u4e0d\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7f34\u7eb3\u62bc\u91d1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u9009\u4e3e\u65e5\u671f\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6839\u636e<\/span>1948<\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u81ea\u6cbb\u5e02\u9009\u4e3e\uff08<\/span>borough elections<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u9009\u4e3e\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5c06\u5728<\/span>\u6625\u5b63<\/span><\/strong>\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6b64\u524d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684<\/span>11<\/span>\u6708<\/span>1<\/span>\u65e5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5e02\u957f\uff08<\/span>Mayor<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7531\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u4efb\u671f\u4e00\u5e74\u3002\u5e02\u957f\u5728\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5185\u62e5\u6709\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u62c5\u4efb\u9996\u5e2d\u6cbb\u5b89\u5b98\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u8bae\u5458\u62a5\u916c\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6839\u636e<\/span>Master of
        \n Balliol<\/span>\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u300b\u5141\u8bb8\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u6210\u5458\u5c31<\/span>\u635f\u5931\u7684\u6536\u5165<\/span><\/strong>\u7533\u8bf7\u6d25\u8d34\uff08\u5168\u5929\u6700\u591a<\/span>\u00a31<\/span>\uff0c\u534a\u5929\u6700\u591a<\/span>10\/-<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6298\u8877\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u51cf\u8f7b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u9632\u6b62\u5438\u5f15<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u804c\u4e1a\u653f\u5ba2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e25\u683c\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff1b\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u5219\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u8fd0\u4f5c\u662f\u5426\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5faa\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u515a\u6d3e\u8def\u7ebf\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u8bad\u7ec3\u672a\u6765\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u573a\u6240\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t\u5b98\u5458\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5b98\u5458\u5206\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\uff08\u5982\u57ce\u5e02\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3001\u536b\u751f\u68c0\u67e5\u5458\uff09\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u591a\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5728\u804c\u57f9\u8bad<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u662f\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u670d\u52a1\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u5b9e\u73b0\u85aa\u8d44\u548c\u6761\u4ef6\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u8be5\u5baa\u7ae0\u8fd8\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b98\u5458\u7684<\/span>\u884c\u4e3a\u51c6\u5219<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b98\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u5fe0\u8bda\u653e\u5728\u9996\u4f4d\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u8bda\u4fe1\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u5982\u4f55\u5b8c\u6210\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1f<\/span> (How is the Job Done?)<\/span>
        \n<\/h4>\n

        \n\t\u7531\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6027\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\uff0c<\/span>\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\u88ab\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u5904\u7406\u5404\u9879\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u804c\u80fd\u3002\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u8bae\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5230\u4e00\u534a\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6709\u4e9b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u662f<\/span>\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8bbe\u7acb\uff08\u5982\u8d22\u52a1\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u3002\u8bae\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4ee3\u4e3a\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u8282\u7701\u65f6\u95f4\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u7531\u6700\u719f\u6089\u8be5\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6210\u5458\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u7b56\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u589e\u9009\u6210\u5458\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u9009\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff08<\/span>co-opted
          \n members<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6210\u5458\u56e0\u5176\u7279\u6b8a\u8d21\u732e\u800c\u88ab\u9009\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7b49\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u4f18\u52bf\u4e0e\u98ce\u9669\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f<\/span>\u8ba8\u8bba\u5f0f\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u5178\u8303<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u8bae\u5458\u548c\u5b98\u5458\u7ed3\u5408\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5e38\u8bc6\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u4f46\u5176\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u5305\u62ec\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4<\/span>\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u90e8\u95e8\u5212\u5206<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6574\u4f53\u534f\u8c03\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90<\/span> (Where does the Money come from?)<\/span>
          \n<\/h4>\n

