{"id":1331,"date":"2025-10-24T05:28:05","date_gmt":"2025-10-23T21:28:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1331"},"modified":"2025-10-24T05:28:05","modified_gmt":"2025-10-23T21:28:05","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e7%90%86%e8%ae%ba%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80%e3%80%8b-groundwork-of-educational-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1331","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u300b Groundwork of Educational Theory"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0125 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tGroundwork
\nof Educational Theory<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8a79\u59c6\u65af<\/span>\u00b7S\u00b7<\/span>\u7f57\u65af\uff08<\/span>James S. Ross<\/span>\uff09\u6240\u8457\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u300b\uff08<\/span>Groundwork of Educational Theory<\/span>\uff09\u63a2\u8ba8<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5b83\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5404\u79cd<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/strong>\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e<\/span>\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5851\u9020\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7136\u6f5c\u80fd\u7684\u6709\u610f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u7740\u91cd\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u5927<\/span>\u5bf9\u7acb\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/strong>\uff1a\u6781\u7aef\u7684<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u4ee5\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u4e2a\u4f53\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e24\u8005<\/span>\u7efc\u5408<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6458\u5f55\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u4e86<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\u5982\u4f55\u5851\u9020\u5bf9<\/span>\u77e5\u8bc6<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/span><\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86<\/span>\u5b97\u6559\uff08\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff09\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u9053\u5fb7\u6307\u5357\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u57fa\u7840\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u524d\u8a00<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6982\u89c8<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\uff1a<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u79d1\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5176\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4e3a\u6709\u5fd7\u4ece\u4e8b\u6559\u5e08\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba8\u8bba\u6559\u80b2\u539f\u7406\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6027\u5e73\u53f0\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u627f\u8ba4\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8fd0\u52a8\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5f3a\u8c03\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u672c\u6027\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u6280\u5de7\u53ea\u662f\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u503c\u5f97\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u8bf4\u670d\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u5957\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u3001\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2<\/span> (Philosophy and Education)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u786e\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u6240\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u7efc\u5408\u5404\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u5b9e\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u6027\u3001\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u547d\u8fd0\uff09\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6574\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n\t\t\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u4eba\u4eec\u4f9d\u7167\u5176\u4eba\u751f\u54f2\u5b66\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684<\/span>\u80fd\u52a8\u9762<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u54f2\u5b66\u662f<\/span>\u6c89\u601d\u9762<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u3001\u53cc\u6781\uff08\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u548c\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u8005\uff09\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4fee\u6b63\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6210\u957f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5176\u624b\u6bb5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span>\u6559\u6388<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u4f20\u6388\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff08\u5982\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff09\u5f80\u5f80\u4e5f\u662f\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u8d8b\u52bf<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u5f3a\u8c03\u673a\u68b0\u8bba\u3001\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8b66\u60d5\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u5bfb\u6c42\u7efc\u5408\uff08<\/span>eclecticism<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u878d\u5408\u4e0d\u540c\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u6298\u8877\u4f46\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u76ee\u6807<\/span> (Social and Individual Aims in Education)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4f55\u8005\u5e94\u5360\u636e\u4f18\u5148\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u6807<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c6\u4e3a\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u3001\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u65e8\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u589e\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca<\/span> (<\/span>\u5982\u53e4\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u3001\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd<\/span>)<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u5f3a\u8c03\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3001\u670d\u4ece\u548c\u5bf9\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u538b\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u6807<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516c\u6c11\u6559\u80b2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4e2a\u4f53\u8bad\u7ec3\u65e0\u79c1\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6b32\u671b\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u4e2a\u4eba\u76ee\u6807<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4f53\u751f\u6d3b\u66f4\u7f8e\u597d\u3001\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u73c0\u897f<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7eb3\u6069\u7235\u58eb\uff08<\/span>Sir