{"id":1325,"date":"2025-10-24T05:22:21","date_gmt":"2025-10-23T21:22:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1325"},"modified":"2025-10-27T14:11:52","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T06:11:52","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e7%9a%84%e6%b2%bb%e7%90%86%e3%80%8b-government-of-education","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1325","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u300b  Government of Education"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">0123 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><u><strong>\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><u><strong>Government of Education<\/strong><\/u>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-63-621x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"621\" height=\"1024\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-1326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-63-621x1024.jpg 621w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-63-182x300.jpg 182w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-63-768x1265.jpg 768w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-63-932x1536.jpg 932w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-63.jpg 1022w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 621px) 100vw, 621px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6cbb\u7406\u548c\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u9996\u5148\u5173\u6ce8<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp; \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5341\u4e00\u52a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8003\u8bd5<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5728\u4e2d\u5b66\u5206\u914d\u4e2d\u5f15\u8d77\u7684<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u516c\u4f17\u4e0d\u6ee1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4ee5\u5f80\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u5173\u5fc3\u5b50\u5973\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u529b\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u90e8\u957f\uff09\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u914d<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1944<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u8d4b\u4e88\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f\u51e0\u4e4e\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u540e\uff0c<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u8fd8\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u7684\u6f14\u53d8<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4ece\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u5230\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u540e\u7684<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5851\u9020<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">19<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">20<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7acb\u6cd5\u548c\u59a5\u534f<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u683c\u5c40<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5305\u62ec<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e89\u8bba<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5927\u5b66\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u5982\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\uff09\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u300b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Government of Education<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u662f <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">W. O. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u83b1\u65af\u7279<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (W. O. Lester Smith)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1965 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\u5148\u751f\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u9ed8\u987f\u5b66\u9662\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u6c83\u91cc\u514b\u90e1\u548c\u5170\u5f00\u590f\u90e1\u7684\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u80b2\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u57c3\u585e\u514b\u65af\u62c5\u4efb\u4e86\u4e03\u5e74\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u6559\u80b2\u5b98\uff0c\u5728\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u62c5\u4efb\u4e86\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u6559\u80b2\u5b98\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u82f1\u56fd\u534f\u4f1a\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u95e8\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u4e8b\u548c\u79d8\u4e66\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u5b66\u9662\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u6821\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u4ece<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1949 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1953 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u662f\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u5b66\u6821\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8c01\uff1f\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b\u3001\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u300b\u3001\u300a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u80b2\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u6559\u80b2\uff1a\u5165\u95e8\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u6559\u80b2\u6cbb\u7406\u548c\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u5728\u6218\u540e\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u4e2d\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7591\u95ee\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u8c01\u5e94\u8be5\u6cbb\u7406\u6559\u80b2\uff1f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">(Who Should Govern<br \/>\nEducation?)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u7740\u91cd\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u51b3\u7b56\u6743\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u516c\u4f17\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7531\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7236\u6bcd\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b66\u6821\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u5b50\u5973\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u8d28\u7591\u548c\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5341\u4e00\u52a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u4e89\u8bae<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u9879\u6559\u80b2\u7ba1\u7406\u8bae\u9898\u80fd\u50cf\u5bf9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> &#8220;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5341\u4e00\u52a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&#8220;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u5206\u914d\u5230\u4e2d\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u90a3\u6837\u5f15\u53d1\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u654c\u610f\u901a\u5e38\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5b69\u5b50\u6559\u80b2\u524d\u666f\u6df1\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5931\u671b\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u516c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u6216\u7efc\u5408\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6587\u6cd5\u73ed\uff09\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e89\u8bba\u6781\u5927\u5730\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6743\u529b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e0e\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u786e\u5b9a\u6559\u80b2\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u592e\u90e8\u95e8\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Curzon