{"id":1384,"date":"2025-10-25T13:54:18","date_gmt":"2025-10-25T05:54:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1384"},"modified":"2025-10-25T13:54:18","modified_gmt":"2025-10-25T05:54:18","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e4%ba%ba%e7%b1%bb%e5%9c%b0%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%96%e7%95%8c%e3%80%8b-human-geography%ef%bc%9athe-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1384","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5730\u7406\u5b66\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u300b Human Geography\uff1aThe World"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660138<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5730\u7406\u5b66\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tHuman
\nGeography<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\uff1a<\/strong><\/u><\/span>The World<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6458\u81ea\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5730\u7406\u5b66\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u300b<\/span>\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u7531<\/span> J. Fairgrieve, M.A. <\/span>\u548c<\/span> Ernest Young, B.Sc. <\/span>\u5408\u8457\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e<\/span> 1946 <\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u7248\uff0c\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e<\/span> Philips’ Human
\nGeographies <\/span>\u7cfb\u5217\u6559\u6750\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u9762\u5411<\/span> 11 <\/span>\u6216<\/span> 12 <\/span>\u5c81\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u63cf\u8ff0<\/span><\/b>\u4eba\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e92\u52a8<\/span>\u6765\u6982\u8ff0\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u5730\u7406\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u5185\u5bb9\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u4e0d\u540c\u533a\u57df\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u5730\u8c8c\uff0c\u4ece<\/span><\/b>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927<\/span>\u7684\u9ea6\u519c\u548c\u76ae\u6bdb\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u5230<\/span><\/b>\u5370\u5ea6<\/span>\u7684\u8336\u519c\u548c<\/span><\/b>\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001<\/span>\u65e5\u672c<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5730\u7406\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u518d\u5230<\/span>\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u5730\u533a<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u6b27\u6d32\u5317\u90e8<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6d77\u5458\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u8fd8\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u5bfb\u627e<\/span>\u5370\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5e76\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u540c\u6c14\u5019\u5e26\uff08\u5982\u68ee\u6797\u3001\u8349\u539f\u548c\u6c99\u6f20\uff09\u4e2d\u5404\u79cd\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u751f\u6d3b\u4e60\u4fd7\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86<\/span>\u5730\u7406\u73af\u5883<\/span><\/b>\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5f15\u8a00\u4e0e\u4e66\u7c4d\u5b97\u65e8<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u8be5\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a<\/span> 11 <\/span>\u6216<\/span> 12 <\/span>\u5c81\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5168\u7403\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6982\u89c8\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5e76\u975e\u5730\u540d\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u4eba\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e92\u52a8<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u540c\u60c5\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u624d\u80fd\u57f9\u517b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5305\u5bb9\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c06\u4e16\u754c\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u793e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>one big
\nco-operative society<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 \u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u53ca\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u9996\u5148\u5173\u6ce8\u7f8e\u6d32\uff0c\u4ece <\/span>I. <\/span><\/strong>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u9ea6\u519c<\/span><\/strong> \u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u519c\u6c11\u751f\u4ea7\u7cae\u98df\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u5c0f\u9ea6\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9ea6\u7530\u4f4d\u4e8e\u9a6c\u5c3c\u6258\u5df4\u3001\u8428\u65af\u5580\u5f7b\u6e29\u548c\u827e\u4f2f\u5854\u7701\u3002\u524d\u5f80\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ea6\u5730\u7684\u6700\u77ed\u6d77\u8def\u662f\u7ecf\u54c8\u5fb7\u900a\u6e7e\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u822a\u7ebf\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u88ab\u51b0\u5c01\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u91cd\u8981\u822a\u7ebf\u662f\u7ecf\u5723\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u6cb3\uff0c\u4f46\u51ac\u5b63\u4e5f\u4f1a\u7ed3\u51b0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u5357\u90e8\u6e2f\u53e3\u4e0a\u5cb8\uff0c\u65c5\u5ba2\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u9053\u969c\u788d<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u963f\u5df4\u62c9\u5951\u4e9a\u5c71\u8109<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Appalachian Mountains<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u54c8\u5fb7\u900a<\/span>–<\/span>\u83ab\u970d\u514b\u5c71\u53e3\uff08<\/span>Hudson-Mohawk gap<\/span>\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8f7b\u677e\u7684\u901a\u9053\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u5176\u4f4d\u4e8e\u91cd\u8981\u901a\u9053\u7684\u5165\u53e3\uff0c<\/span>\u7ebd\u7ea6<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>New