{"id":1270,"date":"2025-10-21T06:57:04","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T22:57:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1270"},"modified":"2025-10-21T06:57:04","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T22:57:04","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e4%bc%a6%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%e3%80%8bethics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1270","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300bEthics"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0110<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span>Ethics<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u5305\u542b<\/span>\u4e24\u79cd\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f<\/span>\u4e00\u6bb5\u96be\u4ee5\u8fa8\u8ba4\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u548c\u7b26\u53f7\u7ec4\u5408<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u52a0\u5bc6\u6587\u672c\u3001\u4e71\u7801\u6216\u975e\u897f\u8bed\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65b0\u6765\u6e90<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u6458\u81ea<\/span>\u4e00\u672c\u5173\u4e8e\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5b83\u9996\u5148\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\u666e\u901a\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5e76\u533a\u5206\u4e86<\/span>\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u5584\uff08<\/span>intrinsically
\ngood<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u624b\u6bb5\u6027\u5584<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u5305\u62ec<\/span>\u5229\u5df1\u4eab\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span>egoistic hedonism<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span>utilitarianism<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u5185\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e3a\u4e49\u52a1\u800c\u4e49\u52a1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u4e86<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u4e86<\/span>\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7<\/span><\/strong>\u4e0e<\/span>\u60e9\u7f5a<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u76f8\u5173\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7eea\u8bba\u4e0e\u524d\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u5f25\u8865\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u53ea\u80fd\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u624b\u6bb5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bb0\u5f55\u5e76\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4eec\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u7cbe\u795e\u8ffd\u6c42\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u786e\u5b9a\u4f26\u7406\u672f\u8bed\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6076<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d23\u4efb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u9002\u7528\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7cbe\u786e\u754c\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e38\u8bc6\u4f26\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>ordinary
\nethical judgements<\/span>\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b62\u6b65\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e38\u8bc6\u5224\u65ad\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u8d2f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u4fee\u6b63\u611f\u5b98\u77e5\u89c9\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>good<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u548c<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>ought<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\/\u201c<\/span>\u8d23\u4efb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>duty<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>good as a
\nmeans<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>good-in-themselves\/intrinsically good<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u66f4\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u5fc3\u667a\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8eab\u624d\u80fd\u662f\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u4e8b\u7269\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u624b\u6bb5\u4e4b\u5584\uff08\u7f8e\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4f8b\u5916\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u201c\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u7279\u6307\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6700\u9002\u5408\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u884c\u52a8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5177\u6709\u54a8\u8be2\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u8bba\u8bc1\u548c\u8003\u91cf\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u6cd5\u72ec\u81ea\u51b3\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u80fd\u662f<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u7684\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u4f26\u7406\u6982\u5ff5\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u81ea\u79c1\u4e0e\u65e0\u79c1<\/span> (Selfishness and Unselfishness)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6211\u4e3a\u4f55\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u727a\u7272\uff1f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u9996\u5148\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86<\/span>\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5feb\u4e50\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Egoistic Hedonism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u5df1\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u5229\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u95f4\u63a5\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2a\u4eba\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u53cd\u9a73\u9053\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u9053\u5fb7\u52a8\u673a\u6279\u5224<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u82e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u5584\u4ec5\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u6216\u5bf9\u826f\u5fc3\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u5ba1\u614e\uff08<\/span>prudence<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u5feb\u4e50\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u51b2\u7a81<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff08\u5982\u4e3a\u5c3d\u8d23\u800c\u727a\u7272\u751f\u547d\uff09\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2a\u4eba\u6700\u5927\u5feb\u4e50\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u9a73\u65a5<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c<\/span>\u5feb\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6b32\u671b\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u5feb\u4e50\uff09\u5df2\u88ab\u73b0\u4ee3\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u6b32\u671b\u5148\u4e8e\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u5feb\u4e50\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6b32\u671b\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  