{"id":1412,"date":"2025-10-26T07:04:41","date_gmt":"2025-10-25T23:04:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1412"},"modified":"2025-10-27T14:08:50","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T06:08:50","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%af%bc%e8%ae%ba%e5%bf%83%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%9a%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e5%b7%a5%e4%bd%9c%e8%80%85%e7%9a%84%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95%e3%80%8b-introductory-psychology%ef%bc%9aan-approach-for-social","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1412","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5bfc\u8bba\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b Introductory Psychology\uff1aAn Approach for Social Workers"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660146<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\u5bfc\u8bba\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/b>\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tIntroductory
\nPsychology<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\uff1a<\/strong><\/u><\/span>An Approach for Social Workers<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a<\/span>\u5bfc\u8bba\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u300b\u7531 <\/span>D. R. PRICE-WILLIAMS<\/span><\/b> <\/span>\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e <\/span>1958 <\/span>\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u6700\u521d\u662f\u4e3a <\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u751f<\/span><\/b> \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u5f53\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5165\u95e8\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4fee\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u5185\u5bb9\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684 <\/span>\u57fa\u7840\u539f\u5219\u548c\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u901a\u5f80\u5bb6\u5ead\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5a5a\u59fb\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u72af\u7f6a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7b49 <\/span>\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6865\u6881<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5305\u62ec\u52a8\u673a\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u77e5\u89c9\u3001\u6c9f\u901a\u548c\u4eba\u683c\u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e <\/span>\u5e7f\u5ea6\u800c\u975e\u6df1\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u89e3\u540e\u7eed\u4e13\u4e1a\u9605\u8bfb\u7684 <\/span>\u7efc\u5408\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8be5\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u653b\u8bfb\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u884c\u653f\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u610f\u5728\u5f25\u8865\u5f53\u65f6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6b64\u7c7b\u5408\u9002\u5165\u95e8\u8bfb\u7269\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u672c\u4e66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86<\/span>\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u529b\u6c42\u5e7f\u5ea6\u800c\u975e\u6df1\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u901a\u5f80\u5bb6\u5ead\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5a5a\u59fb\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u72af\u7f6a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7b49\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6865\u6881\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u4ece\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u5f00\u59cb\uff08\u52a8\u673a\uff09\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u5f71\u54cd\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u81ea\u8eab\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff08\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u77e5\u89c9\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8ba8\u8bba\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tPREFACE (<\/span>\u524d\u8a00<\/span>)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u524d\u8a00\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u8bfb\u8005\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d7\u5230\u542f\u53d1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u73b0\u73b0\u6709\u6559\u6750\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9002\u5408\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u6750\u6599\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u907f\u514d\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8fdb\u884c\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u611f\u8c22\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u9f13\u52b1\u3001\u5efa\u8bae\u548c\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span> R. M. Titmuss <\/span>\u6559\u6388\u3001<\/span>H. T. Himmelweit <\/span>\u535a\u58eb\u548c<\/span> W. J. H. Sprott <\/span>\u6559\u6388\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tI INTRODUCTION (<\/span>\u5f15\u8a00<\/span>)<\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u9996\u5148\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff1f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u4eec\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n\t\t\u8303\u56f4\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u975e\u5e38\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff08\u5982\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u5230\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff08\u5982\u5bf9\u4eae\u5149\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff09\u3002\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u9886\u57df\u4ece\u8bca\u6240\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u6295\u7968\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u804c\u4e1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u88ab\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f7f\u4eba\u9002\u5e94\u5de5\u4f5c<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f7f\u5de5\u4f5c\u9002\u5e94\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u50cf\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u90a3\u6837\u5177\u6709\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u590d\u6742\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u66f4\u591a\u4f9d\u8d56\u57fa\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u5bf9\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5730\u4f4d\u6301\u8c28\u614e\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4e66\u4e2d\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u6548\u529b\u5e76\u4e0d\u5747\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e34\u5e8a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff08\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8f85\u52a9\u6cbb\u7597\uff09\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff08\u8bca\u65ad\u3001\u6cbb\u7597\u548c\u9884\u9632\u5b66\u4e60\u969c\u788d\uff09\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66
