{"id":1252,"date":"2025-10-20T20:11:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T12:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1252"},"modified":"2025-10-20T20:11:00","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T12:11:00","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%9b%9b%e7%99%be%e5%b9%b4%e8%8b%b1%e5%9b%bd%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%8f%b2%e3%80%8b-four-hundred-years-of-english-education","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1252","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u56db\u767e\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u53f2\u300b  Four Hundred Years of English Education"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">0103<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><u><strong>\u300a<\/strong><\/u><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><u>\u56db\u767e\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u53f2<\/u><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><u><strong>\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><u><strong>Four<br \/>\nHundred Years of English Education<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-51-656x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"999\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-1253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-51-656x1024.jpg 656w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-51-192x300.jpg 192w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-51-768x1198.jpg 768w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-51-984x1536.jpg 984w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-51-1312x2048.jpg 1312w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-51.jpg 1347w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56db\u767e\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u53f2<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300b\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4ece\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u65f6\u4ee3\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">20<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5982\u5a01\u5ec9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u585e\u897f\u5c14\u548c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7\uff09\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u53d7\u57f9\u6839\u548c\u5938\u7f8e\u7ebd\u65af\u601d\u60f3\u542f\u53d1\uff09\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u6750\u6599\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6148\u5584\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u6280\u5de5\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u76d1\u6d4b\u5236\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u8d1d\u5c14\u548c\u5170\u5361\u65af\u7279\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u53ca\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u653f\u5e9c\u62a5\u544a<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5982\u6cf0\u6664\u58eb\u6cb3\u7554\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u514b\u62c9\u4f26\u767b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u5728\u5851\u9020\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6458\u5f55\u8ffd\u8e2a\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u4ece\u6559\u4f1a\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u5411\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e72\u9884<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u5411\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">W. H. G. Armytage \u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u56db\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u53f2\u300b\uff08<\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Four Hundred Years of English Education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09 \u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63cf\u7ed8\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u56db\u767e\u5e74\u4e2d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u51b3\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\u53ca\u5176\u56f4\u7ed5\u5173\u952e\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u6216\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u66f4\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9700\u6c42<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5176\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6240\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u66f4\u65e9\u9762\u4e34\u57f9\u517b\u5177\u5907\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8bad\u7ec3\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 20 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 60 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5371\u673a\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u5e76\u90e8\u5206\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u52a0\u5267\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u65b0\u6559\u653f\u6cbb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Politics of Protestantism) 1563\u20131603<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u4ee5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1563 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6e29\u838e\u57ce\u5821\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u665a\u5bb4\u5f00\u7bc7\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u5973\u738b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5b98\u5458\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4f0a\u987f\u516c\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u9003\u5b66\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u7f57\u6770<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u963f\u65af\u5361\u59c6\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Roger Ascham<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u826f\u597d\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5973\u738b\u7684\u56fd\u52a1\u5927\u81e3\u5a01\u5ec9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u585e\u897f\u5c14\u7235\u58eb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Sir William<br \/>\n     Cecil<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7279\u522b\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\u585e\u897f\u5c14\u5e9c\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Cecil House<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u65f6\u4ee3\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u597d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u5b66\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6d77\u8239\u8239\u957f\u6c49\u5f17\u83b1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5409\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u7235\u58eb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Sir Humphrey Gilbert<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u66fe\u5411\u585e\u897f\u5c14\u63d0\u8bae\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u6240\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u7406\u3001\u7269\u7406\u548c\u5916\u79d1\u7b49\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u76ee\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u8d35\u65cf\u5b50\u5f1f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81f3\u5c11\u64c5\u957f\u67d0\u4e8b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b97\u6559\u51b2\u7a81<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u585e\u897f\u5c14\u51fa\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u6388\u4ed6\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7248\u672c\u3002\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u675c\u57c3\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Douai<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u8bbe\u7acb\u795e\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1568 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u51fb\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e25\u60e9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u6559\u5f71\u54cd\u529b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4f26\u6566\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\u79ef\u6781\u8d44\u52a9\u5404\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1480 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1660 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u95f4\u5171\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 153 