{"id":1366,"date":"2025-10-25T06:20:30","date_gmt":"2025-10-24T22:20:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1366"},"modified":"2025-10-25T06:20:30","modified_gmt":"2025-10-24T22:20:30","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%ef%bc%9a%e4%ba%ba%e7%b1%bb%e5%8f%8a%e5%85%b6%e6%95%85%e4%ba%8b%e3%80%8b-history%ef%bc%9amankind-and-his-story","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1366","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5386\u53f2\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ca\u5176\u6545\u4e8b\u300b History\uff1aMankind and His Story"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660132 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u5386\u53f2\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ca\u5176\u6545\u4e8b\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tHistory<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\uff1a<\/u><\/strong><\/span>Mankind and His Story<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u8de8\u5ea6\u4ece<\/span>\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u6d89\u53ca\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u548c\u53e4\u4ee3\u8fd1\u4e1c\u6587\u660e\uff09\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230<\/span>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5168\u7403\u653f\u6cbb\u5371\u673a<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u548c\u51b7\u6218\u521d\u671f\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u7740\u91cd\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86<\/span>\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6f14\u53d8<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u90a6\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4e0e\u8870\u843d\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u7687\u6743\u529b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u540e\u7684<\/span>\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u8be6\u7ec6\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u6269\u5f20<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u7f8e\u6d32\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u5851\u9020\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7b49\u4e3b\u8981\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784\u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u5377\u6240\u6536\u5f55\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e<\/span><\/b>\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e14\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u3002\u5168\u4e66\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u91c7\u7528\u60ef\u5e38\u7684\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u5212\u5206\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7531<\/span>\u4e3b\u9898\u903b\u8f91<\/span><\/b>\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u7b49\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span> (APPROACH TO HISTORY) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 7-13 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> Max Beloff, B.Litt., M.A. (Oxon)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5386\u53f2\u63a2\u7a76\u548c\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u7956\u5148\u7684\u656c\u610f\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u70ed\u60c5\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u504f\u89c1\u3001\u7231\u56fd\u5174\u594b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u8005\u6216\u516b\u5366\u8005\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5386\u53f2\u5199\u4f5c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5176\u9886\u57df\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u786e\u754c\u5b9a\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u65e2\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u5ba2\u89c2\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u589e\u52a0\u6b64\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u95e8<\/span>\u827a\u672f<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5438\u5f15\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6258\u56e0\u6bd4\uff08<\/span>Toynbee<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u901a\u8fc7\u9610\u660e\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u9886\u57df\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f7f\u5386\u53f2\u66f4\u5177\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u79d1\u6797\u4f0d\u5fb7\uff08<\/span>Collingwood<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u514b\u7f57\u9f50\uff08<\/span>Croce<\/span>\uff09\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u5386\u53f2\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u91cd\u65b0\u4f53\u9a8c<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>relive<\/span>\uff09\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u90fd\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f53\u4ee3\u53f2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u8303\u56f4\u4e0e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5373\u8ffd\u6eaf\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u4ece\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u4e1c\u5cb8\u548c\u5317\u5cb8\u8d77\u6e90\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u660e\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e16\u754c\u7b49\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u56de\u6eaf\u5b83\u4eec\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u81ea\u7ed9\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u552f\u72ec\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u53d9\u4e8b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u4e0e\u53e4\u4ee3\u8fd1\u4e1c\u53f2<\/span> (ARCH\u00c6OLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT
    \nNEAR EAST) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 14-29 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> T. Fish, Ph.D. (Cantab)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5173\u6ce8\u4e8e\u897f\u5357\u4e9a\u3001\u4e1c\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u76c6\u5730\u53ca\u5176\u8179\u5730\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u3001\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u57c3\u53ca\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2\uff09\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u7ecf\u5178\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e66\u9762\u548c\u975e\u4e66\u9762\u8d44\u6599\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u8003\u53e4\u6210\u5c31\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df2\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u57c3\u53ca\u6587\u3001\u82cf\u7f8e\u5c14\u6587\u548c\u963f\u5361\u5fb7\u6587\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u80fd\u591f\u91cd\u5efa\u53e4\u4ee3\u8fd1\u4e1c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u6316\u6398\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u586b\u8865\u4e86\u53e4\u4ee3\u8fd1\u4e1c\u665a\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f7f\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u91cd\u5efa\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u89e3\u91ca\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u5316<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u901a\u8fc7\u6295\u5165\u8eab\u5fc3\u5bf9\u5176\u73af\u5883\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u827a\u672f\u8981\u7d20\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u8fd1\u4e1c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u65f6\u671f\u4ee5\u6750\u6599\uff08\u77f3\u5668\u3001\u9752\u94dc\u3001\u94c1\u5668\uff09\u6216\u5730\u70b9\u547d\u540d\uff08\u5982\u8428\u514b\u8036<\/span>–<\/span>\u683c\u7956\u3001\u4e4c\u62dc\u5fb7\u3001\u4e4c\u9c81\u514b\u3001\u6770\u59c6\u4ee3\u7279<\/span>–<\/span>\u90a3\u65af\u5c14\uff09\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u73b0\u5370\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u7684<\/span>\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u5f0f\u5706\u7b52\u5370\u7ae0<\/span><\/b>\u548c\u5728\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766<\/span>\/<\/span>\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u53d1\u73b0\u7684<\/span>\u514b\u91cc\u7279\u9676\u5668<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\uff0c\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u6587\u660e\u9057\u4ea7\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u7684\u6ce5\u677f\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u795e\u5e99\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684<\/span>\u7c3f\u8bb0\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u5de5\u8d44\u5355<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5927\u5e1d\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5b97\u6559\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff09\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d3b\u6c34<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8f93\u9001\u7ed9\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u5b57\u6bcd<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c<\/span> (THE