Percy Nunn<\/span>\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2a\u4f53\u6700\u5145\u5206\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>  \u201c<\/span>\u4e2a\u6027\u5316<\/span>\u201d  <\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u7efc\u5408<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u6781\u7aef\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u6807\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d1\u5c55\u76ee\u6807\u65e0\u6cd5\u8c03\u548c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u5f70\u663e\u3002<\/span>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7efc\u5408<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u9882\u626c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u53c8\u6559\u5bfc\u727a\u7272\u548c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u6551\u8d4e\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898<\/span> (The Philosophical Problem)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u4e3a\u968f\u540e\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u8ba8\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u54f2\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff08\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u3001\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u3001\u591a\u5143\u8bba\uff09\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff08\u8eab\u4e0e\u5fc3\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Materialism):<\/span><\/b> \u8ba4\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5fc3\u667a\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u5668\u5b98\uff08\u5927\u8111\uff09\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u5982\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u89e3\uff09\u4f7f\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u96be\u4ee5\u7ad9\u7a33\u811a\u8ddf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Naturalism):<\/span><\/b> \u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u8bba\uff08\u5c06\u4eba\u7eb3\u5165\u5b87\u5b99\u6846\u67b6\uff09\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff08\u5c06\u4eba\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u672c\u80fd\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Idealism\/Spiritualism):<\/span><\/b> \u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u667a\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5b9e\u5728\u3002\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u667a\u662f\u6bd4\u5916\u90e8\u81ea\u7136\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u8a79\u59c6\u65af<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u91d1\u65af\u7235\u58eb\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff09\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u5b87\u5b99\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u601d\u60f3\u800c\u975e\u673a\u5668<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f0f\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u5f3a\u8c03\u6c38\u6052\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6216\u7406\u5ff5\uff08\u5584\u3001\u771f\u3001\u7f8e\uff09\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Pragmatism):<\/span><\/b> \u4e00\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u5b83\u5426\u8ba4\u9884\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u3001\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u5b9e\u5728\u4ecd\u5728\u5f62\u6210\u4e2d<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u771f\u7406\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u6ee1\u610f\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6765\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6709\u7528\u5373\u771f\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>expedient
        \n in the long run<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\u7acb\u573a<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u4f5c\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u8f85\u52a9\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Naturalism in Education)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u50f5\u5316\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u53e3\u53f7\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56de\u5230\u81ea\u7136<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Back to
        \nNature<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u57fa\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea\u53f2\u524d\u7956\u5148\u7684\u672c\u6027\u662f\u5584\u826f\u4e14\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u672c\u6027\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span>\u73b0\u65f6\u548c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5e78\u798f<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u6f5c\u80fd\u7684\u5347\u534e\uff08<\/span>sublimation<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u672c\u80fd\u51b2\u52a8\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d88\u6781\u6559\u80b2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u513f\u7ae5<\/span>12<\/span>\u5c81\u524d\u4e0d\u5851\u9020\u6216\u5f3a\u8feb\u5176\u5fc3\u667a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u953b\u70bc\u4e3a\u7406\u6027\u94fa\u5e73\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5c3d\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u5e72\u9884\u6216\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u662f\u821e\u53f0\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8005\u548c\u73af\u5883\u7684\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u610f\u5fd7\u529b\u7684\u7ed9\u4e88\u8005\u3002\u91cd\u89c6\u513f\u7ae5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u9ea6\u72ec\u5b64\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f<\/span>\u907f\u514d\u538b\u6291<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u63d0\u5021<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9e\u8df5\u80dc\u4e8e\u7a7a\u8c08<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Things
