{"id":1234,"date":"2025-10-20T11:59:49","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T03:59:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1234"},"modified":"2025-10-20T11:59:49","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T03:59:49","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%a4%9a%e5%85%83%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%8f%91%e5%b1%95%ef%bc%9a%e9%a9%ac%e6%9d%a5%e8%a5%bf%e4%ba%9a%e6%a1%88%e4%be%8b%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e3%80%8b-education","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1234","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u591a\u5143\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u300b Educational Development In A Plural Society: A Malaysian Case Study"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0099 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u591a\u5143\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u300b<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tEducational Development In A Plural Society: A Malaysian Case Study<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/i>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tPaul
\nChang Min Phang<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u591a\u5143\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u4e13\u8457\u7cfb\u5217\uff0c<\/span>\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u5305\u62ec\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u548c\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\uff09\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u53d8<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6587\u7ae0<\/span>\u7740\u91cd\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\uff08<\/span>1786<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1942<\/span>\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u591a\u5143\u5b66\u6821\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u51fa\u73b0<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\uff08\u9a6c\u6765\u8bed\u3001\u534e\u8bed\u3001\u6cf0\u7c73\u5c14\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\uff09\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005<\/span>\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u524d\u5915\uff08<\/span>1945<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1957<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u7edf\u4e00\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6240\u505a\u7684\u52aa\u529b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5df4\u6069\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u82ac<\/span>–<\/span>\u5434\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e8\u5728\u878d\u5408\u5404\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u6d41\u6d3e\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u300a<\/span>1957<\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0<\/span>\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\uff08<\/span>1957<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1967<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u63a8\u884c\u514d\u8d39\u521d\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u63d0\u9ad8\u5165\u5b66\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u5f15\u5165\u7efc\u5408\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6574\u5408\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u9769\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u548c\u8bbe\u7acb\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5de1\u89c6\u673a\u6784\u6765\u63d0\u5347\u6559\u80b2\u8d28\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8be5\u4e13\u8457\u5c5e\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u4e13\u9898\u7cfb\u5217<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u548c\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5b9d\u8d35\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u62e5\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u9762\u4e34\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u6574\u5408\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u897f\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\uff08\u5373\u9a6c\u6765\u534a\u5c9b\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u7684<\/span>\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/b>\u662f\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4ece<\/span> 1786 <\/span>\u5e74\u5230<\/span> 1967 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u7cfb\u5982\u4f55\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6c11\u65cf\u56e2\u7ed3\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u878d\u5408\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u786e\u5b9a\u5e76\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b9e\u65bd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u6307\u51fa\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5c06\u591a\u5143\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u793e\u533a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u5e76\u5b58\u4f46\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u653f\u6cbb\u5355\u5143\u5185\u5206\u522b\u751f\u6d3b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u591a\u5143\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u7cfb\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e24\u79cd\u6216\u591a\u79cd\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u7cfb\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u4f46\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\u5a92\u4ecb\u3001\u62e8\u6b3e\u548c\u5e08\u8d44\u57f9\u8bad\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n<\/div>\n