ANCIENT WORLD) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 32-62 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> Olwen Brogan, M.A. (London)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4ece\u4f20\u5947\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u7c73\u8bfa\u65af\u5230\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u5178\u7f16\u7e82\u8005\u67e5\u58eb\u4e01\u5c3c\u8fd9\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4ee5\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u3001\u51ef\u5c14\u7279\u4eba\u3001\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u4eba\u548c\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u4eba\u7b49\u4e3b\u8981\u6b27\u6d32\u6c11\u65cf\u9996\u6b21\u767b\u4e0a\u5386\u53f2\u821e\u53f0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u660e\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7c73\u8bfa\u65af\u6587\u660e\uff08<\/span>Minoan<\/span>\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span> 2000-1000 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u8bfa\u7d22\u65af\uff09\u3001\u5370\u6b27\u4eba\uff08\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u7956\u5148\uff09\u7684\u5230\u6765\u548c\u8fc8\u9521\u5c3c\u6587\u660e\uff08<\/span>Mycenaean<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u968f\u540e\u662f<\/span>\u591a\u5229\u5b89\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\u5165\u4fb5\uff08\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span> 1000 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c<\/span>\u5e0c\u814a\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u8be6\u8ff0\u4e86\u53e4\u5178\u5e0c\u814a\uff08<\/span>Hellas<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u53ca\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3002\u63a5\u7740\u662f\u9a6c\u5176\u987f\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff08\u8153\u529b\u3001\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u7684<\/span>\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u65f6\u671f<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u6210\u957f\uff08\u8d35\u65cf\u4e0e\u5e73\u6c11\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff09\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u901a\u8fc7\u5f81\u670d\u548c\u4fee\u5efa\u9053\u8def\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u5bf9\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e09\u6b21<\/span>\u5e03\u533f\u6218\u4e89<\/span><\/b>\u3001\u6c49\u5c3c\u62d4\u7684\u6311\u6218
        \n \u4ee5\u53ca\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u571f\u5730\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5974\u96b6\u52b3\u4f5c\u7684\u5927\u519c\u573a\uff09\u548c\u519b\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff08\u9a6c\u7565\u3001\u82cf\u62c9\u3001\u683c\u62c9\u53e4\u5144\u5f1f\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4e0e\u8870\u843d\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u51ef\u6492\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u548c\u88ab\u523a\u6740\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c4b\u5927\u7ef4\uff08\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u53d1\u5c55\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u5176<\/span>\u5e02\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u5386\u53f2\u6700\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u5185\u6218\u548c\u86ee\u65cf\uff08\u54e5\u7279\u4eba\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u66fc\u5c3c\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u540e\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6234\u514b\u91cc\u5148\uff08<\/span>Diocletian<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\uff08<\/span>Constantine<\/span>\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u91cd\u7ec4\u3002\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5c06\u5e1d\u56fd\u5206\u4e3a\u4e1c\u897f\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u535a\u65af\u666e\u9c81\u65af\u5efa\u7acb<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u65b0\u7f57\u9a6c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6559\u4f1a\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u67e5\u58eb\u4e01\u5c3c\uff08<\/span>Justinian<\/span>\uff09\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86<\/span><\/b>\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u7684\u6cd5\u5178\u7f16\u7e82<\/span>**<\/span>\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u6700\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u521b\u9020\u5f97\u4ee5\u4f20\u627f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0e\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174<\/span> (THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE RENAISSANCE) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 63-92 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> G. R. Potter, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4ece\u516c\u5143<\/span> 300 <\/span>\u5e74\u5230<\/span> 1500 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u3002\u672c\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\u662f<\/span>\u57fa\u7763\u6559<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u804c\u8d23\u4e0e\u571f\u5730\u6302\u94a9\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5960\u57fa\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u86ee\u65cf\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\uff08\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4eba\u3001\u54e5\u7279\u4eba\u7b49\uff09\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5723\u672c\u7b03\uff08<\/span>St. Benedict<\/span>\uff09\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u4fee\u9053\u4f1a
          \n \u548c\u683c\u91cc\u9ad8\u5229\u4e00\u4e16\uff08<\/span>Gregory I<\/span>\uff09\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u5165\u82f1\u56fd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u521b\u7acb\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4ee5\u53ca\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\uff08\u8428\u62c9\u68ee\u4eba<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6469\u5c14\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u5317\u975e\u5e76\u4fb5\u5165\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u67e5\u7406\u66fc\u5927\u5e1d\uff08<\/span>Charlemagne<\/span>\uff09\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u6559\u7687\u52a0\u5195\uff08\u516c\u5143<\/span> 800 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u8c61\u5f81\u7740<\/span>\u5c01\u5efa\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e16\u754c<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u548c\u6559\u7687\u4e0e\u7687\u5e1d\u53cc\u91cd\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u968f\u540e\u662f<\/span>\u8bfa\u66fc\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u548c\u6269\u5f20\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u6559\u4f1a\u6743\u5a01\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6559\u7687\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7a33\u6b65\u589e\u957f\uff08\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u4e00\u4e16\u3001\u683c\u91cc\u9ad8\u5229\u4e03\u4e16\uff09\u3002\u6559\u4f1a\u52aa\u529b\u53cd\u5bf9<\/span>\u4e70\u5356\u5723\u804c<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>simony<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u6559\u58eb\u5a5a\u59fb<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5f02\u7aef\uff08\u5982\u74e6\u5c14\u767b\u6d3e\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u6bd4\u6d3e\uff09\u7684\u51fa\u73b0