          \n rather than words<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u505a\u4e2d\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6e38\u620f\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u5c3c\u5c14\u7684\u8428\u9ed8\u5e0c\u5c14\u5b66\u6821<\/span> (A. S. Neill’s Summerhill):<\/span><\/b> \u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9e\u8df5\u8303\u4f8b\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u5b69\u5b50\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6452\u5f03\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b66\u4e60\u89c6\u4e3a\u521b\u9020\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u6e38\u620f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u5c40\u9650\u6027<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u4ec5\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5145\u5206\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u3002\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u60f3\u4e0a\u672a\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u660e\u786e\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u8865\u5145\u548c\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Idealism in Education)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u795e\u6216\u5fc3\u667a\u662f\u7ec8\u6781\u5b9e\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7cbe\u795e\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u6807<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u5316\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>self-realization<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2a\u4f53\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6f5c\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u4e30\u5bcc\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684<\/span>\u5171\u540c\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7<\/span><\/b>\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff08\u6587\u5316\u73af\u5883\u5305\u62ec\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u827a\u672f\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u72ec\u6709\u7684\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u6559\u80b2\u8005\u5982\u540c\u56ed\u4e01\uff08<\/span>Froebel<\/span>\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5e2e\u52a9\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u8fbe\u5230\u539f\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u575a\u4fe1\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u771f\u3001\u5584\u3001\u7f8e\uff09\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u5524\u9192\u513f\u7ae5\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u6b23\u8d4f\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u771f\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5730\u4f4d<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06<\/span>\u5b97\u6559<\/span><\/b>\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u771f\u3001\u5584\u3001\u7f8e\u7684\u4e09\u91cd\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5b97\u6559\uff08\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff09\u662f\u4e0e\u81f3\u9ad8\u5b58\u5728\u4ea4\u901a\uff0c\u662f\u7231\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u7231\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7efc\u5408\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u5b8c\u6574\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u6848\u5e94\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u8eab\u4f53\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u7cbe\u795e\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u7167\u62a4\u3001\u667a\u529b\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u3001\u5b97\u6559\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Pragmatism in Education)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u53cd\u5bf9\u9884\u8bbe\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span>\u521b\u9020\u65b0\u7684\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u57f9\u517b\u9002\u5e94\u672a\u6765\u672a\u77e5\u73af\u5883\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u5fc3\u667a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u54f2\u5b66\u7acb\u573a<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u5b83\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u884c\u52a8\u80dc\u4e8e\u53cd\u601d<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6574\u5408<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u8981\u6c42\u6253\u7834\u5b66\u79d1\u95f4\u7684\u58c1\u5792\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c34\u5bc6\u8231<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5<\/span>\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3<\/span><\/b>\u6765\u6574\u5408\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u9053\u5fb7\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u63d0\u5021<\/span>  \u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u540e\u679c\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span>\u201d  <\/span>\uff08<\/span>discipline of
              \n natural consequences<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4e2a\u4f53\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u4eb2\u8eab\u4f53\u9a8c\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u540e\u679c\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u975e\u5bf9\u9519\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u9879\u76ee\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5<\/span> (Project Method):<\/span><\/b> \u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u660e\u786e\u5b9e\u9645\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u9644\u5e26\u4e8e\u6210\u529f\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u5b66\u751f<\/span>  \u201c<\/span>\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u7684\u76ee\u7684<\/span>\u201d  <\/span>\uff08<\/span>whole-hearted purpose<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span> (Freedom and Discipline)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u8fa9\u8bba\u7684\u4fa7\u9762\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n\t\t\u7eaa\u5f8b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u7eaa\u5f8b\uff08<\/span>Discipline<\/span>\uff09\u662f<\/span>\u54c1\u683c\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7ef4\u6301\u5b66\u6821\u79e9\u5e8f\uff08<\/span>Order\/Regierung<\/span>\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5176\u5065\u5168\u6027\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u662f\u5426\u5bf9\u9884\u671f\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u4e09\u79cd\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span> (MacMunn):<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  \n