    \n\t\u8be6\u7ec6\u7ae0\u8282\u4e66\u8bc4<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 \u65e9\u671f\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\u671f\uff1a<\/span>1786\u20131942<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 1 <\/span>\u7ae0 \u591a\u5143\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6f14\u53d8<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u591a\u5143\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u82f1\u5c5e\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u4e3b\u8981\u53d7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u9a71\u52a8\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6761\u7ea6\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6d77\u5ce1\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff08\u69df\u57ce\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u9a6c\u516d\u7532\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u9a6c\u6765\u5dde\u5c5e\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u9521\u77ff\u548c\u6a61\u80f6\u4e1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u672c\u571f\u9a6c\u6765\u4eba\u4e0d\u613f\u4ece\u4e8b\u77ff\u573a\u548c\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u7684\u6709\u507f\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5f15\u8fdb\u52b3\u5de5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\t\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5927\u91cf\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u6d8c\u5165\uff0c\u81f3<\/span> 1941 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u5360\u6bd4\u8fbe\u5230<\/span> 44%<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e3b\u8981\u62db\u52df\u6cf0\u7c73\u5c14\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u6a61\u80f6\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u3001\u9053\u8def\u548c\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u81f3<\/span> 1941 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u5728\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u5360\u6bd4\u4e3a<\/span> 14%<\/span>\u3002 \u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u591a\u5143\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u6fc0\u589e\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u5f02\uff08\u5982\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u996e\u98df\u7981\u5fcc\uff09\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u878d\u5408\u53d8\u5f97\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u793e\u533a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5206\u5f00\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u901a\u5a5a\u3002\u9c81\u73c0\u7279<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7231\u9ed8\u751f\uff08<\/span>Rupert Emerson<\/span>\uff09\u56e0\u6b64\u5c06\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f17\u5c3c\u74e6\u5c14\u591a\u5143\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4ee3\u8868<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 2 <\/span>\u7ae0 \u591a\u5143\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u591a\u5143\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3b\u8981\u53d7\u4e09\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u9a71\u52a8\uff1a\u591a\u79cd\u65cf\u4eba\u53e3\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u5fd7\u613f\u673a\u6784\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff08\u6559\u4f1a\u3001\u793e\u7fa4\u5229\u76ca\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u884c\u653f\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u9a6c\u6765\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e49\u52a1\u53ea\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u521d\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ece\u4e8b\u519c\u6e14\u4e1a\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3a\u79fb\u6c11\u5b50\u5973\u63d0\u4f9b\u6bcd\u8bed\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\ta) <\/span><\/b>\u9a6c\u6765\u5b66\u6821\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u82f1\u56fd\u627f\u8bfa\u6839\u636e\u6761\u7ea6\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u7167\u987e\u9a6c\u6765\u4eba\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u6bcd\u8bed\u521d\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u80b2\u7531\u53ef\u5170\u7ecf\u5b66\u6821\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u6765\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\uff08<\/span>A.W. Skinner<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4e16\u4fd7\u6559\u80b2\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u68ee\uff08<\/span>R.J.
      \nWilkinson<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u6e29\u65af\u6cf0\u7279\uff08<\/span>R.O. Winstedt<\/span>\uff09\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5f15\u5165\u7f57\u9a6c\u5316\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\uff08<\/span>Rumi<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u4fa7\u91cd\u5b9e\u7528\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff08\u5982\u56ed\u827a\u3001\u624b\u5de5\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6570\u91cf\u4e0a\uff0c\u9a6c\u6765\u5b66\u6821\u5728<\/span> 1942 <\/span>\u5e74\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5165\u5b66\u7387\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0a\uff0c\u6821\u820d\u7b80\u964b\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u5e08\u8d44\u57f9\u8bad\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c<\/span>\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u8bbe\u65bd<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u9a6c\u6765\u4eba\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u673a\u4f1a\u3002 <\/span>b) <\/span>\u534e\u6587\u5b66\u6821\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u53d1\u5c55\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u548c\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u8a00\u6388\u8bfe\uff0c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8001\u5f0f\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u6076\u52a3\u3002\u5728\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u534e\u6587\u5b66\u6821\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u8131\u8282\u3002\u867d\u7136\u653f\u5e9c\u540e\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8865\u52a9\u548c\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u4f46\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4ecd\u7136\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u8bbe\u65bd\u5dee\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u5de5\u8d44\u4f4e\uff0c<\/span>\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u516c\u8ba4\u8d44\u683c<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u4e1a\u548c\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u62db\u52df\u7684\u6e29\u5e8a\u3002 <\/span>c) <\/span>\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u6821\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u65e9\u671f\u7531\u79c1\u4eba\u673a\u6784\u8bbe\u7acb\u3002<\/span>1912 