{"id":1282,"date":"2025-10-22T06:40:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T22:40:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1282"},"modified":"2025-10-22T06:40:14","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T22:40:14","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e4%ba%94%e5%8d%81%e5%b9%b4%ef%bc%9a1898-1950%e3%80%8b-fifty-years-of-chinese-philosophy-1898-1950","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1282","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\uff1a1898-1950\u300b \u200bFifty Years of Chinese Philosophy, 1898-1950"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0112<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\uff1a<\/u><\/strong><\/span>1898-1950<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t<\/span><\/u><\/strong>Fifty
\nYears of Chinese Philosophy, 1898-1950<\/span><\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9<\/span>1898<\/span><\/strong>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1950<\/span>\u5e74\u95f4\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8<\/span>\u4f20\u7edf\u4e1c\u65b9\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u5112\u5bb6\u548c\u4f5b\u6559\uff09\u4e0e<\/span>\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u6f6e<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u4e92\u52a8\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u5927\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u65e9\u671f\u7531<\/span>\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u601d\u6f6e<\/span><\/strong>\u4e3b\u5bfc\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u88ab<\/span>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/strong>\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u53cd\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u91cd\u5927\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86<\/span>\u4e1c\u65b9\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u54f2\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong>\u53ca\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8005<\/span>\u51af\u53cb\u5170<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u8d3a\u9e9f<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684<\/span>\u80e1\u9002<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u540e\u671f\u7684<\/span>\u8fa9\u8bc1\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5728<\/span>\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u56fd\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u8ba4\u540c<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u7279<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u5e03\u91cc\u57c3\u5c14\uff08<\/span>O. Briere, S.J.<\/span>\uff09\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\uff1a<\/span>1898-1950<\/span>\u300b\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7531\u52b3\u4f26\u65af<\/span>\u00b7G\u00b7<\/span>\u6c64\u666e\u68ee\uff08<\/span>Laurence G. Thompson<\/span>\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u81ea\u6cd5\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tI. <\/span><\/b>\u603b\u4f53\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0e\u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u5bf9<\/span>1898<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1950<\/span>\u5e74\u95f4\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u4e3b\u8981\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53d1\u9175\u3002\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8457\u4f5c\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u76f8\u540c\u9886\u57df\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u57fa\u4e8e\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5c06\u8fd9\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u8fdb\u884c\u9610\u8ff0\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u601d\u60f3\u8fd0\u52a8\u6982\u51b5\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e3b\u8981\u8bba\u6218\uff08<\/span>1898<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1950<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e1c\u65b9\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\uff08\u4f5b\u5b66\u3001\u5112\u5b66\u548c\u751f\u547d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u897f\u65b9\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\uff08\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u7f8e\u5b66\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\tII. <\/span><\/b>\u5e8f\u8bba\uff1a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u524d\u9a71\uff08<\/span>1898<\/span>\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u53d1\u7aef\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u4e3b\u8981\u7531<\/span>\u65b0\u5112\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002\u65b0\u5112\u5b66\u662f\u5112\u5b66\u5bf9\u9053\u6559\u548c\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u53cd\u52a8\uff0c\u5174\u8d77\u4e8e\u5b8b\u671d\uff08<\/span>11<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u6731\u71b9\u4e0e\u738b\u9633\u660e\u7684\u65b0\u5112\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u65b0\u5112\u5b66\u5185\u90e8\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u601d\u6f6e\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u6731\u71b9\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u6b63\u7edf\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u6027\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\u5bfc\u5411<\/span>\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u672b\u671f\u53d7\u5230\u5b98\u65b9\u5c0a\u5d07\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u738b\u9633\u660e\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u5fc3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u611f\u5b98<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5b66\u8bf4\u5c06\u5fc3\u7075\u751f\u6d3b\u7f6e\u4e8e\u9996\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u548c<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u91cd\u65b0\u53d7\u5230\u63a8\u5d07\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u89c9\u9192\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5148\u9a71<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c06\u5112\u5b66\u7acb\u4e3a\u56fd\u6559\uff0c\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u53d8\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>1898<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5927\u540c\u4e66\u300b\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u9884\u8a00\u5c06\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5927\u540c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u666e\u904d\u548c\u5e73\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u5927\u80c6\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516c\u59bb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u8c2d\u55e3\u540c\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\uff0c<\/span>1896<\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u4ec1\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u5112\u5bb6\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u8981\u6c42\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ec1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6e17\u900f\u6027\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u540e\u53ef\u786e\u4fdd\u4e16\u754c