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5bf9\u65b0\u6559\u5728\u897f\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4fdd\u969c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u66d9\u5149<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fea\u4f0a\u535a\u58eb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Dr. John Dee<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201cArchemastrie\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5b66\u8bf4\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u5f53\u65f6\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u6700\u5927\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bc9\u6c42<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Suits for Science) 1603\u20131660<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57f9\u6839\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Francis Bacon<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u63a8\u52a8\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57f9\u6839\u7684\u613f\u666f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u57f9\u6839\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u65b0\u4e9a\u7279\u5170\u8482\u65af\u300b\uff08<\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">New Atlantis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\u7f57\u95e8\u5bab<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Solomon\u2019s<br \/>\n     House<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u2014\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u3001\u7b49\u7ea7\u68ee\u4e25\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6269\u5927\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u7586\u57df<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b9e\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u6e05\u6559<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5a01\u5ec9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5409\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">William Gilbert<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u5a01\u5ec9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54c8\u7ef4\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">William Harvey<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5de5\u5320\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6492\u6bcd\u8033<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54c8\u7279\u5229\u5e03\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Samuel Hartlib<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5c06\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u76ee\u6807\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u76ee\u6807\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u4e1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u9020\u798f\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6469\u62c9\u7ef4\u4e9a\u6d41\u4ea1\u8005\u626c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u963f\u6469\u53f8<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5938\u7f8e\u7ebd\u65af\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Jan<br \/>\n     Amos Comenius<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u5230\u6765\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1641 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u6807\u5fd7\u7740<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57f9\u6839\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6e05\u6559\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6c47\u5408\u70b9<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u63d0\u6848<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u54c8\u7279\u5229\u5e03\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u9a6c\u5361\u91cc\u4e9a\u738b\u56fd\u8ff0\u7565\u300b\uff08<\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">A Description of the Famous<br \/>\n     Kingdom of Macaria<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u547c\u5401\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u548c\u5251\u6865\u4e4b\u5916\u8bbe\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u7b49\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65e0\u5f62\u5b66\u9662<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5728\u683c\u96f7\u6c99\u59c6\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Gresham College<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u805a\u4f1a\u7684\u6559\u6388\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u5373<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65e0\u5f62\u5b66\u9662<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Invisible College<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u540e\u6765\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u9700\u6c42<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The National Religion versus National<br \/>\nNeeds) 1660\u20131732<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u738b\u671d\u590d\u8f9f\u540e\uff0c\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6cd5\u6848\uff08\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1661 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u793e\u56e2\u6cd5\u300b\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1662 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u7edf\u4e00\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u5c06\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Dissenters<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u6392\u9664\u5728\u516c\u804c\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u5916\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f02\u89c1\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5174\u8d77<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u4eec\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u5f02\u89c1\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u9662\u4e0d\u53d7\u4f20\u7edf\u5951\u7ea6\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u7075\u6d3b\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u7269\u7406\u548c\u822a\u6d77\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4f20\u64ad<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u8bb2\u5ea7\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u5174\u76db\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5496\u5561\u9986\u4e3e\u884c\u3002\u5171\u6d4e\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Freemasonry<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u8bba\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u6539\u8fdb\u6280\u672f\u79d8\u5bc6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u725b\u987f\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u827e\u8428\u514b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u725b\u987f\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Isaac Newton<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff08<\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Principia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">, 1687<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5c06\u4e16\u754c\u63cf\u7ed8\u6210\u4e00\u53f0\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u725b\u987f\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 18 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 19 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d1b\u514b\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d1b\u514b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">John Locke<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6f2b\u8bdd\u300b\uff08<\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Some Thoughts Concerning Education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">,<br \/>\n     1693<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u575a\u6301<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u611f\u5b98<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u7cbe\u901a\u67d0\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u7ec8\u8eab\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6148\u5584\u5b66\u6821\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65e0\u77e5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u590d\u5174\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u77e5\u8bc6\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">S.P.C.K.