{"id":1264,"date":"2025-10-21T06:52:01","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T22:52:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1264"},"modified":"2025-10-21T06:52:01","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T22:52:01","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%b9%b3%e7%ad%89%e3%80%8bequality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1264","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5e73\u7b49\u300bEquality"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0108<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u5e73\u7b49\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span>Equality<\/u><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u5e73\u7b49\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u4e3a<\/span> D. T.<\/span>\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span> 1948 <\/span>\u5e74\u5728\u5251\u6865\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u8003\u5bdf\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5baa\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7537\u5973\u5e73\u7b49\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u56fd\u5c0f\u56fd\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684<\/span>\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5f53\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\u7684<\/span>\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u5728<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u95f4<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u8feb\u5207\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f53\u524d\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ea0\u6b63\u5173\u4e8e\u5e73\u7b49\u5373\u610f\u5473\u7740<\/span>\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e00\u81f4\u6216\u5e73\u5747\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u666e\u904d\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfb\u6c42\u534f\u8c03\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f<\/span>\u5206\u6790\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u5730\u63a2\u8ba8\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u578b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7bc7\u4e66\u8bc4\u57fa\u4e8e\u6234\u7ef4<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u6c64\u59c6\u68ee\uff08<\/span>David Thomson<\/span>\uff09\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u7531\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u5df4\u514b\u7235\u58eb\uff08<\/span>Sir Ernest Barker<\/span>\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u300a\u5e73\u7b49\u300b\uff08<\/span>EQUALITY<\/span>\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u8282\u9009\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u56de\u7b54\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5baa\u7ae0\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7537\u5973\u548c\u5927\u5c0f\u5404\u56fd\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u91cd\u7533\u4fe1\u5ff5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5f53\u4ee3\u6709\u4f55\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u91c7\u7528\u5206\u6790\u6027\u800c\u975e\u8bba\u6218\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u5bdf<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5168\u9762\u5c31\u4e1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u540c\u5de5\u540c\u916c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6240\u6709\u7231\u597d\u548c\u5e73\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5e73\u7b49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u6f84\u6e05\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u96be\u9898<\/span> (The Problem of Equality)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9996\u8981\u56e0\u7d20<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u6d1b\u5fb7<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u5e03\u83b1\u65af\u8bed\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b9e\u8df5\u4ea7\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u76f4\u5230\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u624d\u666e\u904d\u8d85\u8d8a\u6c11\u6743\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6709\u6548\u9700\u6c42\uff08\u6cd5\u56fd\u62b5\u6297\u8fd0\u52a8\u5baa\u7ae0\uff0c<\/span>1944<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7279\u6b8a\u7684<\/span>\u5f53\u524d\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u9996\u5148\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5426\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e73\u7b49\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff08\u5982<\/span> $x=8$<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6307\u8eab\u4efd\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u8868\u9762\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e73\u7b49\u4ef7\u503c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u6216\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u540c<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4eba\u4ec5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u9762\uff08\u5373\u5176<\/span>\u4e2a\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff09\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00\u65e0\u5173<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8fd8\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u89c2\u7684\u8bef\u533a\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5df4\u5e03\u592b\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08<\/span>Babouvist movement<\/span>\uff09\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c<\/span>\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u8981\u6c42\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u5c06\u7edd\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u7f6e\u4e8e\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u5c4a\u65f6\u5206\u914d\u5c06\u9075\u5faa<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5404\u5c3d\u6240\u80fd\uff0c\u6309\u9700\u5206\u914d<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u9700\u6c42\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7edd\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e5f\u660e\u786e\u62a8\u51fb\u4e86\u6d88\u8d39\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\u3001\u5c0f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u80e1\u8a00\u4e71\u8bed<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d77\u6e90\uff1a<\/span>\u5f02\u6559\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6e90\u4e8e\u65af\u591a\u845b\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u548c\u795e\u5723\u7406\u6027\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u5c42\u9762<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e14\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0a\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\u6e90\u4e8e\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u5c42\uff08\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u540c\u4faa\u5ba1\u5224<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u7279\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u751f\u957f\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5341\u4e03\u3001\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