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7edf\u4e00\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u6881\u542f\u8d85\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f1f\u5b50\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4ee5\u7b14\u6746\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u704c\u8f93\u9002\u5e94\u5112\u5bb6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a8\u5d07\u79d1\u5b66\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u8b66\u544a\u4e86\u5b9e\u8bc1\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b97\u6559\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5148\u9a71\u8005\u867d\u7136\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u9700\u8981\u6539\u9769\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u5668\u5e76\u501f\u9274\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u5e0c\u671b<\/span>\u4e0d\u60dc\u4e00\u5207\u4ee3\u4ef7\u4fdd\u7559\u5112\u5bb6\u9053\u5fb7<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\tIII. <\/span><\/b>\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a<\/span>1898<\/span>\u81f3<\/span>1950<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6f14\u53d8\u5927\u81f4\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a<\/span>1898<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1927<\/span>\u5e74\u7531<\/span>\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u601d\u6f6e<\/span><\/b>\u4e3b\u5bfc\uff1b<\/span>1927<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3\u4eca\u5219\u660e\u663e\u53d7<\/span>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\u652f\u914d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u65e9\u671f\u897f\u65b9\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f15\u5165<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u548c\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e25\u590d\u4e8e<\/span>1898<\/span>\u5e74\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u7684\u300a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u5c06\u5176\u5f15\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7269\u7ade\u5929\u62e9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u8bcd\u6c47\u6210\u4e3a\u5e38\u7528\u8bed\u3002\u9a6c\u541b\u6b66\u968f\u540e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u5708\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7edd\u5bf9\u6559\u6761<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u514b\u9c81\u6ce1\u7279\u91d1\u7684\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u674e\u77f3\u66fe\uff08\u715c\u701b\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u514b\u9c81\u6ce1\u7279\u91d1\u7684\u300a\u4e92\u52a9\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u7ea6<\/span>1905<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u4f53\u7cfb\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e92\u52a9\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u5df4\u91d1\u4e5f\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u514b\u6c0f\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u552f\u610f\u5fd7\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u738b\u56fd\u7ef4\u5728<\/span>1905<\/span>\u5e74\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u53d4\u672c\u534e\u548c\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u552f\u610f\u5fd7\u8bba\u3002\u674e\u77f3\u5c91\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u5c3c\u91c7\u548c\u67cf\u683c\u68ee\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u80e1\u9002\u4e0e\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u80e1\u9002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u4e60\u5f52\u6765\u540e\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u7684\u5f15\u4ecb\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u3001\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u3002\u675c\u5a01\u672c\u4eba\u5728<\/span>1919<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1921<\/span>\u5e74\u8bbf\u534e\u8bb2\u5b66\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u5de8\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u65b0\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u8bbf\u534e\u4e5f\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u5f71\u54cd\u672a\u8fbe\u5230\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8bba\u6218<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9610\u91ca\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1911\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6210\u4e3a\u53e3\u53f7\u3002\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u65b0\u9752\u5e74\u300b\uff08<\/span>La Jeunesse<\/span>\uff09\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9996\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u9610\u91ca\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e<\/span>1921<\/span>\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u5112\u5bb6\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u634d\u536b\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6881\u6f31\u6e9f\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u53ca\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff08<\/span>1922<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u6c42\u6b32\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u660e\u6c42\u6b32\u538b\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u53d6\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u6700\u4e3a\u53ef\u53d6\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u5e94\u4ee5\u738b\u9633\u660e\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u6765\u6539\u9020\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u201c<\/span><\/b>\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u4eba\u751f\u89c2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8bba\u6218\uff08<\/span>1923<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7531\u5f20\u541b\u52a2\u53d1\u8d77\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d7\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u3001\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u539f\u5219\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u800c\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u77e5\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdc\u975e\u4e07\u80fd\u3002\u4ee5\u4e01\u6587\u6c5f\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u5219\u575a\u6301\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u4e07\u80fd\u548c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u8521\u5143\u57f9\u7684\u7f8e\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8521\u5143\u57f9\u63d0\u5021<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ee5\u7f8e\u80b2\u4ee3\u5b97\u6559<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u827a\u672f\u80fd\u50cf\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e00\u6837\u63d0\u5347\u7075\u9b42\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bba\u6218\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1928<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u7684\u5206\u671f\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\uff09\u5c55\u5f00\u8bba\u6218\u3002<\/span>1929<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u53cd\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5927\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u53f6\u9752\uff08\u79d1\u5b66\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