          \n \u4ee5\u53ca\u9053\u660e\u4f1a\u548c\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u4f1a\u7b49\u4fee\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>friars<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u670d\u52a1\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7a77\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6751\u5e84\u793e\u533a\uff08\u4e09\u7530\u5236\uff09\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u8270\u82e6\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u57ce\u9547\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u5de5\u5320\u7684\u805a\u96c6\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u6297\u5c01\u5efa\u5730\u4e3b\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u3002\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u4e1c\u5f81\uff08<\/span>Crusades<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6700\u7ec8\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4f46\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u57ce\u5e02\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u59cb\u4e8e\u5bf9\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5316\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3002\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u5178\u96c5\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u6587<\/span><\/b>\u3001<\/span>\u827a\u672f\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u521b\u65b0<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u8bde\u751f<\/span> (THE REFORMATION AND THE BIRTH OF MODERN
          \nEUROPE) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 93-113 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> C. V. Wedgwood, M.A. (Oxon)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6db5\u76d6\u4e86<\/span> 1494 <\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span> 1648 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5411\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u5370\u5237\u672f\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u9769\u547d\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5370\u5237\u672f\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u662f\u672c\u65f6\u671f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5b83\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5b97\u6559\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u7a81\u7834\uff08\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u3001\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u3001\u57f9\u6839\u3001\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u5728\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\uff08<\/span>1513 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u5766\u8bda\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u7684\u65e0\u60c5\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u800c<\/span>\u541b\u6743\u795e\u6388<\/span><\/b>\u7406\u8bba\u6210\u4e3a\u63a9\u76d6\u738b\u5ba4\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span>\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b>\u5f7b\u5e95\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9a6c\u4e01<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u9f13\u52b1\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5021\u5bfc<\/span>\u6d88\u6781\u670d\u4ece<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b26\u5408\u65b0\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c<\/span>1555 <\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u5965\u683c\u65af\u5821\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08<\/span>Augsburg<\/span>\uff09\u786e\u8ba4\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6559\u968f\u56fd\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u539f\u5219\uff08<\/span>cujus
            \n regio ejus religio<\/span><\/i>\uff09\u4e5f\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u56fd\u9645\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u67e5\u7406\u4e94\u4e16\uff08\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\uff09\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5f17\u6717\u7d22\u74e6\u4e00\u4e16\uff08<\/span>Francis I<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u5c06\u6b27\u6d32\u4e89\u593a\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u4ece\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u4f4e\u5730\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u53cd\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\uff08\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u3001\u7279\u4f26\u7279\u4f1a\u8bae\uff09
            \n \u4ee5\u53ca\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u8377\u5170\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5317\u8377\u5170\uff08\u5373\u8377\u5170\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u6297\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5d1b\u8d77\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u5f3a\u56fd\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u6218\u4e89\uff08\u80e1\u683c\u8bfa\u6d3e\uff09\u540e\uff0c\u4ea8\u5229\u56db\u4e16\u9881\u5e03\u4e86<\/span>**<\/span>\u300a\u5357\u7279\u6555\u4ee4\u300b<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Edict
            \n of Nantes, 1598<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9996\u6b21\u5b98\u65b9\u627f\u8ba4\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \uff08<\/span>1618-1648<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0e\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u9876\u70b9\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u4f7f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u89e3\u4f53\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7834\u4ea7\u3002\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u672a\u6765\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u73b0\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span> (THE FIRST AGE OF DISCOVERY) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 114-138 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> H. V. Livermore, M.A. (Cantab)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3001\u5f81\u670d\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u63a2\u7d22\u52a8\u673a\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8d38\u6613\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3001\u5bf9\u53e4\u4ee3\u5730\u7406\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u4f20\u64ad\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u613f\u671b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u5bf9\u65e7\u6709\u4e1c\u65b9\u9646\u5730\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\u7684\u963b\u65ad\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u8461\u8404\u7259\u7684\u5148\u9a71\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u822a\u6d77\u5bb6\u4ea8\u5229\u738b\u5b50<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u6cbf\u7740\u975e\u6d32\u6d77\u5cb8\u63a2\u7d22\uff1a\u8fea\u4e9a\u58eb\uff08<\/span>Dias<\/span>\uff09\u7ed5\u8fc7\u597d\u671b\u89d2\uff08<\/span>1488<\/span>\uff09\uff1b\u8fbe<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u4f3d\u9a6c\uff08<\/span>Da
              \n Gama<\/span>\uff09\u5230\u8fbe\u5370\u5ea6\uff08<\/span>1498<\/span>\uff09\uff1b\u5361\u5e03\u62c9\u5c14\uff08<\/span>Cabral<\/span>\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u5df4\u897f\uff08<\/span>1500<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5728\u4e1c\u65b9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5546\u4e1a\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08\u679c\u963f\u3001\u9a6c\u516d\u7532\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4e0e\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5f17<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03<\/span><\/b>\u897f\u822a\u62b5\u8fbe\u7f8e\u6d32\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\uff08<\/span>Magellan<\/span>\uff09\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u9996\u6b21\u73af\u7403\u822a\u884c\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5f81\u670d\u8005\uff08<\/span>Conquistadores<\/span>\uff09\u79d1\u5c14\u7279\u65af\uff08<\/span>Cortes<\/span>\uff09\u5f81\u670d\u4e86<\/span>\u963f\u5179\u7279\u514b\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\uff09\uff0c\u76ae\u8428\u7f57\uff08<\/span>Pizarro<\/span>\uff09\u5f81\u670d\u4e86<\/span>\u5370\u52a0\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u79d8\u9c81\uff09\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8d35\u91d1\u5c5e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e8\u5728\u5efa\u7acb<\/span>\u9886\u571f\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9886\u571f\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u738b\u5ba4\u3002\u738b\u5ba4\u901a\u8fc7\u4efb\u547d<\/span>\u603b\u7763<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>viceroys<\/span>\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u96c6\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7981\u6b62\u5974\u5f79\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u5f3a\u5236\u52b3\u52a8\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u6392\u65a5\u672c\u571f\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u62c5\u4efb\u8981\u804c\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0e\u62c9\u7f8e\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u53d7\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u5185\u90e8\u52a8\u4e71\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5728\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9886\u571f\u3002\u897f\u8499<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u73bb\u5229\u74e6\u5c14\uff08<\/span>Simon Bolivar<\/span>\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u9886\u5bfc\u4e86\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u62c9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u6c14\u5019\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u5546\u4e1a\u65f6\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u52bf\u529b\u5747\u8861<\/span> (BALANCE OF EUROPEAN POWER IN THE