u65b0\u529b\u91cf\uff08\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\uff09\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u6d1b\u514b\u548c\u79d1\u6d1b\u5185\u5c14<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u96f7\u6069\u4f2f\u7f57\uff0c\u5c06<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b6a\u751f\u7406\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08\u5982\u8fb9\u6c81\uff09\u5c06\u5e73\u7b49\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e14\u5e78\u798f\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u798f\u5229\u6302\u94a9\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u88ab<\/span>\u638f\u7a7a\u4e86\u5176\u539f\u6709\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5185\u5bb9<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u4e3b\u4e49\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u82f1\u56fd\u7684<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5b6a\u751f\u7406\u60f3\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u79bb\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u91cd\u65b0\u548c\u89e3<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49<\/span> (Legal Equality)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u8861\u5e73\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>ius gentium<\/span><\/i>\u201d<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u4e07\u6c11\u6cd5\uff09\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u62c9\u5e73<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8d8b\u52bf\uff08<\/span>Aequitas<\/span><\/i>\uff09\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u6839\u636e\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u804c\u80fd\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7b49\u8fdb\u884c\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u666e\u901a\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Common Law<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u82f1\u56fd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u5236<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6700\u5927<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u62c9\u5e73\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u521b\u9020\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u666e\u901a\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5c45\u6c11\u90fd\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u56fd\u738b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u81e3\u6c11\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6cd5\u6cbb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>the rule of law<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u90fd\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8d1f\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u53d1\u5c55\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5206\u7acb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u80fd\u4e2d\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u6cd5\u9662\u80fd\u591f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e<\/span><\/b>\u62d2\u7edd\u7279\u6743\u6216\u8c41\u514d\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\uff08\u6587\u5b98\u5236\u5ea6\uff09\u548c\u975e\u519b\u4e8b\u8b66\u5bdf\u5236\u5ea6\u4e5f\u76f8\u7ee7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8131\u79bb\u653f\u6cbb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u6cd5\u6cbb\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u4f9b\u6218\u6597\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u5236\u8861\u6743\u529b\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u5931\u8d25\u4e00\u65b9\u4e0d\u88ab\u538b\u57ae\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8131\u79bb\u653f\u6cbb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u7559\u653f\u7b56\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u539f\u5219\u53c8\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u5b97\u6559\u5e73\u7b49<\/span> (Religious Equality)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5b97\u6559\u5e73\u7b49\u610f\u5473\u7740<\/span>\u5426\u8ba4\u5b97\u6559\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u826f\u77e5\u81ea\u7531\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff08\u6216\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff09\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49\u540c\u671f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u5bb9\u5fcd\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff08\u5982\u5a01\u65af\u7279\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u7ea6\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6559\u968f\u56fd\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u539f\u5219\uff09\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5c06\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\u9650\u5236\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u533a\u57df\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u4ece\u6559\u5f92\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86<\/span>\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u6d1b\u514b\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u4e0e\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\u4f7f\u5f97\u5bf9\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u6253\u51fb\u6559\u4f1a\uff08\u653f\u6559\u8054\u76df\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u66f4\u5177\u653b\u51fb\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u6559\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e73\u5747\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u6743\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u5c06\u5b97\u6559\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5b97\u6559<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8131\u79bb\u653f\u6cbb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u300a<\/span>Test
    \nand Corporation Acts<\/span>\u300b\u7684\u5e9f\u9664\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u6559\u4f1a\u4e00\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u65e7\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u6d88\u4ea1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c<\/span>\u5b97\u6559\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u524d\u63d0<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u6240\u6709\u6559\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u5176\u7269\u8d28\u6807\u51c6\u8fbe\u5230\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u539f\u5219\uff09\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5173\u952e\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5e94\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u513f\u7ae5\u7684<\/span>\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u9700\u6c42<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49<\/span> (Political Equality)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u53cd\u6620<\/span>\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u5e73\u8861<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u5fc5\u7136\u4e14\u7406\u5e94\u7531\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u529b\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08<\/span>Radical