{"id":1446,"date":"2025-10-27T05:07:34","date_gmt":"2025-10-26T21:07:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1446"},"modified":"2025-10-27T05:07:34","modified_gmt":"2025-10-26T21:07:34","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%8blearning-to-philosophise","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1446","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5b66\u4e60\u54f2\u5b66\u300bLearning to Philosophise"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0153<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u5b66\u4e60\u54f2\u5b66\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span>Learning to Philosophise<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e00\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u884c\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u5411\u8bfb\u8005\u4ecb\u7ecd\u54f2\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u56f0\u96be\u6216\u9065\u4e0d\u53ef\u53ca\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span><\/strong>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u7279\u522b\u662f<\/span>\u5904\u7406\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u4e0e\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8ff7\u60d1\u4f5c\u6597\u4e89<\/span><\/strong>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u6bd4\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6709\u5f85\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u66f4\u4e3a\u6070\u5f53\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u9650\u5236\u548c\u9677\u9631<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53e5\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u8bcd\u8bed\u53ef\u80fd\u5982\u4f55\u8bef\u5bfc\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u8be6\u7ec6\u8003\u5bdf<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5fe0\u8bda<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/span>\u6765\u5c55\u793a\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span><\/strong>\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e0e\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u5b9e\u5728<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\uff09\u548c<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u54f2\u5b66\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><\/strong>\u4ed4\u7ec6\u68c0\u67e5\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u63d0\u95ee\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u89e3\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56f0\u60d1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8fd9\u90e8\u7531<\/span> E. R. Emmet <\/span>\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u5b66\u4e60\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff08<\/span>Learning
\nto Philosophise<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bfb\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u800c\u975e\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4f5c\u4e00\u95e8\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u901a\u5e38\u4f4e\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u666e\u904d\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u6e29\u548c\u5730\u5c06\u8bfb\u8005\u5f15\u5165\u54f2\u5b66\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d45\u6c34\u533a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec3\u4e60\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>philosophising<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u5904\u7406\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u800c\u601d\u8003\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7ec3\u4e60\u673a\u4f1a\u591a\u4e14\u96be\u5ea6\u5404\u5f02\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u9f13\u52b1\u8bfb\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u4e66\u672b\u9644\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7ec3\u4e60\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u548c\u5f15\u81ea\u5404\u79cd\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u8865\u5145\u6bb5\u843d\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9610\u660e\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u524d\u56db\u4e2a\u7ae0\u8282\u8ba8\u8bba\u5904\u7406\u6587\u5b57\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e24\u7ae0\uff08\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u548c\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff09\u5219\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u76f8\u5bf9\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 1 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u5bfc\u8bba\uff08<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u9996\u5148\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u5982\u4f55\u5f15\u51fa\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u5230\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b83\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u8c03\u67e5\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53bb\u770b\u770b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u601d\u8fa8\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5750\u7740\u601d\u8003<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u6700\u521d\u610f\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u70ed\u7231\u77e5\u8bc6\u6216\u667a\u6167<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e0d\u65ad\u7f29\u5c0f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u9886\u57df\uff08\u5982\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff09\u968f\u7740\u5176\u95ee\u9898\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u67e5\u89e3\u51b3\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u51fa\u53bb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u6b63\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u8fd9\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u5b83\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5bf9\u6297\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u667a\u529b\u7684\u8ff7\u60d1\u7684\u6218\u6597<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5f15\u81ea\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u5b66\u751f\u5e94\u5b66\u4e60<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u884c\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u6709\u6548\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u9648\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5730\u68c0\u9a8c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff08\u5f15\u81ea\u5361\u5c14<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u6ce2\u666e\u5c14\uff09\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003\u7684\u6210\u679c\u662f\u7406\u6e05\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u63d0\u95ee\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e86\u89e3\u53ef\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u667a\u6167\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 2 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u8ff7\u60d1\uff08<\/span>Language and
\nBewitchment<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u5bb9\u6613\u5fd8\u8bb0\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u96c6\u4f53\u53d1\u660e\u548c\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u672c\u8d28\u610f\u4e49<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef\u3002\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5e76\u975e\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u7528\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7ea6\u5b9a\u3002\u5b57\u5178\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u6307\u5bfc\u8bfb\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u6e05\u6670\u6c9f\u901a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8bed\u8a00\u8ff7\u60d1\uff08<\/span>bewitchment<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6697\u793a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u683c\u91cc\u82ac<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7535\u6d41<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5b83\u5fc5\u7136\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u5b9e\u4f53\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u795e\u79d8\u7279\u8d28<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>occult