              \nMERCANTILE AGE) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 139-164 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> G. J. Renier, Ph.D. (London)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8003\u5bdf\u4e86<\/span> 17 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u6b27\u6d32\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>absolutism<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u7684\u4e13\u5236\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Louis XIV<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>1661-1715<\/span>\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86<\/span>\u6210\u719f\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u6bd4\u4f5c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65e7\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9ece\u585e\u7559\u548c\u9a6c\u8428\u6797\u5960\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u541b\u4e3b\u5d07\u62dc<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>King-worship<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u96c6\u6743\u884c\u653f\u673a\u6784\u5b9e\u73b0\u7edd\u5bf9\u670d\u4ece\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f<\/span>\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Mercantilism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8d35\u91d1\u5c5e\u6d41\u5165\u56fd\u5e93\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u6709\u5229\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u6b27\u6d32\u5bf9\u5cd9\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u653f\u7b56\u65e8\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u666e\u904d\u541b\u4e3b\u5236<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Universal Monarchy<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\uff08\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff09\u548c<\/span><\/b>\u8377\u5170\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08\u7531\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u8054\u90a6\uff0c\u6444\u653f\u8005\u4e0e\u6267\u653f\u8005\u5bf9\u7acb\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5148\u950b\u3002\u82f1\u8377\u4e4b\u95f4\u56e0\u8d38\u6613\u7ade\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u6218\u4e89\u4e0e\u5747\u8861\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 17 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u540e\u52e4\u8865\u7ed9<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u8c28\u614e\u673a\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u6602\u8d35\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u519b\u3002\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u56e0\u591a\u6b21\u6218\u4e89\uff08\u4e5d\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u738b\u4f4d\u7ee7\u627f\u6218\u4e89\uff09\u7b4b\u75b2\u529b\u5c3d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u65b0\u5e73\u8861\u89c2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 18 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u516c\u4ec6<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c<\/span>\u52bf\u529b\u5747\u8861<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5404\u65b9\u53cd\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u65b9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u5373\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u9886\u571f\u6216\u5546\u4e1a\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u7acb\u5373\u53d6\u5f97\u5bf9\u7b49\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8fd9\u79cd\u72c2\u70ed\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u6218\u4e89\uff08<\/span>1792 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u6027\u8d28\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u603b\u4f53\u6218<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u4f53\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u5371\u9669\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>**<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \n\t\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u51fa\u73b0<\/span> (ADVENT OF RUSSIA) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 165-186 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> Edward Crankshaw\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4ece\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u516c\u56fd\uff08<\/span>Muscovy<\/span>\uff09\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e<\/span> 9 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684<\/span>\u74e6\u826f\u683c\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Varangians<\/span>\uff0c\u7ef4\u4eac\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u57fa\u8f85\uff08<\/span>Kiev<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e<\/span> 988 <\/span>\u5e74\u7688\u4f9d<\/span>\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5f0f\u57fa\u7763\u6559<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u8499\u53e4\u4e0e\u6c99\u7687\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 13 \u4e16\u7eaa<\/span>\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u5165\u4fb5<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1238 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u53d1\u5c55\u5ef6\u8fdf\u4e86\u6570\u767e\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4e9a\u6d32\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5927\u516c\u4f0a\u51e1\u4e09\u4e16\uff08<\/span>Ivan III<\/span>\uff09\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u9791\u977c\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u4f0a\u51e1\u56db\u4e16\uff08<\/span>Ivan IV<\/span>\uff0c\u96f7\u5e1d\uff09\u81ea\u5c01<\/span>\u6c99\u7687<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Tsar<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5c06\u4e9a\u6d32\u5f0f\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u7684\u5962\u534e\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd<\/span>\u6c99\u7687\u4e13\u5236<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u5f7c\u5f97\u5927\u5e1d\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5f7c\u5f97\u5927\u5e1d<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Peter the Great<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>1682-1725<\/span>\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u573a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5c06\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e9a\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u5f3a\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u9646\u519b\u548c\u6d77\u519b\uff0c\u5e76\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u53f6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5a1c\u5927\u5e1d\u4e0e\u6269\u5f20\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u968f\u540e\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7ee7\u7eed\u6269\u5f20\uff0c<\/span>\u53f6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5a1c\u4e8c\u4e16<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Catherine the Great<\/span>\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\uff0c\u5e76\u53c2\u4e0e\u74dc\u5206\u6ce2\u5170\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u6b27\u6d32\u89d2\u8272\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u4e00\u4e16\u5728\u51fb\u8d25\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e26\u5165\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u519c\u5974\u5236\uff08\u76f4\u81f3<\/span> 1861 <\/span>\u5e74\u624d\u89e3\u653e\uff09\u548c\u843d\u540e\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u4ecd\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u6c99\u7687\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\u3002<\/span>\u5217\u5b81<\/span><\/b>\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u5229\u7528\u6218\u4e89\u5931\u8d25\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u5728<\/span> 1917 <\/span>\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u6839\u672c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u968f\u540e\u662f\u5e03\u5217\u65af\u7279<\/span>–<\/span>\u7acb\u9676\u592b\u65af\u514b\u6761\u7ea6\uff08<\/span>1918<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u5185\u6218\u3002\u65af\u5927\u6797\u540e\u6765\u63a8\u884c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u5e74\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77<\/span> (THE RISE OF NORTH AMERICA) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 187-210 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> Max Beloff, B.Litt., M.A. (Oxon)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u548c\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f1f\u5927\u6c11\u65cf\u4ece\u82f1\u6cd5\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0e\u72ec\u7acb\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u65e9\u671f\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff08\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u6566<\/span> 1607 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9b41\u5317\u514b<\/span> 1608 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u5bb6\u56ed\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\uff08<\/span>1775-1783<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5bfc\u706b\u7d22\u5305\u62ec\u5e1d\u56fd\u8d38\u6613\u7ba1\u5236\u3001\u6218\u4e89\u8d39\u7528\u5f81\u7a0e\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5411\u897f\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u82f1\u6cd5\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1787 \u5e74\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u884c\u653f\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u79bb<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u6309\u5dde\u5e73\u7b49\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u6309\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u89c4\u5b9a\u672a\u6765\u65b0\u5dde\u4eab\u6709\u4e0e\u521b\u59cb\u5dde<\/span>\u5b8c\u5168\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5730\u4f4d<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e66\u9762\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u62e5\u6709\u91ca\u5baa\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5728<\/span> 1791 <\/span>\u5e74\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0a\u4e0b\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u540e\u5728<\/span> 1867 <\/span>\u5e74\u6210\u7acb<\/span>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u81ea\u6cbb\u9886<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Dominion of Canada<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u533a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u5185\u6218\u4e0e\u5974\u96b6\u5236\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5974\u96b6\u5236\uff08\u5728\u68c9\u82b1\u79cd\u690d\u4e1a\u4e2d\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\uff09\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5c16\u9510\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\uff08<\/span>1861-1865<\/span>\uff09\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6797\u80af\u5ba3\u5e03\u89e3\u653e\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u94c1\u8def\u5b9e\u529b\u6700\u7ec8\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5974\u96b6\u89e3\u653e\u5e76\u672a\u7ec8\u7ed3\u79cd\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u89d2\u8272\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u7f8e\u56fd\u5949\u884c\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span>Monroe Doctrine<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46<\/span> 19 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u83b7\u53d6\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u548c\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5377\u5165\u4e86\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u8feb\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ed3\u675f\u5b64\u7acb\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u503a\u6743\u56fd\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5f3a\u56fd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u6b27\u6d32<\/span> (EUROPE IN REVOLUTION) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 211-229 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> Norman Dees, B.A. (Manchester)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63a2\u8ba8\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9057\u7559\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u5728<\/span> 19 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u9769\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9769\u547d\u7206\u53d1\u4e8e\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b<\/span>\u7279\u6743\u9636\u7ea7<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u8d35\u65cf\u3001\u6559\u58eb\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u65e0\u7279\u6743\u9636\u7ea7<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bcc\u88d5\u4f46\u65e0\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u7684<\/span>\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7<\/span><\/b>\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8d77\u8349\u4e86<\/span>**<\/span>\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Rights
                      \n of Man, 1789<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u795e\u5723\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316\u4e0e\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9769\u547d\u968f\u540e\u8f6c\u5411\u66b4\u529b\u9636\u6bb5\uff08\u9a6c\u5c14\u65af\u6821\u573a\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u3001\u96c5\u5404\u5bbe\u6d3e\u3001\u6050\u6016\u7edf\u6cbb\uff09\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u4e3a\u96c5\u5404\u5bbe\u6d3e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u540e\u6765<\/span>\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u53d7\u63a7\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u9769\u547d\u519b\u961f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t19 <\/span><\/b>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6297\u8bae\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1815 \u5e74\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u4f1a\u8bae\u540e\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ee5\u53cd\u5bf9\u65e7\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span>1830 <\/span>\u5e74\u9769\u547d<\/span><\/b>\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u67e5\u7406\u5341\u4e16\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t1848 <\/span><\/b>\u5e74\u9769\u547d\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8fd9\u573a\u9769\u547d\u5e2d\u5377\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u8981\u6c42\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u5728\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e89\u53d6\u89e3\u653e\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u63ed\u793a\u4e86<\/span>\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5171\u548c\u6d3e<\/span><\/b>\u4e0e<\/span>\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u8def\u6613<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u5e03\u6717\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5de5\u5382\u5931\u8d25\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u88c2\u75d5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5de5\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4f7f\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u9769\u6210\u4e3a\u9769\u547d\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u548c\u6069\u683c\u65af\u521b\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e<\/span>\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span>1871 <\/span>\u5e74\u5df4\u9ece\u516c\u793e<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u53cd\u5bf9\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb<\/span> (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE NINETEENTH