    \n \u4ee5\u53ca\u5e02\u573a\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7b49\u5e94\u7528\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u5b66\u6d3e\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u867d\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8f83\u77ed\uff0c\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u56db\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u6d3e\uff1a <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      \n
    • \n\t\t\t\u5185\u7701\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u62a5\u544a\u610f\u8bc6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5c06\u611f\u89c9\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u610f\u8c61\u89c6\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u5fc3\u7406\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5143\u7d20\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5fc3\u7406\u7816\u5757<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7406\u8bba\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u73b0\u5df2\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5fc3\u667a\u5e76\u975e\u9759\u6001\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6781\u7aef\u5f62\u5f0f\u867d\u7136\u88ab\u6279<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u611a\u8822<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6027\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65b0\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u5176\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\u76ee\u6807\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Purposive Psychology<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e0e<\/span> William McDougall <\/span>\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u63d0\u51fa\u884c\u4e3a\u662f<\/span>\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Purposive<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u76ee\u6807\u6027\u52aa\u529b\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u56fe\u666f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\uff08<\/span>Psycho-Analysis<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5b83\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e34\u5e8a\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u56e0\u7d20<\/span><\/strong>\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u56fe\u666f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\u683c\u5f0f\u5854\u5b66\u6d3e\uff08<\/span>Gestalt<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5176\u7406\u5ff5\u5c06\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u77e5\u89c9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    • \n\t\t\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86<\/span>\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u88ab\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u64cd\u7eb5\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u56e0\u53d8\u91cf<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u53cd\u5e94\uff09\u3002\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86<\/span>\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u4e8b\u5148\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5339\u914d\u89c2\u4f17\u548c\u975e\u89c2\u4f17\u7ec4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86<\/span>\u5e73\u5747\u6570<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Mean<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u4f17\u6570<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Mode<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Median<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86<\/span>\u6807\u51c6\u5dee<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Standard
      \n Deviation<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8861\u91cf\u5206\u6570\u56f4\u7ed5\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd8\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86<\/span>\u76f8\u5173<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Correlation<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8861\u91cf\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7cfb\u5217\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u8054\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff08\u4ece\u5b8c\u7f8e\u6b63\u76f8\u5173<\/span>+1<\/span>\u5230\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173<\/span>-1<\/span>\uff0c\u96f6\u76f8\u5173\u8868\u793a\u65e0\u5173\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\tII MOTIVATION (<\/span>\u52a8\u673a<\/span>)<\/span>
      \n<\/h3>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u9a71\u52a8\u4eba\u4eec\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u673a\u5236\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9700\u6c42<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>wants<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u52a8\u673a\u5206\u7c7b\u4e0e\u672f\u8bed\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u52a8\u673a\u53ef\u7c97\u7565\u5206\u4e3a\u751f\u7406\u51b3\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u5982\u9965\u997f\u3001\u6027\u6b32\uff09\u548c\u4e60\u5f97\u6027\u52a8\u673a\uff08\u5982\u5bf9\u8d22\u5bcc\u3001\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u540c\u9700\u6c42\uff09\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          \n