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u52b3\u5de5\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\u8981\u6c42\u62e5\u6709<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u540d\u5b66\u9f84\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u6821\u4e3b\u8981\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u52b3\u5de5\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e61\u6751\u503e\u5411\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5b66\u6821\u50cf\u9a6c\u6765\u5b66\u6821\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6b7b\u80e1\u540c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>cul-de-sac<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e3a\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u63d0\u4f9b\u5ec9\u4ef7\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0d\u5927\u3002<\/span> d) <\/span>\u82f1\u6587\u5b66\u6821\uff1a \u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u6148\u5584\u7ec4\u7ec7\u521b\u7acb\uff08\u5982\u69df\u57ce\u514d\u8d39\u5b66\u6821\uff0c<\/span>1816 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8bfe\u7a0b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5b66\u672f\u5316\uff0c\u4e3a\u5251\u6865\u6d77\u5916\u5b66\u6821\u8bc1\u4e66\u8003\u8bd5\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u82f1\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u9650\u5236\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u6602\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u62c5\u5fc3\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u5927\u91cf\u5931\u4e1a\u3001\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u9752\u5e74\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u5b66\u58eb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u5b66\u6821\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u57ce\u9547\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u53d7\u82f1\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u65cf\u513f\u7ae5\u5171\u540c\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u573a\u6240\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 3 <\/span>\u7ae0 \u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\ta) <\/span><\/b>\u804c\u4e1a\u548c\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u53d1\u5c55\u7f13\u6162\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u65e9\u5728<\/span> 19 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5c31\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u76f4\u5230<\/span> 1918 <\/span>\u5e74<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u83b1\u8499\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u624d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u6280\u5de5\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u5207\u65af\u66fc\u62a5\u544a\uff08<\/span>1938<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u9ea6\u514b\u83b1\u6069\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>1939<\/span>\uff09\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u6280\u672f\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u624b\u5de5\u827a\u7eb3\u5165\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u5347\u5409\u9686\u5761\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c<\/span>\u7f3a\u4e4f\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u624b\u5de5\u827a\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u57f9\u8bad<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6269\u5927\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u969c\u788d\u3002 <\/span>b) <\/span>\u5e08\u8d44\u57f9\u8bad\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u57f9\u8bad\u65b9\u6848\u56e0\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u5a92\u4ecb\u800c\u5f02\u3002\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u9488\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e08\u8303\u73ed<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Normal Classes<\/span>\uff09\uff1b\u4e3a\u9a6c\u6765\u5b66\u6821\u57f9\u8bad\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u4e39\u620e\u9a6c\u6797\u82cf\u4e39\u4f0a\u5fb7\u91cc\u65af\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u9a6c\u516d\u7532\u5973\u5b50\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u57f9\u8bad\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u62c9\u5f17\u5c14\u65af\u5b66\u9662\uff08<\/span>Raffles College<\/span>\uff09\u3002 <\/span>c) <\/span>\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5728<\/span> 1942 <\/span>\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u6240\uff0c\u5747\u4f4d\u4e8e\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u82f1\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\uff1a<\/span>\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u4e03\u4e16\u56fd\u738b\u533b\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1905 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u62c9\u5f17\u5c14\u65af\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1928 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u6587\u7406\u79d1\uff09\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u5165\u5b66\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u5251\u6865\u6d77\u5916\u5b66\u6821\u8bc1\u4e66\u8003\u8bd5\u3002\u5728\u62c9\u5f17\u5c14\u65af\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u5360\u5b66\u751f\u603b\u6570\u7684<\/span> 58%<\/span>\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u5360<\/span> 22%<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u9a6c\u6765\u4eba\u4ec5\u5360<\/span> 9%<\/span>\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u591a\u5143\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u7cfb\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206 \u72ec\u7acb\u524d\u65f6\u671f\uff1a<\/span>1945\u20131957<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 4 <\/span>\u7ae0 \u5bfb\u6c42\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u6218\u540e\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u5316\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u8ba9\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u5b9e\u73b0\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\u76f8\u5e73\u884c\u3002 <\/span>b) <\/span>\u5207\u65af\u66fc\u8ba1\u5212\uff08<\/span>1945\u20131949<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5efa\u8bae\u63d0\u4f9b\u514d\u8d39\u6bcd\u8bed\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u3001\u534e\u6587\u3001\u6cf0\u7c73\u5c14\u6587\u3001\u82f1\u6587\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u82f1\u6587\u6559\u5b66\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u6240\u6709\u5c0f\u5b66\u3002\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u56e0\u5c06\u6bcd\u8bed\u5b66\u6821\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e2d\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\u52a0\u5267\u548c\u5ef6\u7eed\u793e\u7fa4\u5dee\u5f02<\/span><\/b>\u3002 <\/span>c) <\/span>\u5df4\u6069\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\uff08<\/span>1951<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u82ac\u6069<\/span>–<\/span>\u5434\u62a5\u544a\uff08<\/span>1951<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\t\u5df4\u6069\u65af\u62a5\u544a\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u73b0\u6709\u5b66\u6821\u9010\u6b65\u8f6c\u578b\u4e3a<\/span>\u56fd\u6c11\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u548c\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u53cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u533a\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c31\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u878d\u5408\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u56e2\u7ed3\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u751a\u81f3\u5c06\u63a5\u53d7\u56fd\u6c11\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0e\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u7acb\u5373\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u975e\u9a6c\u6765\u4eba\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u5176\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u82ac\u6069<\/span>–<\/span>\u5434\u62a5\u544a\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e3a\u5b89\u629a\u534e\u4eba\u800c\u8bbe\u7acb\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u6587\u5316\u6574\u5408\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4eba\u4e3a\u5feb\u901f\u521b\u9020<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u534e\u4eba\u613f\u610f\u5b66\u4e60\u4e09\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5176\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u5df4\u6069\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002 <\/span>d) 1956 <\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\u548c<\/span> 1957 <\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1952 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u5728\u548c\u89e3\u5404\u65b9\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u56fd\u6c11\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u5a92\u4ecb\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u5a92\u4ecb\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u6709\u9700\u6c42\u65f6\u63d0\u4f9b\u534e\u6587\u548c\u6cf0\u7c73\u5c14\u6587\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u65bd\u53d7\u963b\u4e8e\u5e08\u8d44\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c\u8d22\u653f\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/span> 1955 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c<\/span>\u8054\u76df\u515a<\/span><\/b>\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u4efb\u547d\u4e86\u4ee5<\/span> Dato Abdul
        \n Razak<\/span>\uff08\u6566\u62c9\u8428\uff09\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u65e8\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e3a\u5168\u4f53\u4eba\u6c11\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u653f\u6cbb\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5efa\u8bae\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u6821\u91c7\u7528<\/span>\u5171\u540c\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u704c\u8f93\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5efa\u7acb\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u670d\u52a1\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5c06\u73b0\u6709\u5c0f\u5b66\u8f6c\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u5a92\u4ecb\uff09\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u578b\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\u5a92\u4ecb\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6559\u5e08\u63a5\u53d7\u76f8\u4f3c\u57f9\u8bad\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u548c\u82f1\u6587\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u6559\u5b66\u5a92\u4ecb\uff09\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc5\u4fee\u79d1\u76ee\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u9762\u5411\u6240\u6709\u79cd\u65cf\u7684<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u7075\u6d3b\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u8003\u8bd5\u5c06\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u3002
        \n \u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u4e8e<\/span> 1957 <\/span>\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u83b7\u5f97\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u72ec\u7acb\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u3002 <\/span>e) <\/span>\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1948 <\/span>\u5e74\u5361\u5c14<\/span>–<\/span>\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u4e24\u6240\u5b66\u9662\u5408\u5e76\u3002<\/span>1949 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b66\u4f4d\u6388\u4e88\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206 \u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u65f6\u671f\uff1a<\/span>1957\u20131967<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 5 <\/span>\u7ae0<\/span> 1960 <\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u68c0\u8ba8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\u548c<\/span> 1961 <\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u4ee4<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t1960 \u5e74\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86<\/span> 1957 <\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6210\u529f\uff08\u5982\u5f15\u5165\u5171\u540c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3001\u6269\u5927\u5e08\u8d44\u57f9\u8bad\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u514d\u8d39\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1962 \u5e74\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u82f1\u6587\u5c0f\u5b66\u5165\u5b66\u7387\u660e\u663e\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u5bb6\u957f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u82f1\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u63d0\u9ad8\u79bb\u6821\u5e74\u9f84\u81f3<\/span> 15 <\/span>\u5c81\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e5d\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3<\/span> 13 <\/span>\u5c81\u513f\u7ae5\u592a\u5e74\u8f7b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5408\u6cd5\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u5efa\u8bae\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e09\u5e74\u5236<\/span>\u540e\u521d\u7b49\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Post-primary