{"id":1375,"date":"2025-10-25T08:57:07","date_gmt":"2025-10-25T00:57:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1375"},"modified":"2025-10-25T08:57:07","modified_gmt":"2025-10-25T00:57:07","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e8%a5%bf%e6%96%b9%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e5%8f%b2%e3%80%8b-history-of-western-philosophy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1375","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u300b History of Western Philosophy"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0135<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tHistory of Western Philosophy<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f2f\u7279\u5170<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9<\/span>\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u8de8\u5ea6\u4ece<\/span>\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5174\u8d77<\/span><\/b>\u5230<\/span>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u601d\u6f6e<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u65e9\u671f\u5e0c\u814a\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5982\u6cf0\u52d2\u65af\u3001\u963f\u90a3\u514b\u897f\u66fc\u5fb7\u3001\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u548c\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\uff09\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u8fd8\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86<\/span>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u548c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff08\u5982\u5723\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u548c\u5723\u6258\u9a6c\u65af<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u963f\u594e\u90a3\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86<\/span>\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u548c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5173\u952e\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u3001\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u548c\u6d1b\u514b<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86<\/span>\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\u3001<\/span>\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u5c3c\u91c7<\/span><\/b>\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5982\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u548c\u675c\u5a01\uff09\u7b49\u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86<\/span>\u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\u8d2f\u7a7f\u897f\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4ecb\u4e8e\u795e\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u50cf\u795e\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\u6d89\u53ca\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u50cf\u79d1\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u6027\u800c\u975e\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u6784\u6210\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u63a2\u7a76\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u73af\u5883\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5168\u4e66\u5171\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u5927\u90e8\u5206\uff08<\/span>BOOK<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4ece\u53e4\u81f3\u4eca\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\uff1a\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/h2>\n

\n\t\u672c\u5377\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4ece\u6700\u65e9\u65f6\u671f\u5230\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u5d1b\u8d77\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u524d\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u65f6\u671f<\/span> (The Pre-Socratics)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/h3>\n

\n\t\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9<\/span>\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u7c73\u5229\u90fd\u5b66\u6d3e<\/span><\/strong>\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u65e9\u671f\u4e3b\u8981\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n\t\t\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af<\/span> (Pythagoras)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5728\u667a\u529b\u4e0a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u6570\u5b66\uff08\u6f14\u793a\u6027\u6f14\u7ece\u8bba\u8bc1\uff09\u4e0e\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279<\/span> (Heraclitus)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u6d41\u53d8\u548c\u5bf9\u7acb\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u6069\u57f9\u591a\u514b\u52d2<\/span> (Empedocles)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5bf9\u5176\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u89c2\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u963f\u90a3\u514b\u8428\u54e5\u62c9<\/span> (Anaxagoras)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u5f15\u5165\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u51fa<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5fc3\u667a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u7269\u7406\u53d8\u5316\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u539f\u5b50\u8bba\u8005<\/span> (The Atomists)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u7559\u57fa\u4f2f\uff08<\/span>Leucippus<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u91cc\u7279\uff08<\/span>Democritus<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7<\/span> (Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
    \n<\/h3>\n

    \n\t\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95<\/span> (Socrates)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f88\u96be\u8003\u8bc1\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4eba\u54c1\u548c\u5728\u5ba1\u5224\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5851\u9020\u5176\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u81f3\u5584\u81f3\u667a\u4e4b\u4eba\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6<\/span> (Plato’s Utopia)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u300b\uff08<\/span>The Republic<\/span>\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u8bba<\/span> (The Theory of Ideas)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9e\u5728<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8868\u8c61<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u533a\u5206\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e16\u95f4\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u7406\u5ff5\uff08\u6216\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u62f7\u8d1d\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f3a\u8c03\u6570\u5b66\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5fc3\u667a\u4e2d\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u6027\u7406\u8bba<\/span> (Plato’s Theory of Immortality)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u300a\u6590\u591a\u300b\uff08<\/span>Phaedo<\/span>\uff09\u4e2d\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u5bf9\u53e4\u4ee3\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5e76\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66<\/span> (Aristotle’s Politics)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u7740\u91cd\u4e8e\u57ce\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08<\/span>City States<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u4ecd\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u539f\u5219\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66<\/span> (Aristotle’s Physics)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u8bba\u5929\u300b\uff08<\/span>On the Heavens<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\u4e00\u76f4\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7740\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
      \n<\/h3>\n

