{"id":1225,"date":"2025-10-20T11:46:57","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T03:46:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1225"},"modified":"2025-10-20T11:46:57","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T03:46:57","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e6%b5%b7%e5%a4%96%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e8%bf%9b%e5%b1%95%e3%80%8b-educationai-advancement-abroad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1225","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u6d77\u5916\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u5c55\u300b EducationaI Advancement Abroad"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0096<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u6d77\u5916\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u5c55\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tEducationaI
\nAdvancement Abroad<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6765\u81ea<\/span>\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5965\u5730\u5229\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u8377\u5170\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u65af\u582a\u7684\u7eb3\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff08\u745e\u5178\u3001\u632a\u5a01\u3001\u4e39\u9ea6\uff09\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u5370\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong>\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u6216\u6458\u5f55\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u53d8\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ece\u53cc\u8f68\u5236\u5411\u7edf\u4e00\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684<\/span>\u201cGrundschule\u201d<\/span>\u548c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684<\/span>\u201cEinheitsschule\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86<\/span>\u6210\u4eba\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5e08\u8d44\u57f9\u8bad\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u65b0\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684<\/span>\u201cArbeitsschule\u201d<\/span>\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u521d\u7ea7\u4e2d\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6765\u6e90\u8fd8\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u5bf9\u5165\u5b66\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u56de\u5f52<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/strong>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u6d77\u5916\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u5c55\u300b\uff08<\/span>Educational Advancement Abroad<\/span><\/i>\uff09\u7531<\/span> F. J.
\nC. Hearnshaw <\/span>\u64b0\u5199\u5bfc\u8bba\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5e76\u7531<\/span> Sir John Adams <\/span>\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span> 1925 <\/span>\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u6c47\u96c6\u4e86\u5341\u4e8c\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5bfc\u8bba\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u6559\u80b2\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u666e\u904d\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span> (World-Education: Some General
\nMovements)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>F. J. C. Hearnshaw <\/span>\u6559\u6388<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u524d\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728 <\/span>1914 <\/span>\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u8d70\u5411\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u800c<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7f3a\u9677<\/span><\/b>\u5728\u50ac\u5316\u4e16\u754c\u707e\u96be\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6218\u524d\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7f3a\u9677\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Excessive nationalism)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5c06\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u717d\u52a8\u6210\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4eba\u7c7b\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6559\u80b2\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5173\u6ce8\u672c\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u5730\u7406\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5171\u540c\u9057\u4ea7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7269\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Excessive materialism)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u4f7f\u6559\u80b2\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5730\u7406\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u6ca6\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5546\u4e1a\u901a\u4fe1\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u8fc7\u5ea6\u667a\u529b\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span> (Excessive
    \n intellectualism)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u667a\u529b\u65b9\u9762\u88ab\u8fc7\u5206\u62d4\u9ad8\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u65b9\u9762\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002\u8fd9\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5fc3\u667a\u80fd\u529b\u8fdc\u8d85\u9053\u5fb7\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u6218\u540e\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7a81\u51fa\u53d8\u5316<\/span><\/b>\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u666e\u904d\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n\t\t\u6269\u5927\u6559\u80b2\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8981\u6c42\u5ef6\u957f\u5b66\u5236\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u624d\u664b\u5347\u9014\u5f84\uff08\u4ece\u5c0f\u5b66\u5230\u5927\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u589e\u52a0<\/span>\u6210\u4eba\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u6210\u4eba\u6559\u80b2\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u548c\u6700\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u73b0\u8c61<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u662f\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    2. \n\t\t\u62d3\u5bbd\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8303\u56f4\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8981\u6c42\u6446\u8131\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4ece\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    3. \n\t\t\u6446\u8131\u7269\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u547c\u58f0\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8fdc\u79bb\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u5730\u7406\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fc7\u65e9\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9884\u4e60\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    4. \n\t\t\u56de\u5f52\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u591a\u3001\u66f4\u667a\u80fd\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u827a\u672f\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\uff0c\u66f4\u52aa\u529b\u5730\u57f9\u517b<\/span>\u54c1\u683c<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u5145\u5206\u8ba4\u53ef\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e\u672c\u6027\u7684\u81f3\u9ad8\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    5. \n\t\t\u6559\u5e08\u5bfb\u6c42\u66f4\u5927\u81ea\u7531\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8981\u6c42\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u62e5\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u65b0\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    6. \n\t\t\u62b5\u5236\u5ba3\u4f20\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u575a\u51b3\u62b5\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u56e2\u4f53\u5229\u7528\u5b66\u6821\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8fd8\u63d0\u53ca\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5982\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684 <\/span>Arbeitsschule<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u539f\u7406\uff09\u548c\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u7684 <\/span>Volksschule<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u4f17\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u89e3\u653e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3001\u4e92\u52a9\u548c\u624b\u5de5\u827a\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span> (The democratic movement IN FRENCH