movement<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e3b\u6743\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u666e\u9009\u6743<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u7968\uff09\u662f\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6839\u672c\u9769\u547d\u6027\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u666e\u9009\u6743\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff08\u5982\u6258\u9a6c\u65af<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u6f58\u6069\u3001\u7518\u5fc5\u5927\uff09\u4e50\u89c2\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u81ea\u52a8\u5e26\u6765\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u548c\u7e41\u8363\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\uff08\u5982\u666e\u9009\u6743\uff09\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u4e71\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u5d29\u6e83\u98ce\u9669\u65f6\uff0c\u88ab\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u63a5\u53d7\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u7ef4\u62a4\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u786e\u4fdd\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4fdd\u969c<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u79d8\u5bc6\u6295\u7968<\/span><\/b>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u76f4\u5230<\/span>1872<\/span>\u5e74\u624d\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4eba\u53cd\u5bf9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5272\u88c2\u6295\u7968\u7684\u7279\u6743\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u666e\u9009\u6743\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u5265\u593a\u4efb\u4f55\u7fa4\u4f53\u6295\u7968\u6743\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u800c\u7ed9\u4e88\u989d\u5916\u6295\u7968\u6743\u5219\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7279\u6743\u7fa4\u4f53\u6ee5\u7528\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u51fa\u73b0<\/span>\u884c\u653f\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u4ec1\u6148\u4e13\u5236<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5224\u65ad\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u8d23\u4efb\u653f\u5e9c<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u5426\u5728\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u8981\u6c42\u65f6\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u548c\u66f4\u6362\u3002\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u548c\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u969c\u788d\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49<\/span> (Economic Equality)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u963b\u529b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0a\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u60f3\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u662f<\/span>\u8d2b\u56f0\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u8865\u6551\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u201c\u683c\u62c9\u5e93\u65af<\/span>\u201d\u00b7<\/span>\u5df4\u5e03\u592b\uff08<\/span>‘Gracchus’
    \nBabeuf<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u8df5\u7eb2\u9886\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e73\u7b49\u5bc6\u8c0b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e3b\u5f20\u901a\u8fc7\u6ca1\u6536\u3001\u5f81\u7a0e\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u56fd\u5bb6\u5171\u540c\u4f53<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u83b7\u5f97\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u751f\u8ba1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u8fd8\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u7d2f\u8fdb\u7a0e\u5236\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u7b49\u624b\u6bb5<\/span>\u51cf\u5c11\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5df4\u5e03\u592b\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u6269\u5927\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6743\u5229\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5168\u9762\u5c31\u4e1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u673a\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u8eab\u80fd\u529b\u53d8\u5f97\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u53e3\u53f7\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u727a\u7272\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u914d\u7ed9\u5236\u548c\u590d\u5458\u65b9\u6848\uff09\u3002\u5e73\u7b49\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u4e4e\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u5173\u4e4e\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u540c\u5de5\u540c\u916c<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5f53\u9700\u6c42\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u5982\u513f\u7ae5\u6d25\u8d34\uff09\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\u65f6\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u9700\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u5de5\u8d44\u533a\u5206\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u56fd\u5bb6\u57fa\u4e8e\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u62a4\u7406\u6bcd\u4eb2\u3001\u751f\u75c5\u5de5\u4eba\uff09<\/span>\u4eab\u6709\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u4f73\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u8d22\u5bcc\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u5982\u4f55\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6309\u9700\u5206\u914d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6309\u52b3\u5206\u914d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e92\u8865\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684<\/span>\u5206\u914d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Distributivism<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u5c0f\u519c\u6237\u548c\u8fb9\u7586\u5f00\u62d3\u8005\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u4e2a\u4f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff09\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5782\u6b7b\u7684\u7406\u60f3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u96c6\u4f53\u4f9b\u7ed9<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e2a\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\uff08\u5982\u5de5\u4f1a\uff09\u7684\u6743\u5229\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u7b49<\/span> (Equality between