                1. \n\t\t\t\u538b\u6291<\/span> (Repression):<\/span><\/b> \u8bc9\u8bf8\u6050\u60e7\u548c\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002\u6548\u679c\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u7834\u574f\u54c1\u683c\uff0c\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u80cc\u9053\u800c\u9a70\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                2. \n\t\t\t\u611f\u53ec<\/span> (Impression):<\/span><\/b> \u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u9b45\u529b\u548c\u699c\u6837\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u5f15\u5bfc\u3002\u5176\u6279\u8bc4\u5728\u4e8e\u5bb9\u6613\u538b\u5236\u539f\u521b\u6027\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u590d\u5236\u54c1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                3. \n\t\t\t\u89e3\u653e<\/span> (Emancipation):<\/span><\/b> \u7ed9\u4e88\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff08\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u672c\u6027\u5584\u826f\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff09\u3002\u6279\u8bc4\u5728\u4e8e\u653e\u7eb5\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u6211<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4e14\u5bb9\u6613\u4e0e\u653e\u4efb\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                4. \n\t\t\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span> (Self-Discipline):<\/span><\/b> \u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u662f<\/span>\u81ea\u6211\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u7eaa\u5f8b\u662f\u95e8\u5f92\u5236\uff08<\/span>discipleship<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u63a5\u53d7\u66f4\u6210\u719f\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u5438\u6536\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8fbe\u5230\u5bf9\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u81ea\u89c9\u548c\u81ea\u613f\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u5065\u5168\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u575a\u56fa\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u793c\u4eea\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u667a\u529b\u8bad\u7ec3<\/span> (Intellectual Discipline)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u77e5\u8bc6\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684<\/span>\u5de5\u5177<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>organon<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6ecb\u517b\u89c2<\/span> (Nurture View):<\/span><\/b> \u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f<\/span>\u6709\u7528<\/span><\/b>\u4e14\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u6279\u5224<\/span>  \u201c<\/span>\u4fe1\u606f\u8c2c\u8bef<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>information fallacy<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u6b7b\u8bb0\u786c\u80cc\u3001\u5806\u780c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6ecb\u517b\u662f<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u80fd\u529b<\/span>\u201d  <\/span>\uff08<\/span>fact becomes
                    \n faculty<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u89c2<\/span> (Disciplinary View):<\/span><\/b> \u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u78e8\u5200\u77f3\uff08<\/span>whetstone<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u8bad\u7ec3\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u5f62\u5f0f\u8bad\u7ec3\u6559\u6761<\/span> (Formal Training Dogma):<\/span><\/b> \u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u67d0\u5b66\u79d1\uff08\u5982\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\uff09\u80fd\u666e\u904d\u8bad\u7ec3\u5fc3\u667a\u5b98\u80fd\uff08\u5982\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u63a8\u7406\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u3001\u6851\u8fea\u798f\u5fb7\uff09\u8bc1\u660e<\/span>\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u6548\u5e94\u5f88\u4f4e<\/span><\/b>\u6216\u4e3a\u8d1f\u3002\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u5e76\u975e\u6e90\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e<\/span>\u5171\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u7406\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\u88ab\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u667a\u529b\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u667a\u529b\u8bad\u7ec3\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4f1f\u5927\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\uff08<\/span>intellectual allegiance<\/span>\uff09\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u7279\u6709\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6216\u7c7b\u578b<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5982\u6570\u5b66\u5fc3\u667a\uff09\u3002\u667a\u529b\u6ecb\u517b\u548c\u667a\u529b\u8bad\u7ec3\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e92\u8865\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u80fd\u529b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u7edf\u4e00\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span> (The Curriculum)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5e94\u4ee5\u4f55\u79cd\u539f\u5219\u9009\u62e9\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\/<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9009\u62e9<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u8bfe\u7a0b\u5e94\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6548\u7528\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u675c\u5a01\u5c06\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5174\u8da3\uff08\u4ea4\u8c08\u3001\u63a2\u7a76\u3001\u5efa\u6784\u3001\u827a\u672f\u8868\u8fbe\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5c06\u8bfb\u5199\u7b97\u7b49\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u5b66\u4e60\u89c6\u4e3a\u9644\u5c5e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9009\u62e9<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u8bfe\u7a0b\u5fc5\u987b\u6d53\u7f29\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eba\u7c7b\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u6587\u660e\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u4f53\u73b0<\/span>  \u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u8868\u73b0<\/span>\u201d  <\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u8282\u594f<\/span> (Rhythm of Learning):<\/span><\/b> \u6000\u7279\u6d77\uff08<\/span>Whitehead<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u7eb3\u6069\uff08<\/span>Nunn<\/span>\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e09\u91cd\u8282\u594f\uff1a <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        \n