York<\/span>\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u7740\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u706b\u8f66\u907f\u5f00\u4e94\u5927\u6e56\u5230\u8fbe<\/span>\u829d\u52a0\u54e5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u519c\u573a\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u533a\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u65b9\u5f62\u7684\u519c\u7530\u548c\u5782\u76f4\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\u519c\u5fd9\u5b63\u4ece\u79cb\u5b63\u8015\u4f5c\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u516b\u6708\u4f7f\u7528\u8054\u5408\u6536\u5272\u673a\u6216\u6346\u624e\u673a\u8fdb\u884c\u6536\u5272\u3002\u9ea6\u519c\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u751f\u6d3b\u8270\u82e6\u3001\u5fd9\u788c\u4e14\u5b64\u72ec\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tII. <\/span><\/strong>\u5e73\u539f\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<\/span><\/strong> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5317\u7f8e\u5e73\u539f\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ee5\u524d\u662f\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u8349\u539f\uff08<\/span>prairies<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u5e73\u539f\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u72e9\u730e<\/span>\u91ce\u725b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>bison<\/span>\uff09\u4e3a\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u517d\u76ae\u5236\u4f5c\u8863\u670d\u3001\u8089\u5e72<\/span> (<\/span>pemmican<\/span><\/em>) <\/span><\/span>\u548c\u5706\u9525\u5f62\u5e10\u7bf7<\/span> (<\/span>wigwams<\/span><\/em>)<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5f15\u8fdb\u9a6c\u5339\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u5728\u51ac\u5b63\u4f7f\u7528\u96ea\u978b\uff0c\u5728\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u6866\u6811\u76ae\u72ec\u6728\u821f\u3002\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u901a\u822a\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u6e56\u6cca\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6ce2\u8482\u5947<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>portages<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u7011\u5e03\u548c\u6025\u6d41\u5904\u642c\u8fd0\u72ec\u6728\u821f\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff09\uff0c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u957f\u8ddd\u79bb\u65c5\u884c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7ed5\u8fc7\u5c3c\u4e9a\u52a0\u62c9\u5927\u7011\u5e03\uff0c\u6216\u4ece\u4e94\u5927\u6e56\u5230\u8fbe\u5bc6\u897f\u897f\u6bd4\u6cb3\u3002\u5bc6\u897f\u897f\u6bd4\u6cb3\u873f\u8712\u66f2\u6298\uff0c\u4e0b\u6e38\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6ce5\u6c99\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u91ce\u725b\u5df2\u88ab\u7272\u755c\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7272\u755c\u5728\u6d1b\u77f6\u5c71\u8109\u811a\u4e0b\u7684\u5927\u5e73\u539f\u4e0a\u9972\u517b\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd0\u5230<\/span>\u829d\u52a0\u54e5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u73b0\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8089\u7c7b\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tIII. <\/span><\/strong>\u76ae\u6bdb\u5546\u4eba<\/span><\/strong> \u5c06\u89c6\u91ce\u8f6c\u5411\u5317\u7f8e\u5317\u90e8\u5bd2\u51b7\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002\u72e9\u730e\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a<\/span>\u51b0\u5c01\u6d77\u57df<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u6d77\u8c79\u548c\u9cb8\u9c7c\u7b49\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7269\uff1b<\/span>\u82d4\u539f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>tundra<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u51ac\u5b63\u5bd2\u51b7\u8352\u829c\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u53d8\u6210\u6cbc\u6cfd\uff0c\u751f\u5b58\u7740\u9e9d\u725b\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u9a6f\u9e7f\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u677e\u6811\u6797\u5e26<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u730e\u4eba\u6545\u4e61\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5982\u8c82\u3001\u72d0\u72f8\u3001\u6d77\u72f8\uff09\u7684\u76ae\u6bdb\u56e0\u4e25\u5bd2\u800c\u539a\u5b9e\u3002<\/span>\u6d77\u72f8<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>beaver<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u730e\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9677\u9631\u6216\u5728\u51b0\u5c01\u671f\u7834\u574f\u6d77\u72f8\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u6355\u6740\u3002\u6355\u730e\u8005\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5145\u6ee1\u8270\u8f9b\u548c\u5371\u9669\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6cbf\u7740\u957f\u957f\u7684\u9677\u9631\u7ebf\u5de1\u89c6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u76ae\u6bdb\u5e26\u5230<\/span>\u54c8\u5fb7\u900a\u6e7e\u516c\u53f8<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u7ad9\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u66fe\u4f7f\u7528\u9ec4\u94dc\u4ee3\u5e01\uff0c\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d77\u72f8\u76ae<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8ba1\u4ef7\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tIV. <\/span><\/strong>\u897f\u90e8\u9ad8\u5730<\/span><\/strong> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5317\u7f8e\u897f\u90e8\u9ad8\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u9ad8\u5730\u5c4f\u969c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ad8\u539f\u7531\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684<\/span>\u6d1b\u57fa\u5c71\u8109<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Rocky Mountains<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u5185\u534e\u8fbe\u5c71\u8109\uff08<\/span>Sierra Nevada<\/span>\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u662f\u6781\u5176\u5e72\u71e5\u7684<\/span>\u5927\u76c6\u5730<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Great Basin<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u4eba\u53e3\u7a00\u5c11\uff0c\u5728\u5e72\u71e5\u7684\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4f4f\u5728\u571f\u576f\u7816<\/span> (<\/span>adobe<\/span><\/em>) <\/span><\/span>\u780c\u6210\u7684 <\/span>hogans<\/span><\/em>\uff08\u623f\u5c4b\uff09\u91cc\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u9972\u517b\u7ef5\u7f8a\u548c\u5c71\u7f8a\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u4f5c\u7cbe\u7f8e\u7684\u6bef\u5b50\u3002\u897f\u90e8\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u662f<\/span>\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8c37\u5730<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u6c14\u5019\uff08\u51ac\u5b63\u964d\u96e8\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u708e\u70ed\u5e72\u71e5\uff09\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6c34\u679c\u4ea7\u533a\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u6c34\u679c\uff08\u5982\u8461\u8404\u5e72\u3001\u674e\u5b50\u5e72\uff09\u5728\u5e72\u71e5\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u6652\u5e72\u3002<\/span>\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>San