        • \n\t\t\t\u9700\u6c42<\/span> (Need)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e2a\u4f53\u5185\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9700\u8981\u586b\u8865\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u53ef\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u6216\u4e60\u5f97\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\t\u9a71\u52a8\u529b<\/span> (Drive)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u5e38\u6839\u636e\u8981\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u751f\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\t\u6fc0\u52b1<\/span> (Incentive)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5373\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\t\u5faa\u73af\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u9700\u6c42\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u5bfc\u5411\u6fc0\u52b1<\/span>\/<\/span>\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u8fbe\u6210\u6ee1\u8db3\u9700\u6c42\u5e76\u6062\u590d\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        • \n\t\t\u672c\u80fd<\/span> (Instinct)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6307\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u3001\u672a\u4e60\u5f97\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span>McDougall <\/span>\u66fe\u5217\u51fa\u672c\u80fd\u53ca\u5176\u60c5\u7eea\u5bf9\u5e94\uff08\u5982\u9003\u8dd1<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6050\u60e7\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u5c06\u5148\u5929\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u4e60\u5f97\u56e0\u7d20\u7cbe\u786e\u5206\u79bb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u4f53\u5185\u5e73\u8861<\/span> (Homeostasis)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6307\u8eab\u4f53\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u5982\u4f53\u6e29\u3001\u8840\u7cd6\u6d53\u5ea6\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u539f\u5219\u88ab\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u52a8\u673a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f53\u5185\u5e73\u8861\u53d7\u5230\u5e72\u6270\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u6fc0\u53d1\u65e8\u5728\u6062\u590d\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u673a<\/span> (Social Motives)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u6fc0\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u51b2\u52a8\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            \n
          • \n\t\t\t\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u652f\u914d\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6743\u529b\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8ba9\u522b\u4eba\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u60f3\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u7684\u80fd\u529b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u56e2\u4f53\u4e2d\u4f1a\u88ab\u6e05\u6670\u611f\u77e5\u3002\u963f\u5fb7\u52d2\uff08<\/span>Adler<\/span>\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6743\u529b\u662f\u8865\u507f\u81ea\u5351\u611f\u7684\u666e\u904d\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\t\u6210\u5c31\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5b8c\u6210\u67d0\u4e8b\u672c\u8eab\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u611f\uff08\u5982\u5efa\u9020\u7164\u4ed3\uff09\u3002\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u62b1\u8d1f\u6c34\u5e73<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86<\/span>\u76ee\u6807\u5dee\u5f02<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4e0a\u6b21\u8868\u73b0\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0e\u65b0\u76ee\u6807\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u8fbe\u6210\u5dee\u5f02<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u65b0\u76ee\u6807\u4e0e\u65b0\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\t\u5b89\u5168\u611f\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u5173\u7231\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u56e2\u4f53<\/span>\u5f52\u5c5e\u611f<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u5730\u4f4d\u4ea7\u751f\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5f52\u5c5e\u611f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u611f\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f52\u5c5e\u611f\u4e0e\u60c5\u7eea\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u529b\u91cf\u4e0e\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8ba4\u77e5\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\t\u6536\u517b\u4e0e\u5bc4\u517b\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u52a8\u673a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u65e0\u5b50\u5973\u3001\u66ff\u6362\u53bb\u4e16\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u601c\u60af\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u52a8\u673a\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          • \n\t\t\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2<\/span> (Values)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u4eec\u6301\u6709\u7684\u504f\u597d\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              \n
            • \n\t\t\t\u65bd\u666e\u6717\u683c\u7684\u516d\u79cd\u4eba\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u7406\u8bba\u578b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6c42\u771f\u3001\u7406\u667a\u3001\u6279\u5224\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u578b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u52a1\u5b9e\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u5ba1\u7f8e\u578b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4ee5\u4f18\u96c5\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u5224\u65ad\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u578b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u535a\u7231\u3001\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5584\u826f\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u653f\u6cbb\u578b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u624b\u6bb5\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u5b97\u6559\u578b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u76ee\u6807\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u5174\u8da3\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u8de8\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7956\u5c3c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u5408\u4f5c<\/span>\/<\/span>\u516c\u5171\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e0e\u5938\u6263\u7279\u5c14\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u7ade\u4e89<\/span>\/<\/span>\u58f0\u671b\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u72af\u7f6a\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5bf9\u51b2\u7a81\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9002\u5e94\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u5546\u5e97\u6252\u7a83\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u540c\u4f34\u7fa4\u4f53<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Peer