          \n\t\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90\u662f\uff1a\uff08<\/span>1<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u5dee\u9977<\/span><\/strong>\u3001\uff08<\/span>2<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u653f\u5e9c\u62e8\u6b3e<\/span><\/strong>\u3001\uff08<\/span>3<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u5546\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\uff08<\/span>4<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u8d37\u6b3e<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u5dee\u9977\uff08<\/span>Rates<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e00\u79cd\u5730\u65b9\u8d22\u4ea7\u7a0e\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u623f\u4ea7\u7684\u79df\u91d1\u4ef7\u503c\u5f81\u6536\u3002\u81ea<\/span>1929-30<\/span>\u5e74\u5927\u8427\u6761\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u519c\u5730\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u5b8c\u5168\u514d\u5f81\u5dee\u9977\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u623f\u4ea7\u4e5f\u51cf\u514d\u4e86\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u5dee\u9977\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e0d\u6309\u652f\u4ed8\u80fd\u529b\u6216\u53d7\u76ca\u60c5\u51b5\u8c03\u6574\uff1b\u5728\u8d2b\u56f0\u5730\u533a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8fc7\u9ad8\uff1b\u8bc4\u4f30\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u4f30\u4ef7\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u65b0\u7684\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u300b\u5c06\u5dee\u9977\u7684<\/span>\u4f30\u4ef7<\/span><\/strong>\u804c\u80fd\u4ece\u5730\u65b9\u8bc4\u4f30\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5185\u9646\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\u7684\u4f30\u4ef7\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u62e8\u6b3e\u548c\u6536\u5165\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7531\u4e8e\u71c3\u6c14\u548c\u7535\u529b\u884c\u4e1a\u5df2\u88ab\u56fd\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6536\u5165\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/span>1929<\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u300b\u4e0b\u7684<\/span>\u6574\u4f53\u62e8\u6b3e\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/strong>\u5df2\u88ab\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u5747\u7b49\u5316\u62e8\u6b3e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>**<\/span>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u51cf\u5c11\u5dee\u9977\u7a0e\u7387\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u533b\u9662\u804c\u80fd\u548c\u6d4e\u8d2b\u6cd5\u6b8b\u4f59\u8f6c\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\uff08\u51cf\u8f7b\u4e86\u7ea6<\/span>6300<\/span>\u4e07\u82f1\u9551\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u652f\u51fa\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u8d37\u6b3e\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f53\u5c40\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u8d37\u6b3e<\/span><\/strong>\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b79\u96c6\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u672a\u6765<\/span> (III. THE FUTURE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT)<\/span>
            \n<\/h3>\n

            \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5f53\u524d\u5236\u7ea6\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u8d8b\u52bf\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7f3a\u9677\u4ee5\u53ca\u672a\u6765\u6539\u9769\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u9886\u57df\u4e0d\u65ad\u7f29\u5c0f<\/span> (The Narrowing Field of Independent Local
            \nGovernment)<\/span>
            \n<\/h4>\n
              \n
            1. \n\t\t\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u7ba1\u804c\u80fd\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e2d\u592e\u6216\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6b63\u5728\u627f\u62c5\u4ee5\u524d\u7531\u5fd7\u613f\u52aa\u529b\u6216\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u804c\u80fd\uff08\u5982\u533b\u9662\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u670d\u52a1\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            2. \n\t\t\u504f\u597d\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8d8b\u52bf\u662f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u578b\u5355\u4f4d\u8fdb\u884c\u5730\u65b9\u6cbb\u7406\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u516c\u8def\u517b\u62a4\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u3001\u6d88\u9632\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u89c4\u5212\u6743\u90fd\u5df2\u6216\u6b63\u5728\u4ece\u5c0f\u578b\u5f53\u5c40\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a\u6216\u8054\u5408\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            3. \n\t\t\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u4f5c\u7528\u589e\u5f3a\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u6b63\u5728\u627f\u62c5\u4ee5\u524d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u804c\u80fd\uff08\u5982\u5e72\u7ebf\u516c\u8def\u517b\u62a4\u3001\u5931\u4e1a\u8d2b\u6c11\u6551\u6d4e\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u6761\u4ef6\u6027\u62e8\u6b3e\u3001\u6388\u4e88\u90e8\u957f\u5411\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u4e0b\u8fbe\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u6cd5\u5b9a\u6743\u529b\uff08\u4f8b\u5982<\/span>1944<\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u6709<\/span>74<\/span>\u9879\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u548c\u6750\u6599\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u6765\u5b9e\u65bd\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \n\t\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u91cd\u7ec4<\/span> (Reorganization of Local Government)<\/span>
              \n<\/h4>\n