Francisco<\/span>\uff09\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6d77\u5cb8\u5c71\u8109\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u7f3a\u53e3\u5904\uff0c\u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tV. <\/span><\/strong>\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4e0e\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b<\/span><\/strong> \u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4fe1\u5730\u7403\u662f\u5706\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u5411\u897f\u822a\u884c\u4ee5\u907f\u5f00\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u9999\u6599\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e<\/span> 1492 <\/span>\u5e74\u5229\u7528\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684<\/span>\u4e1c\u5317\u4fe1\u98ce<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Trade Winds<\/span>\uff09\u6a2a\u6e21\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5230\u8fbe\u5df4\u54c8\u9a6c\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u53e4\u5df4\u548c\u6d77\u5730\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c9b\u5c7f\u56e0\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u708e\u70ed\u548c\u6f6e\u6e7f\u800c\u62e5\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5e38\u5e74\u751f\u957f\u68ee\u6797\u3002\u56de\u7a0b\u65f6\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5229\u7528\u4e86<\/span>\u897f\u98ce\u5e26<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Westerly Winds<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5230\u8fbe\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tVI. <\/span><\/strong>\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u4f4e\u5730\u4e0e\u5b89\u7b2c\u65af\u5c71\u8109<\/span><\/strong> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8d64\u9053\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u6cb3\u8c37\uff0c\u5176<\/span>\u585e\u5c14\u74e6\u65af<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>selvas<\/span>\uff09\u68ee\u6797\u6bd4\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u66f4\u52a0\u5de8\u5927\u3001\u708e\u70ed\u3001\u6f6e\u6e7f\u548c\u8302\u5bc6\u3002\u6797\u4e2d\u5149\u7ebf\u7a00\u5c11\uff0c\u85e4\u8513\u5bc6\u5e03\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u5982\u6811\u61d2<\/span> sloth<\/span>\u3001\u7f8e\u6d32\u864e<\/span> jaguar<\/span>\uff09\u9002\u5e94\u6811\u4e0a\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\uff08\u5982\u74e6\u5965\u4f69\u65af\u4eba<\/span> Uaupes<\/span>\uff09\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u6cb3\u8fb9\u7684\u5927\u578b\u68d5\u6988\u53f6\u8305\u8349\u5c4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u72e9\u730e\u548c\u6355\u9c7c\u4e3a\u751f\u3002\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u6cb3\u662f\u68ee\u6797\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u5e38\u5e74\u6c34\u91cf\u5145\u8db3\uff0c\u53ef\u901a\u822a<\/span> 3000 <\/span>\u82f1\u91cc\u3002\u5728\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u897f\u90e8\uff0c\u8038\u7acb\u7740<\/span>\u5b89\u7b2c\u65af\u5c71\u8109<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Andes<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6d77\u62d4\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u5e26\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u8d64\u9053\u68ee\u6797\u5230\u6c38\u4e45\u79ef\u96ea\u3002<\/span>\u7f8e\u6d32\u9a7c<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>llama<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u7f8a\u9a7c\uff08<\/span>alpaca<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u9ad8\u6d77\u62d4\u5730\u533a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u548c\u751f\u5b58\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tVII. <\/span><\/strong>\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u4e0e\u7272\u755c<\/span><\/strong> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u548c\u4e4c\u62c9\u572d\u7684<\/span>\u6f58\u5e15\u65af\u5927\u8349\u539f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>pampas<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u8349\u5730\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e72\u71e5\u3002\u4e1c\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u56e0\u6625\u96e8\u3001\u80a5\u6c83\u571f\u58e4\u548c\u5e72\u71e5\u590f\u5b63\u800c\u9002\u5408\u79cd\u690d\u5c0f\u9ea6\u548c\u7389\u7c73\u3002\u517b\u725b\u4e1a\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u539f\u751f\u7684\u786c\u8349\u5df2\u88ab\u8f6f\u8349\u548c\u6839\u7cfb\u5f88\u957f\u7684<\/span>\u82dc\u84ff<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>alfalfa <\/span>\u6216<\/span> lucerne<\/span>\uff09\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u7267\u573a\u9762\u79ef\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u904d\u5e03\u94c1\u4e1d\u7f51\u56f4\u680f\u548c\u7528\u4e8e\u62bd\u6c34\u7684\u98ce\u8f66\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u725b\u4ed4<\/span>\u9ad8\u4e54\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>gauchos<\/span>\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u5957\u7d22<\/span> (<\/span>lasso<\/span><\/em>) <\/span><\/span>\u548c\u4e09\u77f3\u7d22<\/span> (<\/span>bolas<\/span><\/em>) <\/span><\/span>\u6355\u6349\u7272\u755c\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7267\u573a\u4f7f\u7528\u7cbe\u5fc3\u89c4\u5212\u7684 <\/span>corrals<\/span><\/em>\uff08\u755c\u680f\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7272\u755c\u901a\u9053<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>cattle races<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u5904\u7406\u7272\u755c\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u7272\u755c\u4ec5\u53d6\u76ae\u8102\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea<\/span> 1880 <\/span>\u5e74\u5f15\u8fdb<\/span>\u51b7\u85cf\u5ba4<\/span><\/strong>\u540e\uff0c\u8089\u7c7b\uff08\u51b7\u51bb\u8089\u3001\u8089\u5e72\u3001\u8089\u7cbe\u7b49\uff0c\u5982\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c\u8089\u7c7b\u6d78\u818f<\/span> Liebig’s