              \n Groups<\/span>\uff09\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            • \n\t\t\u632b\u6298\u4e0e\u51b2\u7a81<\/span> (Frustration and Conflict)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                \n
              • \n\t\t\t\u632b\u6298\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u73af\u5883\u969c\u788d\uff08\u7269\u7406\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u914d\u7ed9\u5236\uff09 \u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u7f3a\u9677\uff08\u8eab\u4f53\u6b8b\u75be\u3001\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5bb3\u7f9e\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u632b\u6298\u4e0e\u653b\u51fb\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6709\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653b\u51fb\u6027\u662f\u632b\u6298\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u632b\u6298\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u591a\u79cd\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u6027\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u60c5\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u7ecf\u5386\u632b\u6298\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff09\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u632b\u6298\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u52a8\u673a\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a<\/span>\u63a5\u8fd1<\/span>–<\/span>\u63a5\u8fd1<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4e24\u4e2a\u540c\u6837\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u56de\u907f<\/span>–<\/span>\u56de\u907f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4e24\u4e2a\u540c\u6837\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5feb\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u5438\u5f15\u4e0e\u5a01\u80c1<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u79ef\u6781\u884c\u52a8\u4f34\u968f\u8d1f\u9762\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5982\u7981\u679c\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u591a\u91cd\u5438\u5f15\u4e0e\u5a01\u80c1<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5316\uff09\u3002\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u5982\u4f55<\/span>\u611f\u77e5<\/span><\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f53\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6885\u5c14\u987f\uff08<\/span>Merton<\/span>\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5bf9\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8ffd\u6c42\uff08\u76ee\u7684\uff09\u4e0e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5408\u6cd5\u624b\u6bb5\uff08\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u89d2\u8272\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u540c\u65f6\u5360\u636e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5de5\u5934\u5728\u6267\u884c\u96c7\u4e3b\u610f\u613f\u548c\u6ee1\u8db3\u5de5\u53cb\u9700\u6c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u89d2\u8272\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u65f6\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u5f97\u4e25\u91cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u5bb6\u5ead\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5305\u62ec\u4eb2\u5b50\u51b2\u7a81\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0e\u7236\u6bcd<\/span>\u62d2\u7edd<\/span><\/strong>\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5173\u7231\u6216\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6709\u5173\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u540c\u80de\u7ade\u4e89<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e89\u593a\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u73a9\u5076\u89c2\u5bdf\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u5a5a\u59fb\u51b2\u7a81<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e0d\u548c\u8c10\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u652f\u914d<\/span>–<\/span>\u987a\u4ece\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u89d2\u8272\u4e0e\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u9700\u6c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u548c\u4f9d\u8d56\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8f6c\u79fb\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              • \n\t\t\u5265\u593a<\/span> (Privation)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f53\u76ee\u6807\u88ab\u6301\u7eed\u64a4\u56de\u6216\u57fa\u672c\u9700\u6c42\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\u65f6\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  \n
                • \n\t\t\t\u666e\u904d\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5265\u593a\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u60f3\u8c61\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u66ff\u4ee3\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u5e7b\u60f3\u3002\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff08\u5982\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\uff09\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u9000\u5316\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u9965\u997f\u5bfc\u81f4\u70e6\u8e81\u3001\u5fe7\u90c1\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u964d\u4f4e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u6b8b\u75be\u513f\u7ae5\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6b8b\u75be\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u5473\u7740<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u6b8b\u75be<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