4. \n\t\t\u9ad8\u7b49\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5c40\u9650<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5305\u542b\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff08\u5982\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u727a\u7272\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5584\u65e0\u6cd5\u62b5\u6d88\u5931\u53bb\u591a\u5e74\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5584\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  5. \n\t\t\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6001\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8981\u6c42\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7f6e\u4e8e\u540c\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff08\u516c\u6b63\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u54c1\u683c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u65e0\u79c1\uff08\u65e0\u8c13\u7684\u727a\u7272\uff09\u540c\u6837\u662f\u611a\u8822\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u8ffd\u6c42\u666e\u904d\u5e78\u798f<\/span> (The Pursuit of the General Happiness)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86<\/span>\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Utilitarianism<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u4e49\u5feb\u4e50\u8bba\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u662f\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u4e14\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f18\u52bf<\/span><\/b>\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u7b80\u5355\u6027\u3001\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u5173\u8054\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u8981\u6c42\u516c\u6b63\u5bf9\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6279\u8bc4<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n\t\t\u4e0e\u5e38\u8bc6\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u51b2\u7a81<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u627f\u62c5\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5bb6\u4eba\u3001\u627f\u8bfa\u5bf9\u8c61\u7b49\u8d1f\u6709\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u3001\u66f4\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u76f8\u6096\u3002\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8bc1\u660e\u5077\u7a83\u6216\u8bf4\u8c0e\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5e78\u798f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    2. \n\t\t\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u96be\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u8861\u91cf\u6216\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff08\u5982\u6b23\u8d4f\u838e\u58eb\u6bd4\u4e9a\u4e0e\u7838\u788e\u9676\u5668\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    3. \n\t\t\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4ec5\u4ee5\u5feb\u4e50\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6570\u91cf<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u5584\u662f\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u3002\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u66f4\u9ad8\u54c1\u8d28<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff08\u5982\u667a\u529b\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u3001\u7231\u3001\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6570\u91cf\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u6570\u91cf\u66f4\u5927\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f4e\u7ea7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5feb\u4e50\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    4. \n\t\t\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\uff08\u5982\u6c89\u8239\u4e2d\u81ea\u6211\u727a\u7272\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5584\uff08<\/span>intrinsic value<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    5. \n\t\t\u516c\u6b63\u4e0e\u5206\u914d<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u5584\u7684\u603b\u91cf\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5206\u914d\u7684\u516c\u6b63\u6027\u3002\u516c\u6b63\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584\uff08<\/span>Intrinsic
      \n Good<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5f03<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5feb\u4e50\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u7eb3\u5165\u5176\u4ed6\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u7406\u60f3\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5148\u58f0\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e3a\u8d23\u4efb\u800c\u5c3d\u8d23<\/span> (Duty for Duty’s Sake)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08<\/span>Kant<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53cd\u5feb\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n\t\t\u5584\u826f\u610f\u5fd7\uff08<\/span>Good
        \n Will<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u5584\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u5584\u826f\u610f\u5fd7\u662f\u6307<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u800c\u5c3d\u8d23\u3002\u5feb\u4e50\u662f\u9644\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5584\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      2. \n\t\t\u7edd\u5bf9\u547d\u4ee4\uff08<\/span>Categorical
        \n Imperatives<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u8981\u8bf4\u8c0e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5047\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4\uff08<\/span>Hypothetical Imperatives<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      3. \n\t\t\u666e\u904d\u5316\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u884c\u52a8\u5e94\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u51c6\u5219\u662f\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f60\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u51c6\u5219\u5e94\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4f60\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u6210\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u6cd5\u5219<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e\u4e0d\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      4. \n\t\t\u4eba\u662f\u76ee\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5bf9\u5f85\u4f60\u81ea\u8eab\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u89c6\u4e3a\u624b\u6bb5<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6279\u8bc4<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \n\t\t\u5bf9\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u82db\u523b\u8981\u6c42<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6392\u65a5\u6216\u8d2c\u4f4e\u51fa\u4e8e\u7231\u800c\u975e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8d23\u4efb\u611f\u800c\u505a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        