                      1. \n\t\t\t\u6d6a\u6f2b<\/span>\/<\/span>\u597d\u5947<\/span> (Romance\/Wonder):<\/span><\/b> \u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u7531\u60ca\u5947\u9a71\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                      2. \n\t\t\t\u7cbe\u786e<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5b9e\u7528<\/span> (Precision\/Utility):<\/span><\/b> \u8ffd\u6c42\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u5316\u548c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                      3. \n\t\t\t\u6982\u62ec<\/span>\/<\/span>\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span> (Generalization\/System):<\/span><\/b> \u5bfb\u6c42\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u539f\u5219\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u89c6\u56fe\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Realism in Education)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u5b9e\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8981\u6c42\u6559\u80b2\u653e\u5f03\u62bd\u8c61\u548c\u4e66\u672c\u5316\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u53ca\u5176\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \n\t\t\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u53cd\u5bf9\u4e66\u672c\u5316<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9e\u8df5\u80dc\u4e8e\u7a7a\u8c08<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u6821\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4fdd\u6301\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u5bb9\u5e94\u53cd\u6620\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\uff08\u5982\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2<\/span> (Vocational Education) <\/span>\u7684\u4e89\u8bae<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u5b9e\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u9762\u5411\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u804c\u4e1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u6587\u5316\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5224\u51c6<\/span>:<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            \n
                          1. \n\t\t\t\u666e\u904d\u6027<\/span> (Generality):<\/span><\/b> \u5f88\u96be\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u58f0\u79f0\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u4eba\uff08<\/span>specific<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                          2. \n\t\t\t\u81ea\u7531\u6027<\/span> (Liberality):<\/span><\/b> \u9002\u5408\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5e26\u6765\u8eab\u4f53\u3001\u667a\u529b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                          3. \n\t\t\t\u4eba\u9053\u6027<\/span> (Humanity):<\/span><\/b> \u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e\u6700\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                          4. \n\t\t\u804c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7efc\u5408<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u804c\u4e1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u662f\u5145\u5206\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u63d0\u4f9b<\/span>  \u201c<\/span>\u6280\u672f\u548c\u667a\u529b\u89c6\u91ce<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3001\u4eba\u6587\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4ece\u4e8b\u673a\u68b0\u5316\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u8bad\u7ec3\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u63d0\u4f9b<\/span><\/b>\u4f11\u95f2\u6559\u80b2<\/span>  <\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u5b97\u6559<\/span> (Religion in Education)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u5f53\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u91cd\u5efa\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u5b97\u6559\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \n\t\t\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u4ec5\u4ec5\u7684\u3001\u5584\u826f\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u7834\u4ea7\u7684\uff0c<\/span>\u53ea\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u624d\u80fd\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u63d0\u4f9b\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u52a8\u529b<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5fc5\u987b\u56de\u5f52\u5176\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u73b0\u72b6\u4e0e\u6311\u6218<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\uff08\u53d7\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u5206\u6b67\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u300a\u65af\u5bbe\u65af\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u9886\u8896\u7684\u547c\u5401\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u5b97\u6559\u4e0d\u5e94\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8868\u4e0a\u7684\u79d1\u76ee\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6e17\u900f\u6574\u4e2a\u5b66\u6821\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684<\/span>\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u624b\u6bb5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                                \n
                              1. \n\t\t\t\u96c6\u4f53\u656c\u62dc<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u6bcf\u5929\u4f8b\u884c\u7684\u793c\u62dc\u5fc5\u987b\u771f\u8bda\u3001\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u5e84\u91cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                              2. \n\t\t\t\u96c6\u4f53\u751f\u6d3b<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u5728\u5e08\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5b9e\u8df5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f26\u7406\uff0c\u57f9\u517b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u6447\u7bee<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                              3. \n\t\t\t\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u548c\u6559\u4e49\u7684\u6559\u5b66<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6587\u5b66\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u6765\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5408\u683c\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u6765\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                              4. \n\t\t\t\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>:<\/span><\/b> \u6559\u5e08\u5fc5\u987b\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u76f8\u4fe1\u5e76\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u699c\u6837\u548c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u57f9\u517b\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u6700\u540e\u603b\u7ed3\u9053\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5236\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u8d1f\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u5373\u57f9\u517b\u5927\u6279\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u535a\u80f8\u895f\u3001\u771f\u8bda\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u77f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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