e73\u7b49\u53c2\u4e0e\u91cd\u8981\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6392\u65a5\u53ef\u80fd\u52a0\u5267\u5176\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u800c\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u9996\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u7126\u8651\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u9700\u6c42\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u6b8b\u75be\u672c\u8eab\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u5eb7\u590d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u533b\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5fc3\u7406\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5265\u593a\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5931\u4e1a\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u60c5\u7eea\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u58eb\u6c14\u4f4e\u843d\u3002\u65e0\u5bb6\u53ef\u5f52\u548c\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u65e7\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4f9d\u604b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u96be\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u7684\u6587\u5316\u89c4\u8303\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u9694\u79bb\u4e0e\u6bcd\u7231\u5265\u593a\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u65e9\u671f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6bcd\u7231\u4f1a\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u667a\u529b\u548c\u4eba\u683c\uff08\u5982\u4e0d\u5584\u793e\u4ea4\u3001\u653b\u51fb\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u8fdf\u7f13\uff09\u4ea7\u751f\u521b\u4f24\u6027\u548c\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c<\/span>\u65e0\u611f\u60c5\u7279\u5f81<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u7a83\u8d3c\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u4e0e\u6bcd\u4eb2\u957f\u671f\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5f88\u9ad8\u3002\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u540e\u534a\u6bb5\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e09\u5230\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\uff09\u7684\u5265\u593a\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\tIII LEARNING (<\/span>\u5b66\u4e60<\/span>)<\/span>
                  \n<\/h3>\n

                  \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b66\u4e60\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5f53\u4ee3\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u884c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5b66\u4e60\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e<\/span>\u6210\u719f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u8eab\u4f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u6240\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff09\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u8bad\u7ec3\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u8fd8\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\uff09\u6539\u53d8\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u6761\u4ef6\u53cd\u5c04<\/span> (Conditioning)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5173\u8054\u3002\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u901a\u8fc7\u72d7\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u975e\u6761\u4ef6\u523a\u6fc0<\/span>\/<\/span>\u53cd\u5e94<\/span><\/strong>\u4e0e<\/span>\u6761\u4ef6\u523a\u6fc0<\/span>\/<\/span>\u53cd\u5e94<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5173\u952e\u73b0\u8c61\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u523a\u6fc0\u6cdb\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u5bf9\u767d\u9f20\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u6cdb\u5316\u5230\u767d\u8272\u5154\u5b50\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u523a\u6fc0\u5206\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u6d88\u9000<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f3a\u5316\u4f1a\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u9000\uff09\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5e94\u5173\u6ce8\u793e\u4f1a\u6761\u4ef6\u53cd\u5c04\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5bb6\u5ead\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f3a\u5316<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef<\/span> (Trial and Error)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6851\u4ee3\u514b\uff08<\/span>Thorndike<\/span>\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u62fc\u56fe\u76d2\u4e2d\u7684\u732b\u54aa\u5c55\u793a\u3002\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\uff0c\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u8fde\u63a5\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<\/span>\u6548\u679c\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Law
                      \n of Effect<\/span>\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u6ee1\u8db3\u611f\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u5f3a\u5316\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u4f1a\u51cf\u5f31\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\t\u987f\u609f<\/span> (Insight)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u82db\u52d2\uff08<\/span>Kohler<\/span>\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5c55\u793a\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7a81\u7136\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u667a\u80fd\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u52a8\u673a\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5f3a\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5956\u52b1\uff09\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u5956\u52b1\u7684\u7ec4\u5b66\u4e60\u4efb\u52a1\u6700\u5feb\uff0c\u65e0\u5956\u52b1\u7684\u7ec4\u6700\u6162\u3002\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0d\u5982\u5956\u52b1\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u538b\u5236\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u524a\u5f31\u5df2\u5b66\u4e60\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8054\u7ed3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u4e60\u60ef<\/span> (Habits)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4e60\u5f97\u7684\u3001\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\t\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0e\u52a8\u673a\uff1a\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u91cd\u590d\uff0c\u66f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\uff08\u5f3a\u5316\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\t\u5f62\u6210\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u76ee\u6807\u6709\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u610f\u8c61\u3001\u5206\u6790\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u548c\u91cd\u590d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\t\u8d6b\u5c14\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7406\u8bba\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u76ee\u6807\u68af\u5ea6\u5047\u8bf4<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Goal