2. \n\t\t\u7edd\u5bf9\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u50f5\u5316<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u575a\u6301\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\uff08\u5982\u7981\u6b62\u8bf4\u8c0e\uff09\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u3001\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdd\u53cd\u7684\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6551\u547d\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u4e24\u79cd\u7edd\u5bf9\u547d\u4ee4\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8bc9\u8bf8\u540e\u679c\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        3. \n\t\t\u9700\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u8865\u5145<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u539f\u5219\uff08\u4eba\u662f\u76ee\u7684\uff09\u867d\u7136\u4f1f\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u4ecd\u9700\u8981\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba\u7684\u76ee\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff08\u5982\u8ffd\u6c42\u5584\uff09\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u8865\u5145\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \n\t\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684<\/span>\u7406\u60f3\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u6240\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5728\u786e\u5b9a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u884c\u4e3a\u65f6\uff0c\u66f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5584\u6076\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u8ffd\u6c42\u5584<\/span> (The Pursuit of the Good)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span>\u7406\u60f3\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Ideal Utilitarianism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5bf9\u9519\u4ec5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5584\u6076\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u4f46<\/span>\u5584<\/span><\/b>\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3001\u7231\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u7f8e\u7b49\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u7406\u60f3\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f18\u52bf<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5b83\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u540e\u679c\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5173\u4e8e\u5584\u826f\u54c1\u683c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8ba4\u591a\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u6838\u5fc3\u4e89\u8bae\u70b9<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \n\t\t\u540e\u679c\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5b9e\u9645\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u4f9d\u9760<\/span>\u53ef\u5408\u7406\u9884\u671f\u7684\u540e\u679c<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u660e\u667a\u7684\u9009\u62e9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u77e5\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u8bc4\u4f30\u540e\u679c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8003\u5bdf\u6574\u4f53\u5370\u8c61\u548c\u5404\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          2. \n\t\t\u76ee\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u4e89\u8bae<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7406\u60f3\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f3c\u4e4e\u652f\u6301<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u76ee\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u624b\u6bb5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u8fa9\u62a4\u79f0\uff0c\u90aa\u6076\u624b\u6bb5\uff08\u5982\u6b3a\u9a97\u3001\u4e0d\u516c\uff09\u672c\u8eab\u6784\u6210\u5185\u5728\u7684\u6076\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u7ed3\u679c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5584\u610f\u6240\u538b\u5012\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u5408\u7406\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u90aa\u6076\u624b\u6bb5\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u53cd\u566c\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u77e5\u7684\u6076\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          3. \n\t\t\u7f57\u65af\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u539f\u59cb\u8d23\u4efb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6279\u5224<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5927\u536b<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7f57\u65af\uff08<\/span>Sir David Ross<\/span>\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u672a\u80fd\u4f53\u73b0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d23\u4efb\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u627f\u8bfa\u5bf9\u8c61\u6216\u5bb6\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u5355\u7eaf\u4e3a\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u5e78\u798f\u6700\u5927\u5316\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6d3e\u751f\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \n\t\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u6298\u8877\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u539f\u59cb\u8d23\u4efb<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Prima Facie Duty<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u9664\u975e\u88ab\u66f4\u7d27\u8feb\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u59cb\u7ec8\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5b88\u8bfa\u3001\u5f25\u8865\u4f24\u5bb3\u3001\u611f\u6069\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u5206\u914d\u3001\u884c\u5584\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u5b8c\u5584\u548c\u907f\u514d\u4f24\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002\u7f57\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u524d\u4e09\u9879\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bfc\u51fa\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5438\u6536\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\uff08\u5982\u5b88\u8bfa\uff09\u5177\u6709\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5584\uff08\u6216\u6076\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e24\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d (Attempts to Define “Good”