u4e0e\u827e\u601d\u5947\u7b49\u6b63\u7edf\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u653f\u515a\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e8e<\/span>1934<\/span>\u5e74\u53d1\u8d77<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65b0\u751f\u6d3b\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6062\u590d\u4f20\u7edf\u5112\u5bb6\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff08\u793c\u3001\u4e49\u3001\u5ec9\u3001\u803b\uff09\u3002\u9648\u7acb\u592b\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u552f\u751f\u8bba\u300b\uff08<\/span>1934<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u751f\u547d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e3a\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u5960\u5b9a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e76\u5e73\u8861\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1935\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u805a\u96c6\u4e86\u51af\u53cb\u5170\u3001\u5f20\u4e1c\u836a\u3001\u80e1\u9002\u7b49\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u9662\u6d3e\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\tIV. <\/span><\/b>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u4e1c\u65b9\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u4e1c\u65b9\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u5305\u62ec\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u65b0\u5112\u5b66\u548c\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u751f\u547d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u6574\u5408\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u4f5b\u6559\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n\t\t\u592a\u865a\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u73b0\u4ee3\u4f5b\u6559\u9769\u65b0\u5bb6\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u590d\u5174<\/span>\u552f\u8bc6\u5b97<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u5b66\u6d3e\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6765\u9610\u8ff0\u5176\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4f5b\u6559\u662f\u575a\u5b9a\u7684<\/span>\u65e0\u795e\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f5b\u9640\u53ea\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3001\u5148\u9a71\u3001\u5927\u5e08<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u718a\u5341\u529b\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u66f4\u5177\u72ec\u521b\u6027\u7684\u65b0\u4f5b\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u552f\u8bc6\u5b97\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e0e<\/span>\u738b\u9633\u660e\u65b0\u5112\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u67cf\u683c\u68ee\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u91cd\u6784\u4e86\u552f\u8bc6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6709<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u672c\u8eab\u662f<\/span>\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u7edd\u5bf9\u3001\u6c38\u6052<\/span><\/b>\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u6f14\u5316<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6765\u63ed\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \n\t\u65b0\u5112\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n\t\t\u51af\u53cb\u5170\uff08\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b0\u5112\u5b66\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u300a\u65b0\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff08<\/span>1939<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4e86\u6731\u71b9\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5112\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u7a81\u7834\u4e86\u65b0\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u5185\u5728\u8bba\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86<\/span>\u5148\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5c06\u7406\uff08<\/span>Norm<\/span>\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\uff09\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u4ed6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b87\u5b99\u7075\u9b42<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u8d3a\u9e9f\uff08\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b0\u5112\u5b66\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9075\u5faa\u738b\u9633\u660e\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u878d\u5408<\/span>\u5fb7\u56fd\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff09\u4e0e<\/span>\u5112\u5bb6\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u738b\u9633\u660e\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u5316<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\t\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u54f2\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e0e\u77e5\u884c\u89c2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u501f\u9274\u5112\u5bb6<\/span>\u5927\u540c\u7406\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u5173\u6ce8\u77e5\u4e0e\u884c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e86\u738b\u9633\u660e\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u77e5\u884c\u5408\u4e00<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e2d\u5bf9\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u884c\u6613\u77e5\u96be<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u4eba\u6c11\u884c\u52a8\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u884c\u6613\u77e5\u96be<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u884c\u52a8\u54f2\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u79ef\u6781\u3001\u679c\u65ad\u3001\u5927\u80c6\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u9648\u7acb\u592b\u7684\u552f\u751f\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4ed6\u7684\u552f\u751f\u8bba\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u751f\u547d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8c03\u548c\u552f\u7269\u4e0e\u552f\u5fc3\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u5355\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u672a\u6765\u4e16\u754c\u9700\u8981<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u7279\u8d28<\/span><\/b>\u4e0e<\/span>\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5143\u7d20<\/span><\/b>\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u5927\u540c\u7406\u60f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \n\tV. <\/span><\/b>\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u897f\u65b9\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t\u5927\u591a\u6570\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4fe1\u5949\u5b54\u5fb7\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e09\u65f6\u4ee3\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u8981\u751f\u5b58\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u501f\u9274\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u6d41\u6d3e<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\u5f20\u4e1c\u836a\uff08\u65b0\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u4ed6\u63a8\u5d07\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u591a\u5143\u8bba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span><\/b>\u6cdb\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u751f\u547d\u7b49\u5b9e\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u53ea\