<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1699 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff09\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u6148\u5584\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u6821\u65e8\u5728\u6559\u5bfc<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u670d\u4ece\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u5f8b\u6cd5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u57f9\u8bad\u513f\u7ae5\u4ece\u4e8b\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53d7\u5230\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u66fc\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Bernard Mandeville<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff08\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6148\u5584\u5b66\u6821\u53ef\u80fd\u52a9\u957f\u61d2\u60f0\uff09\uff0c\u4f46<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> S.P.C.K. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 35 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u5185\u5e2e\u52a9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1,500 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u8d77\u98de\u524d\u594f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Prelude to Take-Off) 1732\u20131790<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u6240\u505a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u5e38\u8bbe\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u4ee3\u8868<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Dissenting Deputies<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u6e38\u8bf4\u4e89\u53d6\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u81ea\u5b66<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u76f2\u4eba\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6851\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Nicholas<br \/>\n     Sanderson<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u804b\u54d1\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u4ea8\u5229<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d1d\u514b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Henry<br \/>\n     Baker<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u6b8b\u969c\u4eba\u58eb\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5faa\u73af\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u5f00\u59cb\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u536b\u65af\u7406\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">John Wesley<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u536b\u7406\u516c\u4f1a\u4e5f\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u62c9\u5fb7\u514b\u5229\u592b\u4e0e\u5316\u5b66<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u65b0\u8bbe\u4e86\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u7b49\u6559\u5e2d\u3002\u6258\u9a6c\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d1d\u591a\u65af\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Thomas<br \/>\n     Beddoes<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1788 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1793 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u95f4\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u6559\u6388\u5316\u5b66\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u542c\u4f17\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7cbe\u82f1<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6708\u4eae\u793e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Lunar Society<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u5305\u62ec\u74e6\u7279\u3001\u535a\u5c14\u987f\u3001\u666e\u91cc\u65af\u7279\u5229\u3001\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u65c5\u884c\u79d1\u5b66\u8bb2\u5e08\uff08\u5982\u8a79\u59c6\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f17\u683c\u68ee\uff09\u666e\u53ca\u4e86\u673a\u68b0\u80fd\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u6821\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u79c1\u4eba\u5b66\u9662\uff08\u5982\u6c49\u666e\u90e1\u7684\u5207\u59c6\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u6388\u82f1\u8bed\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u8a00\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u5de5\u5382\u56fe\u666f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Image of the Factory) 1790\u20131826<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5de5\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u5b66\u6821\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53cd\u96c5\u5404\u5bbe\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fdb\u6b65\u5b66\u9662\uff08\u5982\u54c8\u514b\u5c3c\u5b66\u9662\uff09\u88ab\u89e3\u6563\u3002\u6c49\u5a1c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u83ab\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Hannah More<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u53d1\u884c\u4e86\u7528\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u9547\u5b9a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u9605\u8bfb\u6750\u6599\u7684\u6279\u91cf\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u5206\u53d1\u3002\u739b\u838e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u739b\u4e3d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u820d\u4f0d\u5fb7\u592b\u4eba\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Mrs. Sherwood<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u6587\u5b66\uff08\u5982\u300a\u8d39\u5c14\u67f4\u5c14\u5fb7\u4e00\u5bb6\u300b\uff09\u704c\u8f93\u4e86\u513f\u7ae5\u5929\u751f\u5815\u843d\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u795e\u5b66\u89c2\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u666e\u53ca\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u96f7\u514b\u65af\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Robert Raikes<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u63a8\u5e7f\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e3b\u65e5\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1795 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6709<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 75 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e07\u513f\u7ae5\u5165\u5b66\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u6280\u672f<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u53d7\u5de5\u5382\u6280\u672f\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5206\u5de5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u539f\u5219\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d1d\u5c14\u535a\u58eb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Dr. Andrew Bell<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5170\u5361\u65af\u7279\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Joseph Lancaster<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bfc\u751f\u5236<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Monitorial System<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 19 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u8fc5\u901f\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6cf0\u52d2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u67ef\u52d2\u5f8b\u6cbb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">S. T.<br \/>\n     Coleridge<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65e0\u4e0e\u4f26\u6bd4\u7684\u673a\u5668<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d1b\u5f17\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57c3\u5947\u6c83\u601d\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Richard Lovell Edgeworth<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u5973\u513f\u739b\u4e3d\u4e9a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Maria<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u63a8\u5e7f\u300a\u5b9e\u7528\u6559\u80b2\u300b<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Practical Education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">, 1798<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u548c\u4e3b\u52a8\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u8a79\u59c6\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fb9\u6c81\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Jeremy Bentham<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5de5\u827a\u5b66\u300b\uff08<\/span><i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Chrestomathia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u804c\u4e1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u4f53\u7f5a\u3001\u5021\u5bfc\u513f\u7ae5\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u84dd\u56fe\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53e4\u5178\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53cd\u51fb<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\uff08\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Vicesimus