            \nand “Ought”)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5173\u6ce8\u4f26\u7406\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u6469\u5c14\uff08<\/span>G. E. Moore<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u70b9<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5185\u5728\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u6790\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u975e\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5c31\u4f1a\u6ca6\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e00\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u652f\uff08\u5982\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6216\u795e\u5b66\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08<\/span>Naturalistic Definitions<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6279\u5224<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \n\t\t\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff08\u8d5e\u540c<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6b32\u671b\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d5e\u540c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6b32\u671b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u8d5e\u540c\u7684\u591a\u5be1\u4e0d\u51b3\u5b9a\u5bf9\u9519\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u6307\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u5219\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u6210\u4e86\u5b8c\u5168\u5229\u5df1\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            2. \n\t\t\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff08\u8fdb\u5316<\/span>\/<\/span>\u751f\u5b58\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4fc3\u8fdb\u751f\u5b58<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7b26\u5408\u8fdb\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e5f\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            3. \n\t\t\u666e\u904d\u6279\u5224<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u72af\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u8c2c\u8bef<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5c5e\u6027\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u60f3\u8c61\u6210\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5206\u79bb\u800c\u4e0d\u4ea7\u751f\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u662f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff09\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5230\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u98de\u8dc3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \n\t\u5bf9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08\u795e\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u6279\u5224<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5c06<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5bf9<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e5f\u662f\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u53d8\u5f97\u4efb\u610f\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u7942\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e8b\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5bf9\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u624d\u547d\u4ee4\u5b83\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u9677\u5165\u5faa\u73af\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4f55<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u670d\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff08\u9664\u975e\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5584\u826f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u575a\u6301<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5584<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u5e94\u8be5\u575a\u6301<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>ought<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u4f26\u7406<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5224\u65ad<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/span> (The Nature of Ethical “Judgement”)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5c06\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u60c5\u611f\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u8bed\u53e5\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f26\u7406\u5224\u65ad<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u529f\u80fd\uff08\u5373\u4e0d\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u771f\u5047\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u529d\u8bf4\u6216\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\uff08\u60c5\u7eea\u529f\u80fd\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u9a73\u65a5<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \n\t\t\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u51b2\u7a81<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5bfb\u6c42\u9053\u5fb7\u5efa\u8bae\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bfb\u6c42\u7684\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u771f\u5b9e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u7684\u8212\u9002\u6216\u88ab\u8bf4\u670d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              2. \n\t\t\u5408\u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u5ba3\u4f20<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f26\u7406\u5224\u65ad\u4e0d\u80fd\u65ad\u8a00\u771f\u5047\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f26\u7406<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u63a8\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5c31\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5ba3\u4f20<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bba\u8bc1\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc1\u660e\u4efb\u4f55\u4f26\u7406\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              3. \n\t\t\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u89e3\u91ca<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5dee\u5f02\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u5426\u5b9a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5dee\u5f02\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bf9<\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u540e\u679c<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5bf9\u706b\u5211\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c38\u6052\u71c3\u70e7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              4. \n\t\t\u76f4\u89c9\uff08<\/span>Intuition<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5fc5\u7136\u4f9d\u8d56\u76f4\u89c9\uff08\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u8bba\u8bc1\u6216\u611f\u5b98\u76f4\u63a5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u771f\u7406\uff09\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u75db\u82e6\u662f\u6076<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u76f4\u89c9\u5e76\u975e\u65e0\u6cd5\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c\u548c\u7406\u6027\u601d\u8003\u6765\u4fee\u6b63\u548c\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f26\u7406\u5224\u65ad\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u540c\u65f6\u58f0\u79f0\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u5e94\u5f97\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb<\/span> (Deserts and