Street<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u90e1\u6216\u5e02\u653f\u5385\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u8463\u4e8b\u6216\u6821\u957f\u3002<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1944 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u51e0\u4e4e\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5168\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4ecd\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Ministry<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u662f <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4f19\u4f34<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u5174\u529b\u91cf\u4e0e\u8d22\u653f\u6311\u6218<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u80b2\u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u65e5\u76ca\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u8fa9\u8bba\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u5bb6\u957f\u4e5f\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u6743\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6539\u9769\uff08\u5982\u7687\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u63d0\u6848\uff09\u548c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\uff08\u5982\u7f57\u5bbe\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u63d0\u6848\uff09\u4e5f\u5728\u63a8\u52a8\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7ecf\u8d39\u9010\u5e74\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u5341\u5e74\u5185\u5c06\u7ffb\u500d\u3002\u4ece\u6309\u6bd4\u4f8b\u62e8\u6b3e\u6539\u4e3a\u603b\u62ec\u62e8\u6b3e\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u62e8\u6b3e\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u635f\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u7a0e\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Rates<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u7a0e\u6536\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u81ea\u8eab\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7ef4\u6301\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u5176\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u65b9<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u529b\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u662f <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u548c <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u4f1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u5229\u7528\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u65cf\u590d\u5174\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u519b\u4e8b\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1944 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6cd5\u6848\u6539\u9769\u7684 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53cc\u91cd\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Dual System<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5f97\u4ee5\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u81ea\u613f\u5b66\u6821\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u63a5\u53d7\u66f4\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u65b9\u5305\u62ec <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5e08<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3001<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u957f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u5bb6\u957f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5730\u65b9\u793e\u533a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 2 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Impact of<br \/>\nHistory)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u548c\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u7406\u5ff5<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u6df1\u523b\u601d\u8003\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5e94\u8be5\u63a7\u5236\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6559\u80b2\u4ee5\u519b\u4e8b\u6548\u7387\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u96c5\u5178\u5219\u6ce8\u91cd\u53d1\u5c55\u6027\u683c\u548c\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u4f46\u96c5\u5178\u6559\u80b2\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u79c1\u4eba\u529e\u5b66\u548c\u6536\u8d39\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e0c\u814a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u91cd\u5efa\uff08\u53d7\u51af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d2a\u5821\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1944 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u5bf9\u673a\u68b0\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u8511\u89c6\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u957f\u671f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4f4e\u4eba\u4e00\u7b49\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u9009\u62d4\u548c\u57f9\u517b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u536b\u9053\u8005<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Guardians<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u516c\u5b66\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\uff0c\u9a6c\u4fee<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7\u548c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u83ab\u5170\u7279\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Meritocracy<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u666e\u53ca\u4e2d\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\u9009\u62d4\u7cbe\u82f1\uff08\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5341\u4e00\u52a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3002\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u5219\u652f\u6301\u7efc\u5408\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e0d\u540c\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5171\u540c\u6210\u957f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u8d21\u732e<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6cbb\u7406\u4f20\u7edf\u65e9\u671f\u5f3a\u8c03 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u957f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f <\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">paterfamilias<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5e1d\u56fd\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u57f9\u517b\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u4ecb\u5165\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u516c\u5143<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 425 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6210\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6743\u5a01\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u63a5\u7ba1<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u897f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u8870\u843d\u540e\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u4f1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u627f\u62c5\u4e86\u91cd\u5efa\u6587\u660e\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u3001\u4e3b\u6559\u533a\u548c\u6559\u533a\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6cd5\u4eba\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u673a\u6784<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u53d1\u660e\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u9662\uff08\u5982\u6e29\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\uff09\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">societas<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u4f19\u4f34\u534f\u4f1a\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cd5\u4eba\u56e2\u4f53\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 