              \n\t\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7f3a\u9677\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u804c\u80fd\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5f53\u5c40\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u8d22\u653f\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0a\u5dee\u5f02\u8fc7\u5927\u3001\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u5355\u4f4d\u4e0d\u9002\u5e94\u73b0\u4ee3\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u804c\u80fd\u91cd\u53e0\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u5927\u4f26\u6566\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6cbb\u7406<\/span><\/strong>\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u8fb9\u754c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u62a5\u544a\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> 1945<\/span>\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684<\/span>\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u8fb9\u754c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Local Government Boundary
              \nCommission<\/span>\uff09\u65e8\u5728\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5f53\u5c40\u6210\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6709\u6548\u548c\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u5355\u4f4d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u5176\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\uff08<\/span>1948<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>3<\/span>\u6708\u53d1\u5e03\uff09\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u6709\u6548\u548c\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n\t\t\u91cd\u8981\u6539\u9769\u5efa\u8bae\uff08\u6765\u81ea\u8fb9\u754c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bae\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\u8fdb\u884c\u6839\u672c\u6027\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f53\u5c40\uff1a\u90e1\u3001\u65b0\u578b<\/span>\u90e1\u81ea\u6cbb\u5e02<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u90e1\u533a<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u901a\u5e38\u5728<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e07\u5230<\/span>50<\/span>\u4e07\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5730\u533a\u5e94\u7ec4\u6210<\/span>\u5355\u5c42\u90e1<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>all-purpose
                \n authority<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u3002\u65b0\u578b\u7684\u90e1\u81ea\u6cbb\u5e02\uff08<\/span>6<\/span>\u4e07\u5230<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\uff09\u5c06\u662f<\/span>\u591a\u529f\u80fd<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>most-purpose<\/span>\uff09\u800c\u975e<\/span>\u5168\u529f\u80fd<\/span><\/strong>\u5f53\u5c40\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u3001\u6d88\u9632\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u89c4\u5212\u7b49\u804c\u80fd\u5e94\u4fdd\u7559\u7ed9\u90e1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \n\t\u8870\u843d\u4e0e\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff1f<\/span> (Decline and Fall?)<\/span>
                \n<\/h4>\n

                \n\t\u8be5\u4e66\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7ed3\u6784\u7f3a\u9677\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7f3a\u4e4f<\/span>\u8b66\u89c9\u548c\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u8206\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u8d70\u5411\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u53ef\u80fd\u662f<\/span>\u4e13\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5373\u5b98\u5458\u7edf\u6cbb\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u6548\u4e14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7406\u7531\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u8d4b\u4e88\u516c\u6c11<\/span>\u81ea\u6211\u6551\u8d4e<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u590d\u6742\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7531\u4eab\u6709\u534a\u81ea\u6cbb\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u6c11\u4e3b\u539f\u5219\u96be\u4ee5\u9002\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u7591\u95ee\uff1a<\/span>\u82f1\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b58\u7eed\u662f\u5426\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u53ef\u884c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff1f<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u9644\u5f55<\/span> (IV. BOOKS FOR FURTHER READING & V. SUGGESTIONS FOR
                \nDISCUSSION)<\/span>
                \n<\/h3>\n

                \n\t\u9644\u5f55\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u4e66\u76ee\u6e05\u5355\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u901a\u8bba\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e3a\u8ba8\u8bba\u5c0f\u7ec4\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6307\u5bfc\u548c\u516d\u4e2a\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e3b\u9898\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u9f13\u52b1\u516c\u6c11\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u8df5\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5efa\u8bae\u4eba\u4eec\u53c2\u52a0\u5730\u65b9\u8bae\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u6216\u68c0\u67e5\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t