                        \n Gradient<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u8d8a\u63a5\u8fd1\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u6fc0\u53d1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u8d8a\u5f3a\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5728\u672b\u7aef\u52a0\u901f\u3002<\/span>\u4e60\u60ef\u5bb6\u65cf\u5c42\u7ea7<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Habit
                        \n Family Hierarchy<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u8fbe\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u66ff\u4ee3\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8def\u5f84\u6839\u636e\u5176\u9002\u5f53\u6027\u88ab\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u5c42\u7ea7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\t\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0e\u4eba\u683c\uff1a\u4e60\u60ef\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u683c\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u4e60\u60ef\u9002\u5e94\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u5965\u5c14\u6ce2\u7279\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e60\u60ef\u662f\u4f4e\u7ea7\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53d7\u66f4\u9ad8\u9636\u7684<\/span>\u7279\u8d28<\/span><\/strong>\u63a7\u5236\uff08\u5982\u793c\u8c8c\uff09\uff0c\u7279\u8d28\u5141\u8bb8\u4e60\u60ef\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u5851\u6027\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u6001\u5ea6<\/span> (Attitudes)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u505a\u6216\u4e0d\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\u7684<\/span>\u51c6\u5907\u72b6\u6001<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6001\u5ea6\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          \n
                        • \n\t\t\t\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a\u65e9\u671f\u6001\u5ea6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u9a71\u529b\u6cdb\u5316\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u6c14\u8d28\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u878d\u5408\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u79cd\u65cf\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u65e9\u671f\u4e0e\u7236\u6bcd\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9752\u6625\u671f\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u5bf9\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u5404\u79cd\u5408\u7406\u5316\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\t\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5047\u8bbe\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u91cf\u8868<\/span><\/strong>\u6765\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/span>\u535a\u52a0\u675c\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u8ddd\u79bb\u91cf\u8868<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6d4b\u91cf\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u7c4d\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u745f\u65af\u987f\u7b49\u8ddd\u91cf\u8868<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u91cf\u8bc4\u59d4\u5bf9\u9648\u8ff0\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\u6765\u786e\u4fdd\u95f4\u9694\u76f8\u7b49\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u674e\u514b\u7279\u578b\u91cf\u8868<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u9648\u8ff0\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8d5e\u540c\u6216\u4e0d\u8d5e\u540c\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u6001\u5ea6\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u6001\u5ea6\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u6fc0\u8fdb<\/span>–<\/span>\u4fdd\u5b88<\/span><\/strong>\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4fdd\u5b88\u610f\u89c1\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u805a\u96c6\uff08\u5982\u652f\u6301\u97ad\u7b1e\u3001\u6b7b\u5211\u3001\u4e25\u683c\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u6b63\u7edf\u5b97\u6559\uff09\u3002\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u89e3\u91ca\u5c06\u5de6\u53f3\u6d3e\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7236\u6bcd\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u79cd\u65cf\u6001\u5ea6\uff08\u5982\u9ed1\u4eba\u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u654c\u610f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u6539\u53d8<\/span> (Change)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u63a2\u8ba8\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            \n