      \n\t\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u4e16\u754c<\/span> (The Hellenistic World)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u72ac\u5112\u5b66\u6d3e\u4e0e\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u8005<\/span> (Cynics and Sceptics)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4ee5\u7b2c\u6b27\u6839\u5c3c\uff08<\/span>Diogenes<\/span>\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u72ac\u5112\u5b66\u6d3e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\u5b66\u6d3e<\/span> (The Epicureans)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8be5\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u88ab\u5176\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\u6c38\u4e45\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4f7f\u4eba\u4ece\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u65af\u591a\u845b\u5b66\u6d3e<\/span> (Stoicism)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u66f4\u957f\uff0c\u6559\u4e49\u5e38\u6709\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u9010\u6e10\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u65e5\u76ca\u72ec\u5bb6\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u666e\u6d1b\u63d0\u52aa\u65af<\/span> (Plotinus)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u65b0\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u795e\u5723\u5fc3\u667a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u592a\u4e00<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\uff1a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
        \n<\/h2>\n

        \n\t\u672c\u5377\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u4ece\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u5230\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6b27\u6d32\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u5174\u8870\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9610\u660e\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u672c\u5377\u63d2\u5165\u4e86\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u65e9\u671f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5386\u53f2\u5bf9\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u5f71\u54cd\u5de8\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u6559\u7236\u65f6\u671f<\/span> (The Fathers)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
        \n<\/h3>\n

        \n\t\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u59cb\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u4e09\u4f4d\u6559\u4f1a\u5723\u5e08<\/span> (Three Doctors of the Church)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5723\u5b89\u5e03\u7f57\u65af\uff08<\/span>St Ambrose<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u5723\u6770\u7f57\u59c6\uff08<\/span>St Jerome<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u5723\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff08<\/span>St Augustine<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u548c\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u5723\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u795e\u5b66<\/span> (St Augustine’s Philosophy and
          \n Theology)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u300a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u57ce\u300b\uff08<\/span>The City of
          \n God<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u56de\u5e94\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u5c06\u7f57\u9a6c\u88ab\u6d17\u52ab\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u653e\u5f03\u53e4\u8001\u795e\u7947\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5386\u53f2\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u5723\u672c\u7b03\u548c\u6559\u7687\u683c\u91cc\u9ad8\u5229\u4e00\u4e16<\/span> (St Benedict and Gregory the
          \n Great)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u5723\u672c\u7b03\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u6559\u7687\u683c\u91cc\u9ad8\u5229\u4e00\u4e16\u65f6\u671f\u6559\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u5728\u6587\u660e\u8870\u843d\u4e2d\u7684\u5b58\u7eed\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6<\/span> (The Schoolmen)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
          \n<\/h3>\n