\nextract<\/span>\uff09\u53ef\u5927\u91cf\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u5e03\u5b9c\u8bfa\u65af\u827e\u5229\u65af\u548c\u8499\u5f97\u7ef4\u7684\u4e9a\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u6e2f\u53e3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tVIII. <\/span><\/strong>\u5df4\u5854\u54e5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u53ca\u5176\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<\/span><\/strong> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u5357\u90e8\u5bd2\u51b7\u6f6e\u6e7f\u7684\u5730\u533a\u5df4\u5854\u54e5\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff08<\/span>Patagonia<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5927\u811a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff09\u3002\u6cbf\u6d77\u662f\u7f8a\u519c\uff08\u8bb8\u591a\u662f\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u7267\u573a\u3002\u5185\u9646\u662f\u9ad8\u5730\u53f0\u5730\uff0c\u88ab\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u897f\u98ce\u5439\u62c2\u3002\u539f\u751f\u7684<\/span>\u539f\u9a7c<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>guanaco<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u7f8e\u6d32\u9e35\u9e1f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>rhea<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u98df\u7269\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u5df4\u5854\u54e5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u662f\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u730e\u4eba\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\u7684 <\/span>toldo<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u5e10\u7bf7\u91cc\u3002\u6781\u5357\u7aef\u7684<\/span>\u706b\u5730\u5c9b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Tierra del Fuego<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6c14\u5019\u5bd2\u51b7\u6f6e\u6e7f\uff0c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\uff08\u4e0e\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u4eba\u76f8\u4f3c\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u9760\u8d1d\u7c7b\u4e3a\u751f\u3002\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u56e0\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u72ec\u6728\u821f\u4e0a\u7684\u706b\u5806\u800c\u5c06\u8be5\u5730\u547d\u540d\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u706b\u5730\u5c9b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\uff0c\u706b\u5730\u5c9b\u548c\u5df4\u5854\u54e5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u6570\u91cf\u9510\u51cf\uff0c\u571f\u5730\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u5b9a\u5c45\u8005\u7684\u7ef5\u7f8a\u517b\u6b96\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206 \u822a\u7ebf\u4e0e\u975e\u6d32<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\tIX. <\/span><\/strong>\u901a\u5f80\u5370\u5ea6\u4e4b\u8def<\/span><\/strong> \u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u5bf9\u9999\u6599\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u51ac\u5b63\u814c\u8089\u7684\u5473\u9053\u3002\u9999\u6599\u8d38\u6613\u6700\u521d\u7531\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u7ecf\u7ea2\u6d77<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6ce2\u65af\u6e7e\u5230\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u3002\u8461\u8404\u7259\u7684\u4ea8\u5229\u738b\u5b50\uff08<\/span>Prince Henry the Navigator<\/span>\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u63a2\u7d22\u7ed5\u975e\u6d32\u5411\u4e1c\u7684\u822a\u7ebf\u3002\u5df4\u6258\u6d1b\u6885\u4e4c<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u8fea\u4e9a\u58eb\uff08<\/span>Bartholomew Diaz<\/span>\uff09\u4e8e<\/span> 1486 <\/span>\u5e74\u5230\u8fbe\u975e\u6d32\u6700\u5357\u7aef\uff0c\u547d\u540d\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u98ce\u66b4\u89d2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a<\/span>\u597d\u671b\u89d2<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Cape of Good Hope<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c<\/span>\u8fbe<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u4f3d\u9a6c<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Vasco da Gama<\/span>\uff09\u4e8e<\/span> 1497 <\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u98ce\u5e26\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f9d\u9760\u590f\u5b63\u7684<\/span>\u897f\u5357\u5b63\u98ce<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>south-west monsoon<\/span>\uff09\u8fc5\u901f\u62b5\u8fbe\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u5230\u6765\u5145\u6ee1\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5a01\u80c1\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u5784\u65ad\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tX. <\/span><\/strong>\u8fd0\u8336\u5feb\u8239\u524d\u5f80\u5370\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5728\u5927\u822a\u6d77\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6c34\u624b\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u98ce\u5e26\u7f29\u77ed\u822a\u7a0b\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5feb\u901f\u8fd0\u8f93\u8336\u53f6\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u72ed\u957f\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u5e06\u8239\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5feb\u8239<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>clipper<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u5feb\u8239\u7684\u822a\u7ebf\u662f\u6839\u636e\u98ce\u5e26\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\uff1a\u590f\u5b63\u5229\u7528\u4e1c\u5317\u4fe1\u98ce\u3001\u4e1c\u5357\u4fe1\u98ce\u548c\u897f\u5357\u5b63\u98ce\u524d\u5f80\u5370\u5ea6\uff1b\u51ac\u5b63\u5229\u7528<\/span>\u4e1c\u5317\u5b63\u98ce<\/span><\/strong>\u8fd4\u56de\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5229\u7528\u987a\u98ce\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u867d\u7136\u8ddd\u79bb\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u6bd4\u9006\u98ce\u7684\u77ed\u9014\u822a\u7ebf\u5feb\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u5feb\u8239\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u53ef\u8fbe\u6bcf\u5929<\/span> 330 <\/span>\u82f1\u91cc\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXI. <\/span><\/strong>\u4eca\u65e5\u4ece\u5370\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\u7684\u822a\u7ebf<\/span><\/strong> \u6307\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee3\u84b8\u6c7d\u8239\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5e06\u8239\u3002\u84b8\u6c7d\u8239\u4e0d\u53d7\u98ce\u5e26\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9009\u62e9\u6700\u77ed\u8def\u7ebf\uff1a<\/span>\u7ea2\u6d77\u548c\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6c34\u8fd0\u6bd4\u9646\u8fd0\u4fbf\u5b9c\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u8f93\u7b28\u91cd\u8d27\u7269\u5982\u6728\u6750\u548c\u5c0f\u9ea6\u3002\u8d27\u7269\u901a\u5e38\u4ece\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\u6216\u9a6c\u5fb7\u62c9\u65af\u88c5\u8fd0\uff0c\u4f46\u4e58\u5ba2\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef6\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u94c1\u8def\u8fd0\u5230<\/span>\u5b5f\u4e70<\/span><\/strong>\u4e0a\u8239\u4ee5\u8282\u7701\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u822a\u7ebf\u7ecf\u8fc7\u82f1\u56fd\u71c3\u6599\u8865\u7ed9\u7ad9<\/span>\u4e9a\u4e01<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Aden<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7a7f\u8fc7\u708e\u70ed\u7684\u7ea2\u6d77\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8fdb\u5165\u957f\u7ea6<\/span> 100 <\/span>\u82f1\u91cc\u7684<\/span>\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u8239\u53ea\u5728\u8fd0\u6cb3\u5185\u5fc5\u987b\u6162\u901f\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u591c\u95f4\u4f7f\u7528\u7535\u706f\u7167\u660e\u3002\u8239\u53ea\u5728\u585e\u5f97\u6e2f\uff08<\/span>Port Said<\/span>\uff09\u518d\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c\u8865\u7ed9\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7a7f\u8fc7\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9a6c\u8033\u4ed6\uff08<\/span>Malta<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u76f4\u5e03\u7f57\u9640\uff08<\/span>Gibraltar<\/span>\uff09\u7b49\u82f1\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u8981\u585e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXII. <\/span><\/strong>\u68ee\u6797\u4ffe\u683c\u7c73\u4eba<\/span><\/strong> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u975e\u6d32\u4e2d\u90e8\u8d64\u9053\u68ee\u6797\uff0c\u5176\u73af\u5883\uff08\u95f7\u70ed\u3001\u6f6e\u6e7f\u3001\u6811\u51a0\u8302\u5bc6\uff09\u4e0e\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u68ee\u6797\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u751f\u6d3b\u7740\u4ffe\u683c\u7c73\u4eba\uff08<\/span>Pygmies<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8eab\u6750\u77ee\u5c0f\uff0c\u8863\u7740\u5f88\u5c11\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u8015\u79cd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u72e9\u730e\u548c\u91c7\u96c6\u4e3a\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u730e\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u7528\u5f13\u7bad\u5c04\u6740\u5927\u8c61\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fc1\u5f99\u5bfb\u627e\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u8702\u5de2\u72b6\u68da\u5c4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4ffe\u683c\u7c73\u4eba\u611f\u5b98\u654f\u9510\uff0c\u662f\u9ad8\u8d85\u7684\u8ffd\u8e2a\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXIII. <\/span><\/strong>\u82cf\u4e39\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u4e0e\u5357\u975e\u7684\u7956\u9c81\u4eba\u3002\u8349\u539f<\/span><\/strong> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4f4d\u4e8e\u68ee\u6797\u5357\u5317\u4e24\u4fa7\u7684<\/span>\u8428\u74e6\u7eb3<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>savana<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u5e74\u708e\u70ed\u4f46\u6709\u65f1\u5b63\u548c\u96e8\u5b63\u7684\u8349\u539f\u5730\u533a\u3002<\/span>\u82cf\u4e39<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u7267\u6c11\uff08\u9972\u517b\u725b\u3001\u7f8a\u3001\u9a6c\uff09\u3001\u519c\u6c11\uff08\u79cd\u690d\u7389\u7c73\u3001\u68c9\u82b1\uff09\u3001\u5236\u9020\u5546\uff08\u81ea\u5236\u68c9\u5e03\u548c\u94c1\u5668\uff09\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u5546\u3002\u5b9a\u5c45\u751f\u6d3b\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5efa\u9020\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u6ce5\u5899\u623f\u5c4b\u3002<\/span>\u5357\u975e\u7684\u7956\u9c81\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\u4e5f\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8349\u539f\u73af\u5883\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u9972\u517b\u7272\u755c\u3001\u8015\u79cd\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u8702\u5de2\u72b6\u8305\u8349\u5c4b\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u6751\u5e84<\/span> (<\/span>kraal<\/span><\/em>) <\/span><\/span>\u91cc\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7956\u9c81\u4eba\u4e0d\u5982\u82cf\u4e39\u9ed1\u4eba\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u5b9a\u5c45\u548c\u8015\u79cd\uff0c\u6bd4\u68ee\u6797\u4e2d\u7684\u4ffe\u683c\u7c73\u4eba\u66f4\u52a0\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXIV. <\/span><\/strong>\u6c99\u6f20\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba<\/span><\/strong> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u548c\u5361\u62c9\u54c8\u91cc\u6c99\u6f20\u3002\u6c99\u6f20\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u6e17\u51fa\u7684<\/span>\u7eff\u6d32<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>oases<\/span>\uff09\u4e2d\u624d\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u7eff\u6d32\u5c45\u6c11\u662f\u5b9a\u5c45\u7684\u755c\u7267\u8005\u3001\u5c0f\u519c\uff08\u79cd\u690d\u67a3\u6930\u6811\u3001\u6c34\u7a3b\uff09\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u5546\u3002<\/span>\u8d1d\u90fd\u56e0\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u6c99\u6f20\u4e2d\u7684\u6e38\u7267\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f9d\u9760<\/span>\u9a86\u9a7c<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c99\u6f20\u4e4b\u821f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd0\u8f93\u548c\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u9a86\u9a7c\u80fd\u591f\u50a8\u6c34\u548c\u62b5\u6297\u6c99\u5c18\u66b4\u3002\u6e38\u7267\u8005\u4f4f\u5728\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u7f8a\u6bdb\u5e10\u7bf7\u4e2d\u3002\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u662f\u52c7\u6562\u7684\u6218\u58eb\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u76d7\u8d3c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u901a\u8fc7\u62c5\u4efb\u5546\u961f<\/span>\u5411\u5bfc<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>caravan<\/span>\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u8d38\u6613\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXV. <\/span><\/strong>\u5c3c\u7f57\u6cb3\u4e0e\u57c3\u53ca<\/span><\/strong> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u57c3\u53ca\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u5c3c\u7f57\u6cb3\u4f9b\u6c34\u7684\u72ed\u957f\u7eff\u6d32\u3002\u5c3c\u7f57\u6cb3\u53d1\u6e90\u4e8e\u8d64\u9053\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u6e56\uff0c\u5e38\u5e74\u6c34\u91cf\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u963f\u6bd4\u897f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u84dd\u5c3c\u7f57\u6cb3\u548c\u963f\u7279\u5df4\u62c9\u6cb3\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5b63\u8282\u6027\u6d2a\u6c34\uff0c\u4e3a\u57c3\u53ca\u5e26\u6765\u4e86<\/span>\u6c34\u548c\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u6de4\u6ce5<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u6761\u7eff\u6d32\u957f<\/span> 700 <\/span>\u82f1\u91cc\uff0c\u5bbd<\/span> 5 <\/span>\u5230<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u82f1\u91cc\u3002\u57c3\u53ca\u519c\u6c11<\/span> (<\/span>fellaheen<\/span><\/em>) <\/span><\/span>\u4f4f\u5728\u5c3c\u7f57\u6cb3\u6ce5\u7816\u5efa\u6210\u7684\u6751\u5e84\u4e2d\u3002\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u548c\u6c34\u6e90\u4f7f\u5176\u6bcf\u5e74\u53ef\u6536\u83b7\u4e24\u5230\u4e09\u5b63\u4f5c\u7269\uff08\u68c9\u82b1\u3001\u6c34\u7a3b\u3001\u5c0f\u9ea6\uff09\u3002\u57c3\u53ca\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u7cbe\u901a<\/span>\u704c\u6e89<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <\/span>shaduf<\/span><\/em>\uff08\u6c99\u675c\u592b\uff0c\u6760\u6746\u6c34\u6876\uff09\u548c <\/span>sakias<\/span><\/em>\uff08\u6c34\u8f66\uff0c\u7531\u516c\u725b\u9a71\u52a8\uff09\u5c06\u6c34\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u519c\u7530\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206 \u4e9a\u6d32\u53ca\u6b27\u6d32<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\tXVI. <\/span><\/strong>\u4ea7\u8336\u7684\u5370\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong> \u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u8336\u7684\u751f\u957f\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u9700\u8981\u5145\u8db3\u7684<\/span>\u70ed\u91cf\u548c\u964d\u96e8<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u9700\u8981<\/span>\u4e18\u9675\u5730\u5e26<\/span><\/strong>\u6216\u6392\u6c34\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5e73\u539f\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5e45\u5458\u8fbd\u9614\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u5dee\u5f02\u5de8\u5927\u3002\u5c0f\u9ea6\uff08\u6696\u548c\u3001\u5e72\u71e5\u3001\u5e73\u5766\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u957f\u5728\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u65c1\u906e\u666e\u90a6\uff08<\/span>Punjab<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u704c\u6e89\u3002\u8336\u53f6\u5219\u751f\u957f\u5728\u6e29\u6696\u6f6e\u6e7f\u7684<\/span>\u897f\u9ad8\u6b62\u5c71\u8109<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u963f\u8428\u59c6\u90a6<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u9521\u5170\u7684\u4e18\u9675\u5730\u5e26\u3002\u8336\u6811\u88ab\u4fee\u526a\u5f97\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5de5\u4eba\u91c7\u6458\u5ae9\u82bd\u3002\u8336\u53f6\u5236\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5305\u62ec\u840e\u51cb\u3001\u6eda\u63c9\u3001<\/span>\u53d1\u9175<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5173\u952e\u6b65\u9aa4\uff09\u3001\u5e72\u71e5\u3001\u5206\u62e3\u548c\u5305\u88c5\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6210\u672c\u4f4e\u5ec9\uff0c\u8336\u53f6\u4ef7\u683c\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u5927\u4f17\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXVII. <\/span><\/strong>\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u6c11<\/span><\/strong> \u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5c0f\u5927\u9646<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff1a<\/span>3.5 <\/span>\u4ebf\u4eba\u8bb2<\/span> 150 <\/span>\u591a\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5730\u7406\u9694\u79bb\uff08\u5c71\u8109\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\uff09\u548c\u6c14\u5019\u5dee\u5f02\uff08\u4ece\u6c38\u4e45\u96ea\u7ebf\u5230\u7ec8\u5e74\u708e\u70ed\uff09\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e5d\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u662f<\/span>\u519c\u6c11<\/span><\/strong> (<\/span>ryots<\/span><\/em>)<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u519c\u5177\uff0c\u4f46\u8015\u4f5c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5b97\u6559\u662f<\/span>\u5370\u5ea6\u6559<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Hinduism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u68ee\u4e25\u7684<\/span>\u79cd\u59d3\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u8981\u5b97\u6559\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Mohammedanism<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u4f5b\u6559<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Buddhism<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u6052\u6cb3\u5e73\u539f\u4e0a\u7684\u5927\u5e72\u7ebf\u516c\u8def\u4e0a\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u4e60\u4fd7\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u50e7\u4fa3\u3001\u5de5\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5927\u6742\u70e9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5370\u5ea6\u96be\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e2\u7ed3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXVIII. <\/span><\/strong>\u4e2d\u56fd<\/span><\/strong> \u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53e3\u4f17\u591a\u3001\u4ee5\u519c\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u7406\u88ab\u4e09\u6761\u5927\u6cb3\u5212\u5206\uff1a<\/span>\u9ec4\u6cb3<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Hwang-Ho<\/span>\uff09\u6d41\u7ecf\u9ec4\u571f\uff08<\/span>loess<\/span>\uff0c\u677e\u6563\u7684\u5c18\u571f\u5806\u79ef\uff09\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5927\u5e73\u539f\u3002\u9ec4\u6cb3\u643a\u5e26\u5927\u91cf\u6ce5\u6c99\uff0c\u6cb3\u5e8a\u4e0d\u65ad\u62ac\u9ad8\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u548c\u6539\u9053\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5fe7\u60a3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\u957f\u6c5f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Yang-tse-Kiang<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u897f\u6c5f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Si-Kiang<\/span>\uff09\u6d41\u7ecf\u591a\u5c71\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6e29\u6696\u6f6e\u6e7f\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u5317\u6e29\u5dee\u5927\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u51ac\u5b63\u4e25\u5bd2\u3002\u8336\u53f6\u751f\u957f\u5728\u5357\u65b9\u6e29\u6696\u3001\u6f6e\u6e7f\u7684<\/span>\u591a\u5c71\u5730\u533a<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u9760\u8fd1\u957f\u6c5f\u548c\u897f\u6c5f\u8c37\u5730\u7684\u6cbf\u6d77\u9644\u8fd1\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6c11\u5b9e\u884c\u7cbe\u8015\u7ec6\u4f5c\uff0c\u519c\u573a\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002<\/span>\u6c34\u7a3b<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7cae\u98df\uff0c\u79cd\u690d\u5728\u9700\u8981\u7ec6\u5fc3\u704c\u6e89\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a3b\u7530<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>paddy fields<\/span>\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u704c\u6e89\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u57c3\u53ca\u7684 <\/span>shaduf<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u548c <\/span>sakia<\/span><\/em> <\/span>\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u623f\u5c4b\u591a\u7528\u7a3b\u8349\u6216\u7c98\u571f\u5efa\u9020\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u8d38\u6613\u6e2f\u53e3\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u5e7f\u5dde<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Canton<\/span>\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u6761\u7ea6\u53e3\u5cb8\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c34\u4e0a\u4eba\u5bb6\u4f17\u591a\u95fb\u540d\uff09\u3001\u62e5\u6709\u4f18\u826f\u6e2f\u53e3\u7684\u82f1\u5c5e\u8d38\u6613\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span>\u9999\u6e2f<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Hong Kong<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u957f\u6c5f\u53e3\u7684<\/span>\u4e0a\u6d77<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Shanghai<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXIX. <\/span><\/strong>\u65e5\u672c<\/span><\/strong> \u662f\u4e00\u500b\u591a\u5c71\u7684\u5cf6\u570b\uff0c\u591a<\/span>\u706b\u5c71<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u5bcc\u58eb\u5c71<\/span> Fuji-yama<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u5730\u9707<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5176\u6c23\u5019\u5f9e\u5bd2\u51b7\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u6eab\u6696\u7684\u5357\u65b9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5168\u5e74\u591a\u96e8\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u8015\u5730\u7a00\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u8070\u660e\u7684\u8fb2\u6c11\uff0c\u4e3b\u98df\u662f<\/span>\u6c34\u7a3b<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7269\u662f\u7af9\u5b50\u548c\u88fd\u7d19\u690d\u7269\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u7f3a\u5c11\u7267\u5834\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u4e0d\u5403\u725b\u7f8a\u8089\uff0c\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4eba\u529b\u8eca<\/span> (<\/span>rickshaws<\/span><\/em>)<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u9632\u9707\uff0c\u623f\u5c4b\u591a\u70ba\u6728\u6750\u548c\u7d19\u677f\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u623f\u9593\u5927\u5c0f\u4ee5\u5730\u4e0a\u7684<\/span>\u8349\u5e2d<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>mats<\/span>\uff09\u6578\u91cf\u4f86\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5468\u570d\u6d77\u57df\u98a8\u66b4\u983b\u7e41\uff0c\u51ac\u5b63\u591a\u9727\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6d77\u4e0a\u9694\u96e2\u5e6b\u52a9\u65e5\u672c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u611b\u570b\u3001\u5718\u7d50\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXX. <\/span><\/strong>\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u53d1\u7684\u9646\u8def<\/span><\/strong> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8336\u53f6\u901a\u8fc7\u9646\u8def\u8fd0\u5f80\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u662f\u7816\u8336\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u94c1\u8def<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u65c5\u7a0b\u59cb\u4e8e\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\uff08<\/span>Vladivostok<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u7a7f\u8fc7\u591a\u5c71\u7684\u6797\u533a\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u8bbe\u5728<\/span>\u8d1d\u52a0\u5c14\u6e56<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Baikal<\/span>\uff09\u9644\u8fd1\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u518d\u5411\u897f\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u5e26\uff08\u63d0\u4f9b\u6728\u6750\u71c3\u6599\uff09\u3002\u968f\u540e\u8fdb\u5165\u5bcc\u9976\u7684<\/span>\u519c\u4e1a\u533a<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u9ed1\u571f <\/span>chernozem<\/span><\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c45\u4f4f\u7740\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u56db\u7684\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u79fb\u6c11\u3002\u9102\u6728\u65af\u514b\uff08<\/span>Omsk<\/span>\uff09\u4ee5\u9ec4\u6cb9\u8d38\u6613\u95fb\u540d\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u7a7f\u8fc7\u4f4e\u77ee\u7684\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u5c71\u8109\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5230\u8fbe\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXXI. <\/span><\/strong>\u5927\u8349\u539f\u4e0e\u8349\u539f\u5c45\u6c11<\/span><\/strong> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u5e73\u539f\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u5e72\u65f1\u8349\u539f\uff08<\/span>steppe<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u897f\u571f\u8033\u5176\u65af\u5766<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6c99\u6f20\u533a\u4f9d\u8d56\u9ad8\u5c71\u878d\u96ea\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\uff08\u963f\u59c6\u6cb3\u3001\u9521\u5c14\u6cb3\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u704c\u6e89\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5854\u4ec0\u5e72\u3001\u6492\u9a6c\u5c14\u7f55\u7b49\u7eff\u6d32\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u8349\u539f\u6c14\u5019\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u7740<\/span>\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>Kirghis<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7272\u755c\uff08\u725b\u7f8a\u9a6c\uff09\u7684<\/span>\u7267\u6c11<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u730e\u4eba\u3002\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u4eba\u662f\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u6613\u4e8e\u62c6\u5378\u7684<\/span>\u6be1\u623f<\/span><\/strong>\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fc1\u5f99\u4ee5\u5bfb\u627e\u6c34\u6e90\u548c\u7267\u8349\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u5546\u961f\u8fdb\u884c\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8089\u7c7b\u548c\u4e73\u5236\u54c1\uff08\u5982\u53d1\u9175\u9a6c\u5976 <\/span>koomis<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXXII. <\/span><\/strong>\u5723\u8bde\u5e03\u4e01<\/span><\/strong> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff09\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6c14\u5019\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u51ac\u5b63<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6625\u5b63\u964d\u96e8\u5145\u8db3\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u708e\u70ed\u5e72\u71e5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u6c34\u679c\u79cd\u690d\u3002<\/span>\u5e0c\u814a<\/span><\/strong>\u591a\u5c71\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u4f9d\u9760\u6d77\u6d0b\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u51fa\u53e3\u6a44\u6984\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u69a8\u6cb9\uff0c\u66ff\u4ee3\u7a00\u7f3a\u7684\u9ec4\u6cb9\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u52a0\u4ed1\u5b50<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>currants<\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u6652\u5e72\u7684\u5c0f\u8461\u8404\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u610f\u5927\u5229<\/span><\/strong>\u5317\u90e8\u6709\u5bcc\u9976\u7684\u4f26\u5df4\u7b2c\u5e73\u539f\uff0c\u79cd\u690d\u6c34\u7a3b\u3001\u6851\u6811\uff08\u517b\u8695\uff09\u3001\u6a44\u6984\u548c\u8461\u8404\u3002<\/span>\u897f\u73ed\u7259<\/span>\/<\/span>\u8461\u8404\u7259<\/span><\/strong>\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5e72\u71e5\u7684\u9ad8\u539f\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u519c\u4f5c\u7269\u662f\u6a44\u6984\u3001\u8461\u8404\u548c\u539a\u76ae\u53ef\u62b5\u6297\u590f\u5b63\u5e72\u65f1\u7684<\/span>\u8f6f\u6728\u6a61\u6811<\/span><\/strong>\uff08<\/span>cork