Responsibility)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0e\u5f52\u548e\uff08<\/span>Blame<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \n\t\t\u52a8\u673a\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u5f52\u548e\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e<\/span>\u52a8\u673a<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5185\u5fc3\uff09\u800c\u975e\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5bf9\u9519\uff08\u5916\u90e8\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u884c\u4e3a\u4eba\u72af\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9053\u5fb7\u9519\u8bef<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u4f4e\u4f30\u8bf4\u8c0e\u7684\u90aa\u6076\uff09\uff0c\u5219\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u54c1\u683c\u7f3a\u9677\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                2. \n\t\t\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6b32\u671b<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u4ec5\u56e0\u62e5\u6709\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u800c\u53d7\u8d23\u5907\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b32\u671b\u6e90\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u81ea\u613f\u9519\u8bef\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \n\t\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\uff08<\/span>Determinism<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u8bba\uff08<\/span>Indeterminism<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. \n\t\t\u4e89\u8bba\u7126\u70b9<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u5148\u524d\u539f\u56e0\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u8bba\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b\u610f\u5473\u7740<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u505a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  2. \n\t\t\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u7559<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d23\u4efb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8c34\u8d23\uff08<\/span>Blame<\/span>\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6076\u52a3\u610f\u5fd7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u5e76\u5177\u6709\u4fc3\u4f7f\u672a\u6765\u884c\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u529f\u80fd\uff08<\/span>Utilitarian
                    \n function<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  3. \n\t\t\u4f5c\u8005\u503e\u5411<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u672a\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u91ca\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9<\/span>\u8d23\u4efb<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u65e2\u5b9a\u6027\u683c\u548c\u73af\u5883\u4e0b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    \n\t\u60e9\u7f5a\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. \n\t\t\u62a5\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\uff08<\/span>Retributive
                      \n Theory<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u906d\u53d7\u75db\u82e6\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u5e94\u5f97\u76f8\u79f0\u662f\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    2. \n\t\t\u529f\u5229\u7406\u8bba\uff08<\/span>Utilitarian
                      \n Theory<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u540e\u679c<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u5a01\u6151<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Deterrence<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u6539\u9020<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Reformation<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      \n\t\u6279\u5224\u4e0e\u6298\u8877<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\u62a5\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u590d\u4ec7\u503e\u5411\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u4e14\u96be\u4ee5\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u8861\u91cf\u75db\u82e6\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u6076\u52a3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u6709\u6bd4\u4f8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u529f\u5229\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7f3a\u9677\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca<\/span>\u60e9\u7f5a\u65e0\u8f9c\u8005<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u90aa\u6076\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u60e9\u7f5a\u65e0\u8f9c\u8005\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u6700\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6548\u7528\uff08\u5a01\u6151\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u6298\u8877\u89c2\u70b9<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span>\u62a5\u5e94<\/span><\/b>\u51b3\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span>\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6743<\/span><\/b>\u60e9\u7f5a\u67d0\u4eba\uff08\u5fc5\u987b\u9488\u5bf9\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\uff0c\u800c<\/span>\u529f\u5229<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5a01\u6151\u548c\u6539\u9020\uff09\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u884c\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e00\u6743\u5229\u4ee5\u53ca\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u89c6\u89d2\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u66f4\u5177\u5f3a\u8c03\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u544a\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u4eba\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u4e66\u8bc4\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u672c\u4e66\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bfb\u8005\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u80fd\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u5730\u601d\u8003\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u907f\u514d\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u867d\u7136\u672c\u4e66\u4e0d\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u548c\u7406\u6027\u601d\u8003\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u5b58\u5728\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4f46\u9f13\u52b1\u8bfb\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u601d\u8003\u548c\u8bba\u8bc1\u6765\u68c0\u9a8c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u672c\u4e66\u672b\u5c3e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3001\u7a46\u52d2\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u6469\u5c14\u3001\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u54c8\u5c14\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/span> [^1]: <\/span>\u7ae0\u8282\u6807\u9898\u548c\u9875\u7801\u57fa\u4e8e\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/span> [^2]: <\/span>\u5f15\u7528\u4e86<\/span>Preface, Chapter I, II, III, IV,
                        \nV, VI, VII, VIII<\/span>\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t