                      \nCENTURY) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 230-252 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> E. H. U. de Groot, M.A. (Oxon)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5173\u6ce8\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u91cd\u7ec4\uff08\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u4f1a\u8bae<\/span> 1815 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u540e\u529b\u91cf\u5747\u8861\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u4f1a\u8bae\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u82f1\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5361\u65af\u5c14\u96f7\uff08<\/span>Castlereagh<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u6d77\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u786e\u4fdd\u4f4e\u5730\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5e76\u9632\u6b62\u65b0\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u3002\u56db\u4e2a\u76df\u56fd\uff08\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u3001\u5965\u5730\u5229\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86<\/span> 19 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a\u524d\u4e09\u8005\u662f<\/span>\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5927\u9646\u519b\u4e8b\u5f3a\u56fd<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u662f<\/span>\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u6d77\u4e0a\u5f3a\u56fd<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u4f1a\u8bae\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6218\u540e\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u4f1a\u8bae\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Congress system<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u7ef4\u62a4\u65e7\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5404\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\uff08\u5728\u574e\u5b81<\/span> Canning <\/span>\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff09\u8f6c\u5411\u652f\u6301\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u8be5\u5236\u5ea6\u6700\u7ec8\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u4e1c\u65b9\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8870\u843d\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08<\/span>\u4e1c\u65b9\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/b>\uff09\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u5965\u5730\u5229\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span>\u5965\u5730\u5229<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5185\u90e8\u6c11\u65cf\u590d\u6742\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u666e\u9c81\u58eb<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u66f4\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u4e89\u593a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6743\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u4ffe\u65af\u9ea6\u65f6\u4ee3\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4ffe\u65af\u9ea6\uff08<\/span>Bismarck<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u94c1\u8840\u5bb0\u76f8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u94c1\u4e0e\u8840<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u6b66\u529b\uff09\u5b9e\u73b0\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u5728<\/span><\/b>\u4e03\u5468\u6218\u4e89<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>1866 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u51fb\u8d25\u5965\u5730\u5229\uff0c\u53c8\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u9020<\/span>\u666e\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1870 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u51fb\u8d25\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08<\/span>1871 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u8054\u90a6<\/span> (THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND COMMONWEALTH) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 253-274 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> C. M. Maclnnes, M.A. (Oxon)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u5931\u53bb\u7f8e\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u540e\uff08<\/span>1783 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e9f\u9664\u5974\u96b6\u8d38\u6613\u540e\uff08<\/span>1807 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4ece<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5546\u4e1a\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u539f\u6750\u6599\u6765\u6e90<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6f5c\u5728\u8d1f\u62c5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u53c8\u8f6c\u5411\u652f\u6301<\/span>\u70ed\u5e26\u79cd\u690d\u56ed<\/span><\/b>\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684<\/span>\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b96\u6c11\u5730<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u81ea\u6cbb\u9886\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff1a<\/span><\/b> <\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            \n
                          • \n\t\t\t\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6700\u521d\u662f\u7f6a\u72af\u6d41\u653e\u5730\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u8fdb\u7f8e\u5229\u5974\u7f8a\uff08<\/span>1797 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684<\/span>\u6dd8\u91d1\u70ed<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u6fc0\u589e\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8d23\u4efb\u653f\u5e9c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\t\u65b0\u897f\u5170\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1840 \u5e74\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u6000\u5510\u4f0a\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff08<\/span>Waitangi<\/span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span>1907 <\/span>\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u6cbb\u9886\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\t\u5357\u975e\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8377\u5170\u4eba\u6700\u65e9\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u540e\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u4ea7\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u7206\u53d1\u5e03\u5c14\u6218\u4e89\uff08<\/span>1899-1902<\/span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span>1910 <\/span>\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u5357\u975e\u8054\u90a6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\t\u7231\u5c14\u5170\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6c11\u65cf\u8fd0\u52a8\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4<\/span> 1922 <\/span>\u5e74<\/span>\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u81ea\u7531\u90a6<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u5370\u5ea6\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u82f1\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u53d6\u5f97\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff08<\/span>1757 <\/span>\u5e74\u666e\u62c9\u897f\u6218\u5f79\uff09\u3002<\/span>1857 <\/span>\u5e74\u5175\u53d8\u540e\u7531<\/span>\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u5ba4\u76f4\u63a5\u7edf\u6cbb<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u5927\u515a\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u8054\u76df\u5174\u8d77\u3002<\/span>1919 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5f15\u5165\u4e86<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u53cc\u5934\u653f\u6cbb<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Diarchy<\/span>\uff09\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span>1935 <\/span>\u5e74\u6cd5\u6848\u5c06\u7f05\u7538\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88\u5404\u7701\u66f4\u591a\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u3002<\/span>1947 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u83b7\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u9644\u5c5e\u5e1d\u56fd\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u82f1\u56fd\u5c06\u5bf9\u9644\u5c5e\u5e1d\u56fd\uff08<\/span>6300 <\/span>\u4e07\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u4ece<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u6258\u7ba1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>trusteeship<\/span>\uff09\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>partnership<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u6211\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\uff08\u300a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u798f\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u6b27\u6d32\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u4e0e\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u6269\u5f20<\/span> (EUROPEAN EXPANSION IN AFRICA AND