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u540e\u671f\u8f6c\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff0c\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u5176\u4ed6\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u5982\u7a0b\u5fc3\uff09\u548c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u5982\u8d3a\u9e9f\u3001\u5f20\u9547\u5112\uff09\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002\u5085\u7edf\u5148\u5ba3\u626c<\/span>\u5ba2\u89c2\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8d5e\u626c\u5b97\u6559\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u9648\u5eb7\u5219\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe<\/span><\/b>\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \n\t\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u6d41\u6d3e<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u674e\u8fbe\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\u9610\u91ca\u8005\u3002\u827e\u601d\u5947\u662f\u5b98\u65b9\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u901a\u4fd7\u8bfb\u7269\u300a\u5927\u4f17\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff08<\/span>32<\/span>\u7248\uff09\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u6210\u529f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u4f20\u64ad<\/span>\u8fa9\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u539f\u521b\u7684\u3001\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u601d\u8fa8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u79d1\u5b66\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08\u53f6\u9752\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f02\u8bae\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u9884\u8a00\u54f2\u5b66\u5c06\u6d88\u4ea1\uff0c\u6216\u4ec5\u6210\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u601d\u60f3\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6298\u8877\uff0c\u5e94\u4fdd\u6301\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f2\u4ece\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \n\t\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \n\t\t\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u504f\u91cd\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u73b0\u4ee3\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u601d\u6f6e\uff1a\u675c\u5a01\u7684<\/span>\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u903b\u8f91<\/span><\/b>\u3001\u7f57\u7d20\u7684<\/span>\u6570\u5b66\u903b\u8f91<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u91d1\u5cb3\u9716\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u521b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u903b\u8f91\u300b\uff08<\/span>1935<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u516c\u5f0f\u3002\u5176\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u9053\u8bba\u300b\uff08<\/span>1940<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u65b0\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \n\t\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e\u4eba\u751f\u89c2<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • \n\t\t\u9488\u5bf9\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u7528<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u751f\u89c2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u53d6\u4ee3<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f26\u7406\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba9\u9053\u5fb7\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u8212\u65b0\u57ce\u3001\u5c60\u4e9a\u6cc9\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5f20\u4e1c\u836a\u91c7\u7528\u63a5\u8fd1\u51af\u7279\uff08<\/span>Wundt<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u5316<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4f26\u7406\u3002\u9ec4\u5efa\u4e2d\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u5219\u91c7\u7528\u5eb7\u5fb7\u539f\u5219\u6216\u5112\u5bb6\u7efc\u5408\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u9053\u5fb7\u5bb6\u4e0e\u60b2\u89c2\u60c5\u7eea\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8bb8\u591a\u9053\u5fb7\u624b\u518c\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u7684\u5fe7\u8651\u548c\u5bf9\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff08\u5982\u6797\u8bed\u5802\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u6279\u8bc4\u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u7684<\/span>\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u56de\u5f52\u7cbe\u795e\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \n\t\u7f8e\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \n\t\t\u6731\u5149\u6f5c\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u73b0\u4ee3\u7f8e\u5b66\u5927\u5e08\uff0c\u8ffd\u968f\u514b\u7f57\u9f50\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u5021<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u827a\u672f\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u827a\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7f8e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7f6e\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u771f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7f8e\u5b66\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8521\u4eea\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u89c2\u7f8e\u5b66\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7f8e\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4f53\u73b0<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \n\tVI. <\/span><\/b>\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t\u6838\u5fc3\u51b2\u7a81<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t1898\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1950<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • \n\t\t\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u575a\u6301\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f<\/span>\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53f3\u6d3e<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u91c7\u7eb3\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5f3a\u8c03\u7cbe\u795e\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u67cf\u683c\u68ee\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7b49\u897f\u65b9\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u90a3\u91cc\u5bfb\u6c42\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8ffd\u968f\u79d1\u5b66\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5c06\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f26\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06<\/span>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u89c6\u4e3a\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f<\/span>\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5de6\u6d3e<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4ee5\u73b0\u4ee3\u7cbe\u795e\u91cd\u4f30\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \n\t\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u4f46\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u5230<\/span>1950<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u53ef\u8fa9\u9a73\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5728\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u5982\u6b64\u76db\u884c\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u5426\u7ec8\u5c06\u6d88\u4ea1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n\t