                          • \n\t\t\t\u5bf9\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u62b5\u6297\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u529b\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u652f\u6301\u666e\u904d\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a\u4eba\u8d8a\u8001\uff0c\u8d8a\u96be\u6539\u53d8\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u62b5\u6297\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u81ea\u6211\u5377\u5165<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>ego-involved<\/span>\uff0c\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u9632\u5fa1\u76f8\u5173\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bb3\u6015\u504f\u79bb\u7fa4\u4f53\u89c4\u8303\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u6700\u987d\u56fa\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\t\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6210\u529f\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u662f<\/span>\u52a8\u673a<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u5bf9\u4e60\u60ef\u7684<\/span>\u89c9\u77e5<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span>\u6761\u4ef6\u53cd\u5c04\u7597\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u6cbb\u7597\u9057\u5c3f\u75c7\u7684\u7535\u94c3\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u5bf9\u8180\u80f1\u81a8\u80c0\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u8d1f\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u53cd\u5c04<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6765\u6d88\u9664\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5982\u6307\u7532\u6cb9\uff09\uff1b<\/span>\u6545\u610f\u72af\u9519\u7ec3\u4e60<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u53cd\u590d\u7ec3\u4e60\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u62fc\u5199\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u89c9\u77e5\uff09\uff1b\u9093\u62c9\u666e\uff08<\/span>Dunlap<\/span>\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6253\u7834\u60c5\u7eea\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\uff08\u89c9\u77e5\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u5f62\u6210\u7406\u60f3\u3001\u9002\u5f53\u52a8\u673a\u3001\u575a\u6301\u7ec3\u4e60\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\t\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c<\/span>\u76f4\u63a5\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0e\u88ab\u6392\u65a5\u7fa4\u4f53\u63a5\u89e6\uff09\u6bd4\u542c\u8bb2\u5ea7\u66f4\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u6539\u53d8\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/span>\u7fa4\u4f53\u56fa\u7740\u6001\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Group-anchored
                            \n attitudes<\/span>\uff09\u96be\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5f53\u4e2a\u4f53\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6539\u53d8\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u65f6\uff0c\u62b5\u6297\u529b\u66f4\u5f3a\u3002<\/span>\u7fa4\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u514b\u670d\u62b5\u6297\u548c\u5f15\u5165\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u6700\u6210\u529f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \n\tIV PERCEPTION (<\/span>\u77e5\u89c9<\/span>)<\/span>
                            \n<\/h3>\n

                            \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5f00\u5934\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e86\u683c\u5f0f\u5854\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u79d1\u592b\u5361\uff08<\/span>Koffka<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e8b\u7269\u4e3a\u4f55\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff1f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \n\t\t\u77e5\u89c9\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u7684<\/span>\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u5806\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u611f\u89c9\u662f\u80fd\u91cf\u4e0e\u611f\u89c9\u5668\u5b98\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff08\u5982\u5149\u6ce2\u523a\u6fc0\u89c6\u7f51\u819c\uff0c\u58f0\u6ce2\u523a\u6fc0\u9f13\u819c\uff09\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7535\u8109\u51b2\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u5927\u8111\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u540e\u7eed\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/strong> \u6839\u636e\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u5c06\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1a\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u65b9\u9762\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u77e5\u89c9\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u77e5\u89c9 \u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u77e5\u89c9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                              \n\t <\/p>\n
                              \n

                              \t<\/span>\n<\/div>\n

                              \n\t\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t\u300a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5165\u95e8\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u5185\u5bb9\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u6d3e\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u91cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u52a8\u673a<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u751f\u7406\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u5982\u4f53\u5185\u5e73\u8861\uff09\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0\uff08\u5982\u6743\u529b\u3001\u6210\u5c31\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u611f\uff09\u3002\u5728<\/span>\u5b66\u4e60<\/span><\/strong>\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6\u53cd\u5c04\u3001\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e0e\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u987f\u609f\u7b49\u57fa\u672c\u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u6001\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u7fa4\u4f53\u5c42\u9762\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u5728\u4e8e\u5c06\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u5982\u6bcd\u7231\u5265\u593a\u3001\u632b\u6298\u4e0e\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6001\u5ea6\uff09\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5982\u6b8b\u75be\u513f\u7ae5\u3001\u9886\u517b<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5bc4\u517b\u3001\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u4ef7\u503c\u51b2\u7a81\uff09\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4f46\u9700\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u88ab\u4f5c\u8005\u523b\u610f\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4e14\u8bb8\u591a\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u5982\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\uff09\u53ea\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f15\u4ecb\u3002\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t