                            \nSOUTH-EAST ASIA) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 275-294 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> J. Simmons, M.A. (Oxon)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u3001\u9521\u5170\uff08<\/span>Ceylon<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\uff08<\/span>Malaya<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u8377\u5c5e\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff08<\/span>Dutch East Indies<\/span>\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u63a5\u89e6\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5317\u975e\u548c\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u4ee5\u5357\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u5728\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u63a2\u7d22\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u5974\u96b6\u8d38\u6613\u4e0e\u63a2\u7d22\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5974\u96b6\u8d38\u6613\u5728<\/span> 18 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u8fbe\u5230\u9876\u5cf0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u82f1\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5927\u536b<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u674e\u6587\u65af\u987f<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Livingstone<\/span>\uff09\u7b49\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5e9f\u5974\u8fd0\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u8d5e\u6bd4\u897f\u6cb3\u548c\u521a\u679c\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u74dc\u5206\u975e\u6d32\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 19 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span> 80 <\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u74dc\u5206\u975e\u6d32<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\u7684\u7ade\u8d5b\uff0c\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u5212\u5b9a\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u6b66\u65ad\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u987e\u5f53\u5730\u90e8\u843d\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u5173\u952e\u5730\u533a\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6cd5\u56fd\u4e8e<\/span> 1830 <\/span>\u5e74\u6b96\u6c11<\/span>\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span>\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Suez Canal<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5f00\u901a\u4f7f\u57c3\u53ca\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u6218\u7565\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e00\u73af\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u5357\u975e\u4e0e\u5e03\u5c14\u4eba\u56f4\u7ed5\u94bb\u77f3\u548c\u9ec4\u91d1\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8461\u8404\u7259\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4ee5\u9886\u571f\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u8377\u5170\u53d6\u4ee3\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5728\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span>\u65af\u5766\u798f<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u83b1\u4f5b\u58eb<\/span><\/b>\u7235\u58eb\uff08<\/span>Sir Stamford Raffles<\/span>\uff09\u5728<\/span> 1819 <\/span>\u5e74\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86<\/span>\u65b0\u52a0\u5761<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span>\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a<\/span><\/b>\u4ee5\u6a61\u80f6\u548c\u9521\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u800c\u95fb\u540d\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u793e\u533a\u3002<\/span>\u8377\u5c5e\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b<\/span><\/b>\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u88ab\u8feb\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u6b27\u6d32\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9738\u6743\u53ef\u80fd\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u4ecd\u7136\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7740\u5168\u7403\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u8fdc\u4e1c<\/span> (THE FAR EAST) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 295-314 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> Sir John Pratt, K.B.E., C.M.G.\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u6587\u660e\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5728<\/span> 20 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u5728\u6fb3\u95e8\uff08<\/span>Macao<\/span>\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u8fdb\u884c\u8d38\u6613\u3002<\/span>\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u300b<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1842 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u4e4b\u540e\u7684<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5f3a\u8feb\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f00\u653e\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\uff0c\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88\u5916\u56fd\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743<\/span>**<\/span>\u3001\u5728\u79df\u754c\u63a7\u5236\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u5f81\u7a0e\u7b49\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u65e5\u672c\u66fe\u5b9e\u884c<\/span>\u9501\u56fd\u653f\u7b56<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u76f4\u5230<\/span> 1853 <\/span>\u5e74\u88ab\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b66\u529b\u53e9\u5173\u3002<\/span>\u660e\u6cbb\u7ef4\u65b0<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Meiji Restoration, 1868 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u5929\u7687\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5<\/span>\u519b\u4e8b\u6269\u5f20<\/span><\/b>\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u704c\u8f93<\/span>\u795e\u5723\u7684\u56fd\u571f\u3001\u795e\u5723\u7684\u5929\u7687<\/span><\/b>\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>**<\/span>\u5927\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u795e\u5723\u4f7f\u547d<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u4e89\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4fc4\u56fd\u5411\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u6ee8\u6d77\u7701\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5728<\/span>\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1894-95 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u51fb\u8d25\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u671d\u9c9c\u3002\u968f\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u4e86<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u79df\u501f\u5730\u4e4b\u6218<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Battle
                                \n of the Concessions, 1898 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5217\u5f3a\u5728\u534e\u5212\u5206\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u4e0e\u7f8e\u65e5\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u7b7e\u7f72\u519b\u4e8b\u540c\u76df\uff08<\/span>1902 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5728<\/span>\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1904 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u541e\u5e76\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u91ce\u5fc3\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u987a\u4ece<\/span>\u201d**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>complaisant<\/span>\uff09\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u6761\u4e0e\u534e\u76db\u987f\u4f1a\u8bae\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65e8\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u7684<\/span>**<\/span>\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u6761\u300b<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>1915 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u534e\u76db\u987f\u4f1a\u8bae<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1921-22 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u8bd5\u56fe\u4fc3\u6210\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u76d1\u7ba1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5185\u6218\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u521b\u7acb<\/span>\u56fd\u6c11\u515a<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Kuomintang<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u8bd5\u56fe\u5229\u7528\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u63a8\u884c\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/span>\u4e5d\u4e00\u516b\u4e8b\u53d8<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Mukden Incident, 1931 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u6ee1\u6d32\uff0c\u6210\u7acb<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u6ee1\u6d32\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/span>1937 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u516b\u5e74\u5bf9\u534e\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9762\u4e34<\/span><\/b>\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a<\/span>**<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7edf\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u8ba1\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span> (THE AGE OF PLANNING) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 315-333 