oak<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u725b\u7fa4\u7a00\u5c11\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u9972\u517b\u7ef5\u7f8a\uff08\u7f8e\u5229\u5974\u7f8a\uff09\u3001\u9a74\u548c\u9aa1\u5b50\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5723\u8bde\u5e03\u4e01\u539f\u6599\uff08\u52a0\u4ed1\u5b50\u3001\u8461\u8404\u5e72\u3001\u674f\u4ec1\uff09\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXXIII. <\/span><\/strong>\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\u7684\u745e\u58eb\u4eba<\/span><\/strong> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u9ad8\u5730<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71\u8109\uff08<\/span>Alps<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e09\u82f1\u91cc\u3002<\/span>\u745e\u58eb<\/span><\/strong>\u662f\u5c71\u533a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u968f\u6d77\u62d4\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u5782\u76f4\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u745e\u58eb\u519c\u6c11\u5fc5\u987b\u5efa\u9020\u77f3\u5899\u6765\u5236\u4f5c\u68af\u7530\u3002\u9ad8\u5c71\u8349\u5730\uff08<\/span>alps<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u7528\u4e8e\u590f\u5b63\u653e\u7267\u5976\u725b\uff0c\u725b\u5976\u88ab\u5236\u6210\u5976\u916a\u6216\u70bc\u4e73\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u51ac\u5b63\u9700\u8981\u9972\u6599\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u5728\u590f\u5b63\u8981\u8d39\u529b\u5272\u8349\u4e09\u6b21\u6765\u5236\u4f5c\u5e72\u8349\u3002\u745e\u58eb\u6728\u5c4b\uff08<\/span>chalets<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u7ed3\u6784\u575a\u56fa\uff0c\u5c4b\u9876\u7528\u77f3\u5934\u52a0\u56fa\u3002\u51ac\u5b63\u519c\u95f2\u65f6\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c<\/span>\u6728\u96d5<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u526f\u4e1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4f9d\u9760<\/span>\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a<\/span><\/strong>\u751f\u5b58\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXXIV. <\/span><\/strong>\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u6c34\u624b<\/span><\/strong> \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5317\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u632a\u5a01\u3001\u8377\u5170\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u822a\u6d77\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f18\u52bf\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span>\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u51ac\u5b63<\/span><\/strong>\u4f7f\u6e2f\u53e3\u4e0d\u7ed3\u51b0\uff1b\u9002\u5b9c\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u5141\u8bb8\u5168\u5e74\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u6d45\u6d77<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u591a\u683c\u6d45\u6ee9<\/span> Dogger Bank<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u6e14\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span>\u632a\u5a01\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u7ef4\u4eac\u4eba\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\uff09\u56e0\u8015\u5730\u7a00\u5c11\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u6e14\u6c11\u548c\u6c34\u624b\u3002<\/span>\u8377\u5170<\/span><\/strong>\u5730\u52bf\u5e73\u5766\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u548c\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u6e2f\u53e3\u901a\u8fc7\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u8179\u5730\u76f8\u8fde\u3002<\/span>\u82f1\u56fd<\/span><\/strong>\u6e14\u4e1a\u662f\u6d77\u5458\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8bad\u7ec3\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u822a\u6d77\u5bb6\u3002\u84b8\u6c7d\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5317\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u56e0\u62e5\u6709\u672c\u5730<\/span>\u7164\u70ad<\/span><\/strong>\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u5de8\u5927\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u822a\u8fd0\u548c\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tXXV. <\/span><\/strong>\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><\/strong> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u5b83\u7531\u6563\u5e03\u5728\u5168\u7403\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u9886\u5730\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u7ae0\u8282\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86<\/span>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5bd2\u51b7<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6f6e\u6e7f\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5e72\u71e5<\/span>\/<\/span>\u708e\u70ed\uff09\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5<\/span>\u517b\u7f8a<\/span><\/strong>\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff08\u7f8a\u6bdb\u8fd0\u5f80\u7ea6\u514b\u90e1\uff09\uff0c\u4e1c\u6d77\u5cb8\u79cd\u690d\u6c34\u679c\u3002<\/span>\u5357\u975e<\/span><\/strong>\u6bd4\u524d\u4e24\u8005\u5c0f\uff0c\u6709\u6c99\u6f20\uff08\u5361\u62c9\u54c8\u91cc<\/span> Kalahari<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u8349\u539f\uff08<\/span>veld<\/span><\/em>\uff09\u3001\u7267\u573a\u548c\u77ff\u5c71\u3002\u5357\u975e\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u6784\u6210\u590d\u6742\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7956\u9c81\u4eba\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u8377\u5170\u88d4\uff09\uff0c\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u8be5\u7ae0\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7531<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u571f\u5730<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u6c11<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u5730\u7406\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u589e\u8fdb\u5bf9\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e60\u4fd7\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u53cb\u597d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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