Knox<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u6d41\u884c\u662f\u865a\u5047\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u575a\u5b88\u53e4\u5178\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u9a6c\u5c14\u8428\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6280\u5de5\u9636\u5c42<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Malthusianism and the Mechanics)<br \/>\n1826\u20131851<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u9a6c\u5c14\u8428\u65af\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u7406\u8bba\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u4ecb\u5165\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6280\u5de5\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4e3a\u6ee1\u8db3\u5de5\u5320\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u6280\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Mechanics&#8217; Institutes<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1820 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u4ee3\u8bde\u751f\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8bb8\u591a\u56e0\u8d44\u91d1\u4e0d\u8db3\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u5174\u8da3\u504f\u5411\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u800c\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u516c\u5171\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5927\u5b66\u9769\u65b0<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u53d7\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1826 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u4e0e\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1829 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u5408\u5e76\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1836 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7\u7684\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u6258\u9a6c\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Thomas Arnold<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4efb\u62c9\u683c\u6bd4\u516c\u5b66\u6821\u957f\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1828\u20131842<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5021\u5bfc\u5c06\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u548c\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u6821\u957f\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u58f0\u671b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e72\u9884\u5de5\u5382\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1833 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5de5\u5382\u6cd5\u300b\u9996\u6b21\u89c4\u5b9a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 9 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 13 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u7684\u7ae5\u5de5\u5fc5\u987b\u6bcf\u5929\u63a5\u53d7\u4e24\u5c0f\u65f6\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u5fd7\u613f\u5b66\u6821\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u52a9\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e08\u8d44\u57f9\u8bad<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u8a79\u59c6\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u51ef\u535a\u58eb\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Dr. James Kay<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5df4\u7279\u897f\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Battersea Training College, 1840<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u57f9\u517b\u7b26\u5408\u6559\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1851 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e07\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Great<br \/>\n     Exhibition<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u51f8\u663e\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0e\u6548\u7387<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Fitness and Efficiency) 1851\u20131868<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6548\u7387<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5065\u5eb7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u90e8\u95e8<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1852\/3 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u90e8\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Science and<br \/>\n     Art Department<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u63a8\u52a8\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u970d\u592b\u66fc\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Hofinan<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Huxley<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u5ef7\u5fb7\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Tyndall<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7b49\u4e00\u6d41\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u62c5\u4efb\u8003\u5b98\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u76db\u884c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u8003\u8bd5\u6210\u4e3a\u8861\u91cf<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6548\u7387<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u63d0\u5347\u80fd\u529b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff08\u8fb9\u6c81\u601d\u60f3\uff09\u3002\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65af\u8fc8\u5c14\u65af\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Samuel Smiles<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81ea\u52a9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7cbe\u795e\u5f97\u5230\u9f13\u52b1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u300a\u4fee\u8ba2\u62e8\u6b3e\u6cd5\u89c4\u300b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Revised<br \/>\n     Code, 1862<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4e3a\u63a7\u5236\u6fc0\u589e\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5f00\u652f\uff0c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6d1b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Robert Lowe<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u6b64\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u5c06\u62e8\u6b3e\u4e0e\u513f\u7ae5\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u5199\u4f5c\u548c\u7b97\u672f\uff08\u4e09<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> Rs<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u6210\u7ee9\u6302\u94a9\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u516c\u5b66\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u514b\u62c9\u4f26\u767b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Clarendon Commission, 1861-64<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u9676\u987f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Taunton Commission, 1864-67<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u516c\u5b66\u548c\u6350\u8d60\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u5176\u50f5\u5316\u548c\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u4e0e\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1859 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u5f15\u53d1\u5b97\u6559\u5371\u673a\u3002\u9a6c\u4fee<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Matthew Arnold<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e3b\u5f20\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u7528<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u6027\u5316<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">humanizing<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6765\u5bf9\u6297\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u548c\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (The Politics of the Boards) 1868\u20131889<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u6838\u5fc3\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1870 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u9881\u5e03\u53ca\u5176\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1870 <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">W. E.