          \n\t\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6210\u957f\u4e0e\u6210\u719f\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u53f8\u5404\u7279<\/span> (John the
            \n Scot)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u65b0\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u6cdb\u795e\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u7406\u6027\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (Mohammedan Culture and Philosophy)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6587\u660e\u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u65f6\u4ee3\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u5341\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span> (The Thirteenth Century)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6210\u5c31\u5353\u8d8a\uff0c\u5982\u6258\u9a6c\u65af<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u7684\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u5723\u6258\u9a6c\u65af<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u963f\u594e\u90a3<\/span> (St Thomas
            \n Aquinas)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u63a8\u7406\u578b\u800c\u975e\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5bf9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u5148\u4e0b\u7ed3\u8bba\u518d\u5bfb\u627e\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u65b9\u6d4e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6<\/span> (Franciscan Schoolmen)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u7f57\u5409\u5c14<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u57f9\u6839\uff08<\/span>Roger Bacon<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u9093\u65af<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u53f8\u5404\u8131\uff08<\/span>Duns Scotus<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u5965\u5361\u59c6\u7684\u5a01\u5ec9\uff08<\/span>William of Occam<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (MODERN PHILOSOPHY)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
            \n<\/h2>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u4ece\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u5230\u4f11\u8c1f<\/span> (From the Renaissance to Hume)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
            \n<\/h3>\n

            \n\t\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u73b0\u4ee3\u7cbe\u795e\u9762\u8c8c\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229<\/span> (Machiavelli)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u9610\u660e\u5b9e\u73b0\u65e2\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u987e\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u597d\u574f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8d77<\/span> (The Rise of Science)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u4f7f\u5f97\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u4e16\u7eaa\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u57f9\u6839<\/span> (Francis
              \n Bacon)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u903b\u8f91\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u300a\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u300b<\/span> (Hobbes’s Leviathan)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u63a8\u5d07\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u524d\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\uff09\u90fd\u66f4\u5177\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14<\/span> (Descartes)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u6df1\u53d7\u65b0\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e<\/span> (Spinoza)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u4e0a\u662f\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u627e\u5230\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328<\/span> (Leibniz)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u8d85\u7fa4\u7684\u624d\u667a\uff0c\u4f46\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e24\u79cd\u4f53\u7cfb\uff1a\u516c\u5f00\u5ba3\u626c\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u3001\u6b63\u7edf\u3001\u80a4\u6d45\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u624b\u7a3f\u4e2d\u53d1\u6398\u51fa\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u3001\u8fde\u8d2f\u4e14\u903b\u8f91\u6027\u6781\u5f3a\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba<\/span> (Locke’s Theory of Knowledge)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u662f<\/span>1688<\/span>\u5e74\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4f7f\u5f92\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u4f11\u8c1f<\/span> (Hume)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u5c06\u6d1b\u514b\u548c\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u81ea\u6211\u4e00\u81f4\u4f46\u53c8\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u4ece\u5362\u68ad\u5230\u5f53\u4ee3<\/span> (From Rousseau to the Present Day)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
              \n<\/h3>\n

              \n\t\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u53d7\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u6f6e\u6d41\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n\t\t\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span> (The Romantic Movement)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u6f6e\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u751a\u81f3\u653f\u6cbb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u5362\u68ad<\/span> (Rousseau)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u56e0\u5176\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u611f\u6027\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u6216\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6e90\u5934\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u5eb7\u5fb7<\/span> (Kant)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u65e8\u5728\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u90e8\u5206\u662f<\/span>\u5148\u9a8c<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5f52\u7eb3\u5f97\u51fa\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14<\/span> (Hegel)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u9876\u70b9\uff0c\u5176\u4f53\u7cfb\u5efa\u7acb\u5728<\/span>\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b9e\u5728\uff08<\/span>the Absolute<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u5c3c\u91c7<\/span> (Nietzsche)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u53d4\u672c\u534e\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u5361\u5c14<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d<\/span> (Karl Marx)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4ed6\u662f\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u7406\u6027\u516c\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u5a01\u5ec9<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb<\/span> (William
                \n James)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u675c\u5a01<\/span> (John Dewey)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u7528<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u63a2\u7a76<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>inquiry<\/span>\uff09\u53d6\u4ee3<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u771f\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u800c\u8457\u79f0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u903b\u8f91\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66<\/span> (The Philosophy of Logical Analysis)<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b66\u6d3e\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u90e8\u5206\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u6d88\u9664\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5982\u540c\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6210\u5c31\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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