3 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u4ece\u51b2\u7a81\u5230\u59a5\u534f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (From Conflict to<br \/>\nCompromise)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u540e\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u957f\u671f\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u59a5\u534f\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u4f46\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u548c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u4f1a\u6587\u660e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e94\u8be5\u7ba1\u7406\u6240\u6709\u751f\u6d3b\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5728\u82cf\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8bfa\u514b\u65af\u7684\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u4e00\u4e16\u5c06\u6559\u4f1a\u786e\u7acb\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u90e8\u95e8<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u6559\u5e08\u5ba3\u8a93\u548c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e3b\u6559\u8bb8\u53ef\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6e05\u6559\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u51fa\u73b0<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u67e5\u7406\u4e00\u4e16\u548c\u52b3\u5fb7\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u6b8b\u9177\u5730\u5229\u7528\u6559\u80b2\u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\u5b97\u6559\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u6e05\u6559\u9769\u547d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u6559\u80b2\u6765\u4f20\u64ad\u5176\u6559\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u72ec\u7acb\u6d3e\u548c\u5de6\u7ffc\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u5f15\u5165\u4e86 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bbd\u5bb9<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6559\u4f1a\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u540c\u610f\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eb2\u5bc6\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u89c1\u8005\u7684\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u738b\u671d\u590d\u8f9f\u540e\uff0c\u514b\u62c9\u4f26\u767b\u6cd5\u5178\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Clarendon Code<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u538b\u5236\u4e86\u4e0d\u5949\u56fd\u6559\u8005\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e0d\u5949\u56fd\u6559\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Dissenting Academies<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u9662\u5c06\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u6ce8\u5165\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u504f\u5411\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5efa\u7acb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (1870)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 19 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u81ea\u613f\u793e\u56e2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6b64\u524d\u6709\u963b\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1870 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u798f\u65af\u7279\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">W. E.<br \/>\n     Forster<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u51ed\u501f\u5176\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u624b\u8155\uff0c\u5728\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u9009\u7968\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53cc\u91cd\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span> <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u59a5\u534f\uff08\u81ea\u613f\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u65b0\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u5e76\u5b58\uff09\u3002\u5173\u952e\u6761\u6b3e\u5305\u62ec <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u826f\u5fc3\u6761\u6b3e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5c0a\u91cd\u5bb6\u957f\u5b97\u6559\u610f\u613f\uff09\u548c <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8003\u73c0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5766\u666e\u5c14\u6761\u6b3e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u4e0d\u5f97\u6559\u6388\u6559\u7406\u95ee\u7b54\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u5b97\u6559\u7eb2\u8981\uff09\u3002\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u80b2\u4e5f\u5728\u6b64\u9636\u6bb5\u9010\u6b65\u63a8\u884c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 4 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Education and<br \/>\nPolitics)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d85\u8d8a\u653f\u6cbb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1870 \u5e74\u7684\u59a5\u534f\u5e76\u672a\u5e26\u6765\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u4e0e\u81ea\u613f\u5b66\u6821\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u6301\u7eed\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1944 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u662f\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e73\u9759\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u6218\u65f6\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u6c1b\u56f4\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005\uff08\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> R. A. Butler <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u5a01\u5ec9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5766\u666e\u5c14\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\uff09\u7684\u667a\u6167\u4e0e\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d85\u8d8a\u653f\u6cbb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u8be5\u8131\u79bb\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u62c5\u5fc3\u653f\u6cbb\u6218\u4e89\uff08\u5982\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7684\u704c\u8f93\uff09\u4f1a\u635f\u5bb3\u5b66\u6821\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u4e2a\u6027\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u5b66\u6821\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u4f20\u7edf\u4e5f\u53cd\u611f\u653f\u6cbb\u5e72\u9884\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1902 <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\u6218\u4e89<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1902 \u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\uff0c\u5c06\u90e1\u548c\u90e1\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u5b9a\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u9996\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u5730\u65b9\u7a0e\u6765\u8d44\u52a9\u81ea\u613f\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5bf9\u81ea\u613f\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\uff09\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4ee5\u975e\u56fd\u6559\u5f92\u9886\u8896\u514b\u5229\u798f\u5fb7\u535a\u58eb\u4e3a\u9996\u7684 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d88\u6781\u62b5\u6297\u8054\u76df<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span> <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u62d2\u7edd\u7f34\u7a0e\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\uff09\u7684\u53db\u4e71\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8868\u660e\u6559\u80b2\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u515a\u6d3e\u653f\u6cbb\u6240\u5229\u7528\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4f46\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6743\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6765\u6e90<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u8fa9\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u53f3\u7ffc\uff09\u4e0e\u7efc\u5408\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u5de6\u7ffc\uff09\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u5df2\u53d6\u4ee3\u5b97\u6559\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u88c2\u75d5\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u534f\u5546\u7684\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u653f\u515a\u7ade\u4e89\u6709\u65f6\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u4f46\u534f\u5546\u548c\u59a5\u534f\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1944 