    \n quality<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8bef\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u591a\u4e49\u8bcd\u5047\u626e\u4e00\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bcd\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u610f\u4e49\u76f8\u4f3c\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6295\u8d44<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u542b\u4e49\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u8c2c\u8bef\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u5355\u4e49\u8bcd\u5047\u626e\u591a\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6545\u610f\u5730<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6709\u4f01\u56fe\u5730<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u4f46\u8bb0\u8005\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u91cd\u590d\u800c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u77ed\u8bed\u6307\u4ee3\u540c\u4e00\u4eba\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u6682\u65f6\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  4. \n\t\t\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5212\u5206\u4e0e\u96be\u4ee5\u5bdf\u89c9\u7684\u6e10\u53d8\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8bed\u8a00\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8c\u5143\uff08\u4e24\u503c\uff09\u903b\u8f91\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7406\u667a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u75af\u72c2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9ed1\u8272<\/span>\/<\/span>\u767d\u8272<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u5206\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u5927\u591a\u662f\u6e10\u53d8\uff08\u591a\u503c\uff09\u7684\u3002\u5c06\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff08<\/span>clear-cut division labels<\/span>\uff09\u7528\u4e8e\u6e10\u53d8\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u8c13\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  5. \n\t\t\u53e5\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u4e3b\u8c13\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5047\u8bbe\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>substance<\/span>\uff09\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5171\u76f8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff08\u5982\u8349\u8393\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u597d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u4f2a\u88c5\u6210\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 3 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bba\u6982\u5ff5\uff08<\/span>On Concepts<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
    \n<\/h3>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5904\u7406\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u3002<\/span>\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6307<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u822c\u89c2\u5ff5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5206\u6790\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5fc3\u667a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7531<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u8003\u5bdf\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u7279\u6027\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u6587\u7ae0\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5fe0\u8bda<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u8bcd\u6c47\u6307\u4ee3\u7684\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f<\/span>\u6a21\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u62bd\u8c61\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u5904\u7406\u53d8\u5f97\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3001\u9a71\u52a8\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 4 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u63d0\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff08<\/span>Asking the Right
    \nQuestions<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
    \n<\/h3>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5f3a\u8c03\u4f2f\u7279\u5170<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5426\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5bfb\u627e\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u8c03\u67e5\u8fd8\u662f\u601d\u8fa8\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n\t\t\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0a\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u662f\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u8be2\u95ee\u67d0\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u867d\u7136\u51b3\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e8b\u5b9e\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u67d0\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5408\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8d34\u6807\u7b7e\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u4efb\u4f55\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u89c6\u5176\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0a\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    2. \n\t\t\u6697\u793a\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u95ee\u9898\u63aa\u8f9e\u672c\u8eab\u5e26\u6709\u503e\u5411\u6027\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f15\u5bfc\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e26\u6709\u504f\u89c1\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    3. \n\t\t\u5185\u5efa\u5047\u8bbe\uff08<\/span>Built-in Assumptions<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u95ee\u9898\u9690\u542b\u4e86\u4e0d\u88ab\u8ba4\u540c\u6216\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5047\u8bbe\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7edd\u5bf9\u901f\u5ea6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u79cd\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u6d89\u53ca\u4ece\u4e60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e38\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6323\u8131\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5047\u8bbe\u6240\u6709\u54c1\u8d28\u90fd\u53ef\u88ab\u8861\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    4. \n\t\t\u5185\u5efa\u4e0d\u53ef\u56de\u7b54\u6027\uff08<\/span>Built-in Unanswerability<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u95ee\u9898\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u81ea\u6307\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u6216\u8981\u6c42\u77e5\u9053<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 5 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\uff08<\/span>Value Judgments<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
      \n<\/h3>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff08\u5982\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u6d4b\u91cf\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff09\u548c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4e3b\u89c2\u504f\u597d\uff08\u5982\u6905\u5b50\u7684\u8212\u9002\u5ea6\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u611f\u53d7\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\uff08\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u66f4\u597d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u4f8b\u5982\u5bf9\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u8bc4\u5206\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3001\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\u54c1\u5473\u504f\u597d\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7efc\u5408\u8bc4\u4f30\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u4ef7\u503c\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u56f0\u96be\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e13\u5bb6\u610f\u89c1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4e13\u5bb6\u610f\u89c1\u5728\u4e3b\u89c2\u9886\u57df\uff08\u5982\u8212\u9002\u5ea6\u3001\u54c1\u9152\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684<\/span>\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u5efa\u8bae<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u5f53\u4e13\u5bb6\u58f0\u79f0\u67d0\u79cd\u4f5c\u54c1<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u66f4\u597d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4e0d\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5728\u63a8\u8350\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u3001\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u57f9\u517b\u624d\u80fd\u6b23\u8d4f\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u7f8e\u5b66\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u591a\u6301\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u5982\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u53ea\u662f\u62a5\u544a\u4f5c\u54c1\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u5d07\u9ad8\uff0c\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 6 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u5b9e\u5728\uff08<\/span>Appearance and Reality<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