course<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0d\u9881\u53d1\u4efb\u4f55\u516c\u8ba4\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u6781\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span> 1965 <\/span>\u5e74\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u516c\u5171\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5a92\u4ecb\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5efa\u8bae\u4e2d\u5b66\u516c\u5171\u8003\u8bd5\u4ec5\u4ee5<\/span>\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u548c\u82f1\u6587<\/span><\/b>\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u56e2\u7ed3\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6559\u80b2\u68c0\u8ba8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u8003\u8bd5\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u6682\u505c\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u5f53\u5c40\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u53d1\u73b0\u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u5f53\u5c40\uff08<\/span>LEA<\/span>\uff09\u672a\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u7b79\u96c6\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u6216\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5730\u65b9\u5bf9\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u5e72\u9884\u5b66\u6821\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u6559\u5e08\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bae\u6682\u505c\u8be5\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 6 <\/span>\u7ae0 \u7efc\u5408\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5f15\u5165<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t1965 \u5e74\uff0c<\/span>\u7efc\u5408\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Comprehensive School
          \nsystem<\/span>\uff09\u5f15\u5165\u3002\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u4e2d\u5b66\u5165\u5b66\u9009\u62d4\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u516d\u5e74\u5c0f\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u88ab\u5f55\u53d6\u8fdb\u5165\u521d\u4e2d\u4e00\u5e74\u7ea7\u6216\u9884\u5907\u73ed\uff08<\/span>Remove
          \nClasses<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e09\u5e74<\/span>\u975e\u9009\u62d4\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u9884\u5907\u6027\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u5fc5\u987b\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u7ec4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6838\u5fc3\u79d1\u76ee<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u95e8<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9009\u4fee\u5b9e\u8df5\u79d1\u76ee<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5de5\u4e1a\u827a\u672f\u3001\u5bb6\u653f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u52a0\u901f\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u719f\u7ec3\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5c06\u79bb\u6821\u5e74\u9f84\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230<\/span> 15 <\/span>\u5c81\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u4e5d\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u540e\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u624d\u80fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u672a\u6765\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u6311\u6218\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b9e\u65bd\u8fd9\u4e00\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u8ba1\u5212\u7ed9\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u6e90\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u521d\u4e2d\u90fd\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86<\/span>\u53cc\u73ed\u5236<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u7ae0 \u6559\u5e08\u7684\u4f9b\u7ed9\u548c\u57f9\u8bad\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u6218\u540e\u6559\u80b2\u6269\u5f20\u60ca\u4eba\uff08<\/span>1946 <\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span> 1966 <\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5165\u5b66\u4eba\u6570\u589e\u957f\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span> 500%<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u7edf\u4e00\u670d\u52a1\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u62c9\u8428\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bae\u5efa\u7acb\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u670d\u52a1\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u85aa\u8d44\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u57f9\u8bad\u91cd\u7ec4\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u591a\u6837\u7684\u57f9\u8bad\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u751f\u5fc5\u987b\u5b66\u4e60<\/span>\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u6216\u82f1\u6587\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4e2d\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u5219\u7531\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u4f4f\u5bbf\u5b66\u9662\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5f15\u5165\u4e86<\/span>\u7efc\u5408\u5e08\u8d44\u57f9\u8bad\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f7f\u5404\u4e2a\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\uff08\u5982\u69df\u57ce\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\uff1b\u5409\u9686\u5761\uff1a\u6280\u672f\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u79d1\u76ee\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u57f9\u8bad\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u5e94\u5bf9\u7efc\u5408\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1965 \u5e74\u5b9e\u65bd\u7efc\u5408\u6559\u80b2\u540e\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u9700\u6c42\u6fc0\u589e\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86<\/span>\u4e24\u5e74\u5236<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e09\u660e\u6cbb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5373\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u5fc3\u517c\u804c\u6388\u8bfe\uff0c\u5047\u671f\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u57f9\u8bad\uff09\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u71c3\u7709\u4e4b\u6025\u3002\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u672a\u53d7\u8bad\u6559\u5e08\u6bd4\u4f8b<\/span>\u663e\u8457\u4e0b\u964d<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u4ece<\/span> 1953 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684<\/span> 