<br \/>\n     Forster <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b66\u6821\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">School Boards<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4ee5\u586b\u8865\u5fd7\u613f\u5b66\u6821\u5728\u521d\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u3002\u8fd9\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5f3a\u5236\u3001\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u548c\u5bf9\u5fd7\u613f\u5b66\u6821\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u8bba\uff08\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u6597\u4e89<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3002\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 25 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6761\u5141\u8bb8\u5411\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u652f\u4ed8\u8d2b\u56f0\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u5b66\u8d39\uff0c\u6fc0\u6012\u4e86\u975e\u56fd\u6559\u5f92\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5c31<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u3001\u5e03\u62c9\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">L.S.B.<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u521d\u7ea7\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\uff08\u5982<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> P.T. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> sloyd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b5f\u5fb7\u62c9\u6cd5\u5178<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1881 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u5b5f\u5fb7\u62c9\u6cd5\u5178\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Mundella Code<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f18\u5f02\u8865\u52a9\u91d1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8ba1\u4ef6\u4ed8\u8d39\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u7406\u3001\u5bb6\u653f\uff08\u70f9\u996a\uff09\u7b49\u5b9e\u7528\u79d1\u76ee\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5730\u65b9\u5927\u5b66\u5174\u8d77<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u53d7\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u6177\u6168\u89e3\u56ca\uff0c\u65b0\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57ce\u5e02\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5728\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u3001\u5229\u7269\u6d66\u3001\u5229\u5179\u7b49\u5730\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u4ea7\u4e1a\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u8bc9\u6c42<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u68ee\u7687\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1884 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u6307\u51fa\u82f1\u56fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7f3a\u9677\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Collectivism and the County Councils)<br \/>\n1889\u20131911<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u7ba1\u7406\u6743\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u5730\u65b9\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">L.E.A.s<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5a01\u58eb\u5fcc\u94b1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1890 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u7a0e\u6cd5\u300b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7a0e\u6536\uff08\u4fd7\u79f0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5a01\u58eb\u5fcc\u94b1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a\u7528\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8d39\u8fb9\u793e\u4e0e\u7cbe\u82f1\u5236<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u897f\u5fb7\u5c3c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u97e6\u5e03\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Sidney Webb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u4f26\u6566\u90e1\u8bae\u4f1a\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u5176\u6253\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53d1\u6398\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u673a\u5668<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\u5236\u5ea6\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e03\u83b1\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5e03\u83b1\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Bryce Commission, 1895 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u652f\u6301\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5c06\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57f9\u517b\u5de5\u5320<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u79d1\u514b\u987f\u5224\u51b3\u4e0e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1902 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6cd5\u6848<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1900 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u79d1\u514b\u987f\u5224\u51b3\u88c1\u5b9a\u5b66\u6821\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u7528\u5730\u65b9\u7a0e\u6536\u8d44\u52a9\u9ad8\u7ea7\uff08\u4e2d\u7b49\uff09\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u8fdd\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1902 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\uff0c\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u7ba1\u7406\u6743\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 328 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u5f53\u5c40\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">L.E.A.s<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u5b83\u4eec\u8d44\u52a9\u5fd7\u613f\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u8fd9\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6587\u6cd5\u5f0f\u5e02\u7acb\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u6210\u957f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u5b66\u6821\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u585e\u897f\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u96f7\u8fea\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Cecil Reddie<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u963f\u535a\u8328\u970d\u59c6\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Abbotsholme<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> F. W. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6851\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Sanderson<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u5965\u591a\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Oundle<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7b49\u8fdb\u6b65\u5b66\u6821\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b9e\u8df5\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff08\u5982\u83ab\u65af\u5229\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1903 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff09\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u534f\u5546\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u53d8\u9769<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Change through Consultation) 1911\u20131944<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u6d89\u53ca\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u6218\u65f6\u91cd\u7ec4\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e\u5206\u6d41<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u67e5\u5c14\u65af<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65af\u76ae\u5c14\u66fc\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Charles Spearman<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u897f\u91cc\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f2f\u7279\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Cyril Burt<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6280\u672f\uff08\u5982\u56e0\u7d20\u5206\u6790\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8bca\u65ad\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u652f\u6301<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u514d\u8d39\u540d\u989d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u6316\u6398<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u624d\u5e93<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u54c8\u591a\u62a5\u544a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1926 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u91cd\u7ec4\u4e3a\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 11 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fdb\u6b65\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">E. G. A. Holmes <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u8499\u53f0\u68ad\u5229\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Montessori<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u970d\u9ed8<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u83b1\u6069\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Homer Lane<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> A. S. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c3c\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">A. S. Neill<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u590f\u5c71\u5b66\u6821\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Summerhill<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u6cbb\u7406\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1944 <\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u758f\u6563\u513f\u7ae5\u95ee\u9898\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u8d2b\u56f0\u3002\u8bfa\u4f0d\u5fb7\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Norwood Committee<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u5b66\u751f\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u6587\u6cd5\u3001\u6280\u672f\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u3002<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1944 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u6cd5\u6848\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u5206\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u521d\u7b49\u3001\u4e2d\u7b49\u548c\u7ee7\u7eed\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u5b66\u8d39\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u6559\u80b2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6743\u529b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5347\u7ea7\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u804c\u8d23<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u957f\u8fdc\u89c4\u5212<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Long-range Plans) 1944\u20131963<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6218\u540e\u57fa\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u89c4\u5212<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u9009\u62d4\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u89c4\u5212\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5361\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6ce2\u666e\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">K. R. Popper<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5021\u5bfc<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u6280\u672f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u548c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u5361\u5c14<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u66fc\u6d77\u59c6\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Karl<br \/>\n     Mannheim<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5219\u8bbe\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u9009\u62d4\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81ea\u7531\u6d6e\u52a8\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u6269\u5f20<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5df4\u6d1b\u62a5\u544a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Barlow Report, 1946 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u73c0\u897f\u62a5\u544a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Percy Report, 1945 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u79d1\u5b66\u4eba\u624d\u77ed\u7f3a\u3002<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f57\u5bbe\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Robbins Committee, 1963 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u5efa\u8bae\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1980 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u5c06\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u4f4d\u6570\u91cf\u589e\u52a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 150% <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u624d\u5e93<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u9009\u62d4<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u56f4\u7ed5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 11 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u5206\u6d41\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u65e5\u76ca\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u8fd9\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7efc\u5408\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Comprehensive Schools<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8003\u8bd5\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\u8bc1\u4e66\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">G.C.E.<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u8bc1\u4e66\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">C.S.E.<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u88ab\u5f15\u5165\uff0c\u4ee5\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5de5\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u5361\u5c14\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Carr Committee<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7b49\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\u5de5\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\u4f53\u7cfb\u50f5\u5316\u3002<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1964 <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u52a0\u5f3a\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u90e8<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (Conclusion)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u56db\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53f2\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53d7\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u56e2\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u6e29\u838e\u665a\u5bb4\uff09\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u538b\u529b\u56e2\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u5de5\u4f1a\uff09\u7684\u5851\u9020\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u9010\u6e10\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u548c\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u8f6c\u5411<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6cbb\u7597\u800c\u975e\u795e\u6743<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6280\u672f\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u5316\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u53d6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u7528\u80fd\u6e90\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u589e\u52a0\uff08\u5343\u74e6\u65f6\uff09\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><\/b><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e1a\u4f59\u4eba\u58eb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u8fc7\u65f6<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u80fd\u6e90\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5bf9\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6025\u5267\u9700\u6c42\u9884\u793a\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u5728\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u91cf\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\uff0c<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e1a\u4f59\u4eba\u58eb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">gentleman&#8217;s<br \/>\n     amateur<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u5371\u9669<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u662f\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u575a\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e1a\u4f59\u4eba\u58eb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u804c\u4e1a\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6587\u5b98\u9636\u5c42<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">mandarin class<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u804c\u4e1a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">vocation<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1gxCvz-2DKrtfBI8XQrVLKpcNwGzrAV23\/preview\" width=\"800\" height=\"1080\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660103 &nbsp; \u300a\u56db\u767e\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u53f2\u300b Four Hundred Years of Engli [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[163,166],"class_list":["post-1252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-5","tag-163","tag-166"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1252","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1252"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1252\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1254,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1252\/revisions\/1254"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1252"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1252"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muma.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}