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u901a\u8fc7\u534f\u5546\u5b9e\u73b0\u6cbb\u7406<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span> <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8303\u4f8b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u54a8\u8be2\uff08\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7eff\u76ae\u4e66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u56e2\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u7684\u534f\u5546\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u5c11\u6570\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5f97\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 5 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Some Social and<br \/>\nEconomic Influences)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5851\u9020<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b66\u6821\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4f20\u627f\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6539\u5584\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e0a\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\uff08\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u4ec5\u63d0\u4f9b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5efa\u8bae<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u793e\u4f1a\u671f\u671b\u548c\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u4f1a\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b66\u6821\u8d70\u5411\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u54c1\u683c\u57f9\u8bad\uff0c\u5373\u57f9\u517b\u826f\u597d\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u8270\u5de8\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u7684\u9634\u6697\u9762<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u76f8\u6bd4\u5b66\u6821\u5185\u90e8\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6821\u5916\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u5a92\u4f53\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u4f53\u80b2\uff09\u5bf9\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6210\u957f\u5f71\u54cd\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u62e5\u6324\u548c\u7834\u8d25\u7684\u5185\u533a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d2b\u6c11\u7a9f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u513f\u7ae5\u906d\u53d7\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u667a\u529b\u4e0a\u7684\u5265\u593a\u3002\u7ebd\u745f\u59c6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u547c\u5401\u8bbe\u7acb\u8de8\u90e8\u95e8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8d2b\u6c11\u7a9f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u4e0e\u673a\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u662f\u81ea<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1944 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u952e\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\u4e13\u4e1a\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u5f88\u5c11\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 15 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u63d0\u524d\u79bb\u6821\uff0c\u800c\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u63d0\u524d\u79bb\u6821\u73b0\u8c61\u4ecd\u5f88\u5e38\u89c1\u3002\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u4f4f\u623f\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u7f3a\u4e4f\u505a\u5bb6\u5ead\u4f5c\u4e1a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\u4e5f\u59a8\u788d\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u516c\u5e73\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u65e2\u662f <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u7c7b\u6743\u5229<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span> <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e5f\u662f <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u6295\u8d44<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u652f\u51fa\u5360\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Gross National<br \/>\n     Product<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> $\\text{4%}$ <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u79d1\u6280\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u63a8\u52a8<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u91cd\u5927\u6218\u4e89\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u7684\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\u5f3a\u8c03\u6548\u7387\uff1b\u666e\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1870 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6cd5\u6848\uff1b\u5e03\u5c14\u6218\u4e89\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u5065\u5eb7\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u4f9b\u9910\u670d\u52a1\uff1b\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u5206\u522b\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1918 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6cd5\u6848\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1944 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\u51b7\u6218\u4e5f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u52a0\u5927\u6295\u5165\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4ed6\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 6 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u601d\u8003<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Some Thoughts<br \/>\nabout Administration)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f\u4e0e\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u529b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1944 \u5e74\u6cd5\u6848\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f\uff0c\u804c\u8d23\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u5f97\u5230\u6709\u6548\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u62e5\u6709<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u6307\u5bfc<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u90e8\u957f\u6743\u529b\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u5ba1\u614e\u3002\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u5185\u9601\u6210\u5458\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u7f57\u5bbe\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u66fe\u63d0\u8bae\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e24\u4f4d\u90e8\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u4f4d <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5927\u81e3<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Secretary of State for Education and<br \/>\n     Science<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u90e8\u957f\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u534f\u8c03\u6574\u4e2a\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6743\u529b\u5236\u8861\uff1a\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (LEAs)<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u529b\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u4f46\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u4ecd\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u548c <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5821\u5792<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">LEAs <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d1f\u8d23\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5b9e\u9645<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6267\u884c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">LEAs <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u884c\u653f\u804c\u80fd\u5e94\u7ef4\u6301\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u8bbe\u7acb\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u7279\u8bbe\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u524d\u77bb\u6027\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1902 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u5927\u3002\u672a\u6765\u6539\u9769\u5e94\u7740\u91cd\u63d0\u5347\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u884c\u653f\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff08\u5982\u8bbe\u7acb\u6cd5\u5b9a\u6559\u5e08\u673a\u6784\uff09\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b66\u6821\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u5176\u6210\u5458\u7684\u9009\u62d4\u57fa\u4e8e\u670d\u52a1\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u8003\u91cf\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b9e\u73b0\u6cbb\u7406<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u79cd\u7c7b\u7e41\u591a\uff0c\u5982\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08\u4e2d\u592e\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u3001\u8c08\u5224\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08\u4f2f\u7eb3\u59c6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u548c\u884c\u653f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u5e2d\u8d28\u91cf\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u4efb\u671f\u4e0d\u5b9c\u8fc7\u957f\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4e13\u65ad\u548c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5206\u4eab\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e13\u4e1a\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5730\u65b9\u884c\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e1a\u4f59\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u5458\uff08\u9996\u5e2d\u6559\u80b2\u5b98\uff09\u901a\u5e38\u8981\u6c42\u5177\u5907\u826f\u597d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u884c\u653f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 7 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u53d8\u9769<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Changing<br \/>\nPattern of Higher Education)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f57\u5bbe\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u9ece\u660e<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6b63\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u573a\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u8fd9\u6e90\u4e8e\u6218\u540e\u51fa\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u589e\u957f\u3001\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u9ad8\u6280\u80fd\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u673a\u6784\u79cd\u7c7b\u7e41\u591a\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u5404\u5f02\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u9762\u89c4\u5212\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u6311\u6218<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f57\u5bbe\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Robbins Committee<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u6765\u89c4\u5212\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u957f\u671f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5c06 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span> <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u673a\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fbe\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> G.C.E. Advanced Level <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6216\u66f4\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u7ee7\u7eed\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u5e73\u8861\u5927\u5b66\u7684 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span> <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c4\u5212\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5927\u5b66\u6cbb\u7406<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82f1\u56fd\u73b0\u6709<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 31 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4eab\u6709 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81ea\u6cbb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u4e3a\u4fdd\u969c\u5927\u5b66\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5927\u5b66\u62e8\u6b3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (UGC)<\/span><\/b><span> <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u62e8\u6b3e\u7684\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u4ecb\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u9664\u725b\u6d25\u548c\u5251\u6865\u5916\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53cc\u91cd\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5b66\u672f\u4e8b\u52a1\u7531\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Senate<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u8d22\u52a1\u548c\u5bf9\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u7531\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5916\u884c\u6210\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Council<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u7f57\u5bbe\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6709\u5916\u884c\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5f97\u5230\u76d1\u7763\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Colleges<br \/>\n     of Education<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u673a\u6784\u6b63\u5728\u5feb\u901f\u6269\u5f20\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u5948\u5c14\u62a5\u544a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">McNair Report<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u6302\u94a9\u3002\u7f57\u5bbe\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u673a\u6784\u547d\u540d\u4e3a <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u7acb <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Schools<br \/>\n     of Education)<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u6388\u4e88\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">B.Ed.<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6269\u5927\u540e\u7684\u62e8\u6b3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u52a9\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5730\u4f4d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7f57\u5bbe\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bae <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">C.A.T.s<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5e94\u7acb\u5373\u88ab\u6388\u4e88 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6280\u672f\u5927\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span> <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u5176\u5b66\u672f\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8fd8\u63d0\u8bae\u8bbe\u7acb <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b66\u672f\u5956\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Council for National Academic