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> W. E. Styles M.A. (Birmingham)\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff08<\/span>\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/b>\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u6216<\/span>\u4eba\u7c7b\u798f\u5229<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\u7ecf\u6d4e\u80cc\u666f\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1900-1914 \u5e74\uff0c\u91d1\u672c\u4f4d\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u91d1\u77ff\u4ea7\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\u5bfc\u81f4\u7269\u4ef7\u6301\u7eed\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c<\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u8d44\u4e0b\u964d<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6e29\u5e8a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u201c<\/span>\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Gradualism<\/span>\uff09\u4e3b\u5f20\u901a\u8fc7\u5baa\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9010\u6b65\u6d88\u9664\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u4fdd\u9669\u3001\u4e39\u9ea6\u7684\u975e\u7f34\u8d39\u517b\u8001\u91d1\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\u6218\u65f6\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u6218\u540e\u6df7\u4e71\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u8feb\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5e72\u9884\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u52a8\u5458\u3002\u6218\u540e\uff08<\/span>1920-21 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u77ed\u6682\u7e41\u8363\u540e\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5d29\u6e83\u548c<\/span>\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5931\u4e1a<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08<\/span>I.L.O.<\/span>\uff09\u6210\u529f\u5efa\u7acb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u65b0\u7684\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\uff08\u77f3\u6cb9\u3001\u7535\u529b\u53d6\u4ee3\u7164\u70ad\uff09\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u751f\u4ea7\u80fd\u529b\u589e\u5f3a\u3002<\/span>\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u58a8\u7d22\u91cc\u5c3c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span>\u4fb5\u7565<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\uff08<\/span>Third International<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u521d\u8877\u662f\u63a8\u52a8<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\u5927\u8427\u6761\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1929 \u5e74\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u80a1\u5e02\u5d29\u76d8\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5168\u7403<\/span>\u5927\u8427\u6761<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5168\u7403\u5931\u4e1a\u4eba\u53e3\u8fbe<\/span> 3000 <\/span>\u4e07\uff0c\u539f\u6750\u6599\u4ef7\u683c\u66b4\u8dcc<\/span> 50%<\/span>\u3002\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86<\/span>\u5728\u9965\u997f\u548c\u7834\u574f\u7269\u8d44\u5e76\u5b58<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u5927\u8427\u6761\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u653f\u6cbb\u6781\u7aef\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                • \n\t\t\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9762\u5bf9\u7d2f\u79ef\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u65b0\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u5982\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u5927\u80c6\u7684<\/span>\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/b>\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb<\/span> (WORLD POLITICS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY) (<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span> 334-360 <\/span>\u9875<\/span>)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> P. D. Whitting, B.A. (Oxon)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u7f13\u548c\u7684\u5371\u673a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u6050\u60e7\u548c\u519b\u5907\u7ade\u8d5b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u53d8\u5316\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u82f1\u56fd\u66fe\u51ed\u501f\u5176\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5360\u636e\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u9738\u4e3b\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0b\u964d\uff08\u5230<\/span> 1945 <\/span>\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u501f\u8d37\u56fd\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u4e00\u6218\u524d\u7684\u8054\u76df\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6b27\u6d32\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u5927\u519b\u4e8b\u96c6\u56e2\uff1a<\/span>\u4e09\u56fd\u540c\u76df<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c<\/span>1882 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u4e09\u56fd\u534f\u7ea6<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u3001\u540e\u52a0\u5165\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1914 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5927\u516c\u5728\u8428\u62c9\u70ed\u7a9d\u9047\u523a\u662f\u5bfc\u706b\u7d22\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5fb7\u519b\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u7684<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u95ea\u7535\u6218<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u53d6\u5f97\u5feb\u901f\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u9677\u5165<\/span><\/b>\u5811\u58d5\u6218<\/span>**<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u53c2\u6218<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1917 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u56e0\u5fb7\u56fd\u65e0\u9650\u5236\u6f5c\u8247\u6218\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u9000\u51fa<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1917 <\/span>\u5e74\u9769\u547d\uff09\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6218\u5c40\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u548c\u7ea6\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6218\u540e\u548c\u89e3\u57fa\u4e8e\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5341\u56db\u70b9\u539f\u5219<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>**\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8003\u91cf\u548c\u5bf9\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u4f4e\u4f30\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5c06<\/span><\/b>\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df<\/span>**<\/span>\uff08<\/span>League of Nations<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u60e9\u7f5a\u6027\u6761\u7ea6\u6346\u7ed1\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u662f\u5176\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u81f4\u547d\u59a5\u534f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u5728\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u548c\u5e73\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/span>\u65e5\u672c\u5165\u4fb5\u6ee1\u6d32<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1931 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u5b89\u5168\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6b3a\u8bc8\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u8def\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\uff08<\/span>1933 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u4f7f\u6b27\u6d32\u91cd\u8fd4\u4f20\u7edf\u8054\u76df\u3002<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ee5\u9756\u653f\u7b56<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Appeasement<\/span>\uff09\u672a\u80fd\u963b\u6b62\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                  • \n\t\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u65e8\u5728\u907f\u514d\u4e24\u7ebf\u4f5c\u6218\u3002<\/span>1942 <\/span>\u5e74\u662f\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\uff1a\u65af\u5927\u6797\u683c\u52d2\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u66fc\u6218\u5f79\u548c\u76df\u519b\u5728\u5317\u975e\u7684\u767b\u9646\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u8f74\u5fc3\u56fd\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u524d\uff0c\u76df\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>UNO<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u786e\u4fdd\u548c\u5e73\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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                                    \n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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