80%<\/span>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u964d\u81f3<\/span> 1966 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684<\/span> 40%<\/span>\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 8 <\/span>\u7ae0 \u72ec\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7763\u5b66\u5904\u7684\u8bbe\u7acb<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u5df4\u6069\u65af\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e8e<\/span> 1951 <\/span>\u5e74\u5efa\u8bae\u8bbe\u7acb\u72ec\u7acb\u7763\u5b66\u5904\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u5728\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458\u884c\u653f\u804c\u8d23\u8fc7\u91cd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u6807\u51c6\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n\t\t\u804c\u80fd\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8054\u90a6\u7763\u5b66\u5904\u4e8e<\/span> 1956 <\/span>\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u3002\u5176\u804c\u8d23\u4e3b\u8981\u662f<\/span>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e13\u4e1a\u5efa\u8bae<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f\u62a5\u544a\u68c0\u67e5\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u6743\u5411\u5b66\u6821\u53d1\u5e03\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u8fd9\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u6218\u524d\u5404\u8bed\u8a00\u90e8\u95e8\u4e92\u76f8\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u7763\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u6311\u6218\u4e0e\u8c03\u6574\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7763\u5b66\u5904\u65e9\u671f\u9762\u4e34\u62db\u8058\u56f0\u96be\u548c\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u5458\u5173\u7cfb\u7d27\u5f20\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span>1960 <\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u68c0\u8ba8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u7763\u5b66\u5904\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u5730\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u7763\u5b66\u5904\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u4ece\u6b63\u5f0f\u68c0\u67e5\u8f6c\u5411<\/span>\u5b66\u6821\u8bbf\u95ee<\/span><\/b>\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u77ed\u671f\u5728\u804c\u57f9\u8bad\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u4eba\u624b\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7684\u591a\u8bed\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u9996\u5e2d\u7763\u5b66\u7684\u5353\u8d8a\u9886\u5bfc<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u786e\u4fdd\u6559\u80b2\u8d28\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 9 <\/span>\u7ae0 \u51e0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u8d28\u91cf\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u5728\u52a0\u901f\u6269\u5f20\u4e2d\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u5e73\u8861\u6570\u91cf\u589e\u957f\u4e0e\u8d28\u91cf\u7ef4\u6301\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u6210\u4eba\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u626b\u76f2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u91c7\u53d6<\/span>\u591a\u90e8\u95e8\u5408\u4f5c<\/span><\/b>\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u5982\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u4e61\u6751\u53d1\u5c55\u90e8\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u90e8\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6d88\u9664\u6587\u76f2\u548c\u57f9\u8bad\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u7f29\u5c0f\u57ce\u4e61\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u8bfe\u7a0b\u89c4\u5212\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8d8b\u52bf\u662f\u4ece\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u3001\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>1956 <\/span>\u5e74\u3001<\/span>1964 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u8f6c\u5411<\/span>\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u8bfe\u7a0b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>1967 <\/span>\u5e74\u63a8\u8350\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u957f\u671f\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u5b66\u5a92\u4ecb\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e2d\u5b66\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u5a92\u4ecb\u6559\u80b2\u8fc5\u901f\u6269\u5927\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u90e8\u957f\u4eec\u62c5\u5fc3\u53ea\u61c2\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u7684\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u52a3\u52bf\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5f62\u6210<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9a6c\u6765\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u3002\u8fd9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f\u6566\u4fc3\u5728\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u6295\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u6559\u6388\u82f1\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u89c4\u5212\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6559\u80b2\u89c4\u5212\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u4eba\u529b\u9700\u6c42\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u603b\u4f53\u53d1\u5c55\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u6e90\u6295\u8d44\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                  \n
                  \n<\/div>\n

                  \n\t\u603b\u7ed3\u6027\u8bc4\u4ef7<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u4e13\u8457\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u65e9\u671f\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u8d1f\u503a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>consumer’s
                  \nliability<\/span>\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u5728\u591a\u5143\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u5206\u88c2\u6027\u548c\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u6700\u7ec8\u662f\u5206\u88c2\u8fd8\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u5982\u4f55\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u6765\u7ea0\u6b63\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u9057\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5931\u8861\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u56e2\u7ed3\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u793e\u4f1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t