      \n<\/h3>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u662f\u8f83\u96be\u7684\u4e24\u7ae0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5b83\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u9760\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5ba2\u4f53\u6027\u8d28\uff08\u5982\u989c\u8272\u3001\u5f62\u72b6\uff09\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6027\u8d28\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u8868\u8c61\u800c\u975e\u5b9e\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e54\u6cbb<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u4e3b\u6559\uff08<\/span>Bishop Berkeley<\/span>\uff09\u7684<\/span>\u4e3b\u89c2\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u53ea\u6709\u7cbe\u795e\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08\u5fc3\u7075\uff09\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff08\u611f\u89c9\u6750\u6599\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u5b58\u5728\u5373\u88ab\u611f\u77e5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Esse is percipi<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08<\/span>matter<\/span>\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u7269\u4f53\u53ea\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u5165<\/span>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5fc3\u7075<\/span><\/strong>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u8005\u6765\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u65e0\u4eba\u611f\u77e5\u65f6\u4ecd\u80fd\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u5927\u536b<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u4f11\u8c1f\uff08<\/span>David Hume<\/span>\uff09\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u6000\u7591\u63a8\u5411\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a<\/span>\u6000\u7591\u8bba<\/span>\/<\/span>\u552f\u6211\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Solipsism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5426\u8ba4\u4e86\u7269\u8d28\u5ba2\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5fc3\u7075\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u6211<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u540c\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u6216\u5806\u780c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u548c\u4f11\u8c1f\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7edd\u5bf9\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u79cd<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u5fc5\u7136\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ec8\u6781\u5b9e\u5728<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8ffd\u5bfb\uff0c\u5373\u5bfb\u627e\u8131\u79bb\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u77e5\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b83<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>IT<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u611a\u8822\u4e14\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\uff08<\/span>Free Will and
      \nDeterminism<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>
      \n<\/h3>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u662f\u8f83\u96be\u7684\u4e24\u7ae0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e07\u4e8b\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u53d7\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u662f\u7531\u5176\u9057\u4f20\u3001\u73af\u5883\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u548c\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u7684<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u505a\u6211\u60f3\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\uff09\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\u8bed\u8a00\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n\t\t\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u51b3\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6b67\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u201c<\/span>\u88ab\u51b3\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>determined<\/span>\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u88ab\u539f\u56e0\u6240\u81f4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>caused<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5df2\u51b3\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>decided\/predictable<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      2. \n\t\t\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u867d\u7136\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u6709\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6f5c\u5728\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u65e0\u9650\u5927\uff0c<\/span>\u5b8c\u5168\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u903b\u8f91\u5fc5\u7136\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u53ea\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u6216\u7136\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>contingent<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      3. \n\t\t\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8c2c\u8bef\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e3b\u5f20\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5f97\u4e0d\u540c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>could have acted otherwise<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ece\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5728\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u7684\u4ed6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u505a\u5f97\u4e0d\u540c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \n\t\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u8d23\u4efb\u3001\u8d5e\u626c\u548c\u8d23\u5907<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u7531\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u6027\u683c\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5728\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u7684\u4ed6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u5e94\u5bf9\u6b64\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u8d5e\u626c\u548c\u8d23\u5907\u4e0d\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u5f71\u54cd\u672a\u6765\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5de5\u5177<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u5f71\u54cd\u672a\u6765\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u590d\u6742\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u4e3b\u8981\u6e90\u4e8e\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u4e0e\u6216\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6b67\u4e49\u3002\u6700\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u5728\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u7684\u6211<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6b63\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u5730\uff08\u5373\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u5f3a\u8feb\uff09\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6211<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6784\u6210\u662f\u7531\u8fc7\u53bb\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t
        \n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t
        \n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t