Awards)<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4e3a\u7ee7\u7eed\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6388\u4e88\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u84dd\u56fe<\/span><\/b> <b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u662f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u6559\u5e08\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4ee5\u53ca\u673a\u6784\u5728\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3001\u4eba\u5458\u4efb\u547d\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u62e8\u6b3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Grants Commission<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u534f\u8c03\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5173\u952e\u673a\u5236\u3002\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5c06\u9075\u5faa\u7f57\u5bbe\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\u6709\u5177\u5907\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u610f\u613f\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1980 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u5c06\u8fbe\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 56 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e07\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 8 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (International<br \/>\nAffairs)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6559\u80b2\u5408\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6bd4\u8f83\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5148\u9a71<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82f1\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458\uff08\u5982 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Kay-Shuttleworth<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5c31\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8003\u5bdf\u3002<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9a6c\u4fee<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7684\u62a5\u544a\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8428\u5fb7\u52d2\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Michael Sadler<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1895 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7279\u522b\u54a8\u8be2\u548c\u62a5\u544a\u529e\u516c\u5ba4<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6559\u80b2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u4f5c\u63a8\u52a8\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u6559\u80b2\u5927\u4f1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1959 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u725b\u6d25\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1962 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u65b0\u5fb7\u91cc\uff09\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8303\u4f8b\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u91d1\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u548c <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u52a9\u5b66\u91d1\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u8fd8\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6b27\u6d32\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u5408\u4f5c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u548c <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">UNESCO<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d77\u5916\u5b66\u751f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5927\u91cf\u6d77\u5916\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1961-62 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff0c\u7ea6<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> $\\text{10%}$ <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u81ea\u6d77\u5916\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u751f\u9762\u4e34\u4f4f\u5bbf\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u4f20\u64ad\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5584\u610f\u548c\u57f9\u517b\u672a\u6765\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5177\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7f57\u5179\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\u5f97\u4e3b\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6c11\u65cf\u6027\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6c11\u65cf\u6027\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u5982\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u5728\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u63d0\u5021\u7684\uff09\u5219\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5851\u9020\u7231\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u670d\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5927\u89c9\u9192<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e89\u53d6\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5927\u89c9\u9192<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u8584\u5f31\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6ee1\u8db3\u5f3a\u70c8\u6559\u80b2\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u6b63\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u300b\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u4f53\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5256\u6790\uff0c\u4ece\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u5230\u6218\u540e\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u6559\u80b2\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6743\u529b\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u5730\u65b9\u7684\uff09\u5728\u5851\u9020\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u59a5\u534f\u4e0e\u534f\u5546<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1870 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1944 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\uff09\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u6df1\u523b\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u4ee5\u53ca\u5168\u7403\u5316\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9605\u8bfb\u5efa\u8bae<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u9644\u5e26\u4e86\u6309\u4e3b\u9898\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u9605\u8bfb\u4e66\u76ee\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5386\u53f2\u7c7b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7c7b\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7c7b\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u7c7b\u3001\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u7c7b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u7c7b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u4e86\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u7235\u58eb\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u300b\u548c\u74e6\u6cfd\u4f0a\u7684\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u672c\u300b\u3002\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u4e86\u514b\u9c81\u514b\u9999\u514b\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u300b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1on8SnMYc336OE3BBiM3V2IJ7kT5zzIgm\/preview\" width=\"800\" height=\"1080\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660123 &nbsp; \u300a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u300bGovernment of Education &nbsp;  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1326,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[280],"class_list":["post-1325","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-5","tag-280"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1325","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1325"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1325\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1479,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1325\/revisions\/1479"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1325"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1325"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1325"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}