Nations)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6b63\u5f0f\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u5982\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5baa\u7ae0\uff09\u786e\u8ba4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u5e73\u7b49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u5982\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5b89\u7406\u4f1a\u548c\u5e03\u96f7\u987f\u68ee\u6797\u673a\u6784\uff09\u53c8\u5766\u7387\u5730\u627f\u8ba4<\/span><\/b>\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff08\u5982\u5426\u51b3\u6743\u548c\u6309\u91d1\u878d\u4efd\u989d\u5206\u914d\u6295\u7968\u6743\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5c06\u5e73\u7b49\u539f\u5219\u7b80\u5355\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u50cf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\uff0c\u6309\u4eba\u53e3\u89c4\u6a21\u52a0\u6743\u6295\u7968\u6216\u8bb8\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u6c11\u4e3b\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u8c08\u5224\u548c\u4ef2\u88c1\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53cc\u65b9\u540c\u610f\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u5dee\u5f02\u6392\u9664\u5728\u4e89\u7aef\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u5728\u804c\u80fd\u6027\u5408\u4f5c\uff08\u5982\u90ae\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u4e92\u60e0\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u539f\u5219\u4ecd\u7136\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5927\u56fd\u624d\u80fd\u7ef4\u6301\u548c\u5e73\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u89e3\u51b3\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u5e73\u7b49\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u82cf\u8054\u5baa\u6cd5\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u9f13\u52b1\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5c06\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5176\u519b\u4e8b\u6743\u529b\u5206\u5f00\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u5982\u5361\u5c14\u6559\u6388\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6743\u5229\u53ea\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6700\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u671f\u671b\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516c\u5e73\u5bf9\u5f85<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u5e73\u7b49\u5f85\u9047<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6258\u7ba1\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u671d\u5411\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e73\u7b49\u8fc8\u8fdb\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5927\u56fd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u516c\u5e73\u5bf9\u5f85\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u795e\u5723\u4fe1\u4efb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u535a\u7231<\/span> (Conclusion: Liberty, Equality,
    \nFraternity)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e03\u683c\u83b1\uff08<\/span>Bougl\u00e9<\/span>\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u4eba\u53e3\u4f17\u591a\u3001\u5bc6\u96c6\u548c\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u4e14\u62e5\u6709\u5171\u540c\u6587\u5316\u4f46\u4e2a\u4f53\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u6700\u4e3a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u3002\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u5168\u7403\u7406\u60f3\uff1a<\/span>\u56db\u5927\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u8a00\u8bba\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u514d\u4e8e\u532e\u4e4f\u3001\u514d\u4e8e\u6050\u60e7\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5b9e\u73b0\u514d\u4e8e\u532e\u4e4f\u548c\u514d\u4e8e\u6050\u60e7\u9700\u8981<\/span>\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u3001\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u534f\u540c\u884c\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\u548c\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u56e2\u7ed3\u3002\u514d\u4e8e\u532e\u4e4f\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\uff09\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6309\u9700\u5206\u914d<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u96c6\u4f53\u8d23\u4efb\u611f\u3002\u514d\u4e8e\u6050\u60e7\uff08\u56fd\u9645\u5b89\u5168\uff09\u5219\u9700\u8981\u56fd\u9645\u56e2\u7ed3\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u4ee5\u5f3a\u6743\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e89\u7aef\u3002\u672a\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u9677\u5165\u4e86<\/span>\u5747\u52bf<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>balance of power<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u602a\u5708\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u5426\u901a\u8fc7\u6c11\u4e3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u548c\u5168\u9762\u5c31\u4e1a\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e0d\u635f\u5bb3\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89c4\u5212\uff09\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u5206\u6b67\u5728\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u624b\u6bb5<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u6311\u6218\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n\t\t\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u7684<\/span>\u56fa\u6709\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    2. \n\t\t\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u53d1\u5c55\u7684<\/span>\u6700\u65b0\u5ef6\u4f38<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u5b83\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u5ff5\u534f\u8c03\u4e00\u81f4\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u5e76\u6301\u4e45\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    3. \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u51b2\u7a81\u53cc\u65b9\u529b\u91cf\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e73\u8861\u65f6\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u53cd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u589e\u957f\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\uff1b\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u786e\u4fdd\u5176\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u60f3\u76f8\u534f\u8c03\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    4. \n\t\t\u5e73\u7b49\u5fc5\u987b\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u5bf9<\/span>\u4e2a\u4f53\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u7cbe\u795e\u5e73\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7cbe\u795e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5e73\u7b49\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u66b4\u653f\uff08\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u8bed\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n\t\t\u6559\u6761\u5f0f\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>doctrinaire equality<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u7531\u5148\u77e5\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3001\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u548c\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      2. \n\t\t\u5236\u5b9a\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>enacted or social equality<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u5e73\u7b49\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      3. \n\t\t\u535a\u7231\u5f0f\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>fraternal equality<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \n\t\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9053\u8def\u662f<\/span>\u548c\u8c10\u4e0e\u548c\u89e3\u7684\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6ee1\u8db3\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u65ad\u91cd\u65b0\u9610\u8ff0\u5176\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u6070\u5f53\u548c\u5168\u9762\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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