      \nEDUCATION)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>Cloudesley Brereton<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u53cc\u91cd\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u5206\u4e3a\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u514d\u8d39\uff0c<\/span>6<\/span>\u81f3<\/span>13<\/span>\u5c81\uff09\u548c\u4e2d\u7b49<\/span>\/<\/span>\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u6536\u8d39\uff0c\u81f3<\/span> 17 <\/span>\u5c81\u6216\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff09\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e2d\u7b49\u548c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\uff08\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u5927\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5219\u7559\u7ed9\u79c1\u4eba\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u969c\u788d\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n\t\t\u8d39\u7528\u548c\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\u5236\u5ea6\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u867d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\uff0c\u4f46\u6570\u91cf\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u6388\u4e88\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      2. \n\t\t\u4f53\u5236\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e2d\u5b66\uff08<\/span>lyc\u00e9e<\/span><\/i>\uff09\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u4e2d\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4ece<\/span> 11 <\/span>\u5c81\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u800c\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5728<\/span> 12 <\/span>\u6216<\/span> 13 <\/span>\u5c81\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u8fd9\u8feb\u4f7f\u8d2b\u56f0\u513f\u7ae5\u8fc7\u65e9\u5730\u505a\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u5c0f\u5b66\u6587\u51ed\u6216\u843d\u540e\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u8fdb\u5165\u804c\u4e1a\u5b66\u6821\u800c\u975e\u6587\u5316\u4fee\u517b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4e2d\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \n\t\u6539\u9769\u5c1d\u8bd5<\/span><\/b>\u5305\u62ec\u5f15\u5165\u4e0d\u542b\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4ee5\u5438\u5f15\u5c0f\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u76f4\u63a5\u5347\u5165\u4e2d\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\tM. Leon Berard <\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff08<\/span>1923 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u65e8\u5728\u6062\u590d\u4e0e\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u5fc5\u4fee\u56db\u5e74\u3002\u8be5\u6539\u9769\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u8003\u8bd5\u5c06\u5c0f\u5b66\u548c\u4e2d\u5b66\u521d\u7ea7\u73ed\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u969c\u788d<\/span><\/b>\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u513f\u7ae5\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u903e\u8d8a\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u9879\u6539\u9769\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u8bfe\u65f6\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e<\/span> M. Poincar\u00e9 <\/span>\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u5931\u8d25\uff0c<\/span>M. Berard <\/span>\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5728\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u65b9\u9762\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u5012\u9000\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684\u6539\u9769<\/span> (REFORMS IN AUSTRIA)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>M. C. Schmid-Schmidsfelden <\/span>\u6559\u6388<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u5965\u5730\u5229\u81ea<\/span> 1774 <\/span>\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u5b9e\u884c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f<\/span>\u5168\u6c11\u56fd\u6c11\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Einheitsschule<\/span><\/i>\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u7684\u5168\u9762\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u63a8\u8fdf\u5230<\/span> 14 <\/span>\u5c81\uff0c\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u8f83\u6162\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u63d0\u4f9b\u63a5\u53d7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5185\u5728\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b>\u57fa\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u6559\u80b2\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684 <\/span>Arbeitsschule<\/span><\/i>\uff08\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u7406\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4ece\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u5f0f <\/span>Lernschule<\/span><\/i>\uff08\u5b66\u4e60\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a<\/span>\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u6559\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u653e\u5f03\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u4e2d\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/b>\u5f00\u5c55\u8bfe\u5802\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b66\u6821\u6563\u6b65<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u6d3b\u52a8\u5728\u6821\u5916\u83b7\u53d6\u65b0\u6750\u6599\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u8bc4\u4f30\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u91c7\u7528\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u3001\u5305\u542b\u7ea6<\/span> 80 <\/span>\u9879\u5185\u5bb9\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u513f\u7ae5\u63cf\u8ff0<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u62a5\u544a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b>\u5305\u62ec\u521b\u529e <\/span>Deutsche Mittelschule<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e2d\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6821\u5f3a\u8c03\u6bcd\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u4f53\u529b\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u4f53\u80b2\u953b\u70bc\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5916\u8bed\u5b66\u4e60\u63a8\u8fdf\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f5c\u4e3a\u672a\u6765<\/span>Allgemeine Mittelschule<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5168\u6c11\u4e2d\u5b66\uff09\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u7edf\u4e00<\/span> 14 <\/span>\u5c81\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u521d\u7ea7\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u5965\u5730\u5229\u8fd8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86 <\/span>Bundes-Erziehungsanstalten<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u51cf\u514d\u5b66\u8d39\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u8fbe\u5230\u77e5\u8bc6\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u5f00\u653e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5730\u65b9\u5f53\u5c40\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u514d\u8d39\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b66\u4e60\u7528\u54c1\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u9762\u4e34<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7d27\u5f20<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u88ab\u8feb\u524a\u51cf\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u63d0\u9ad8\u5e08\u751f\u6bd4\u548c\u89e3\u96c7\u6559\u5e08\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65<\/span> (ADVANCEMENT OF EDUCATION IN THE UNITED
          \nSTATES)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>Sir John Adams<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u70b9\u662f<\/span>\u7edf\u4e00\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ece\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u5230\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4e14\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u53cc\u8f68\u5236\uff08\u521d\u7b49\u548c\u4e2d\u7b49\u5e76\u884c\uff09\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u6311\u6218\u4e0e\u91cd\u7ec4\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u5a01\u80c1\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6559\u4f1a\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\u52a9\u957f\u4e86\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u65b0\u7684<\/span>\u53cc\u8f68\u5236<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u65f6\u95f4\u538b\u7f29\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7f8e\u56fd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u51cf\u5c11\u5728\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u82b1\u8d39\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684<\/span> 8-4<\/span>\uff08<\/span>8 <\/span>\u5e74\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c<\/span>4 <\/span>\u5e74\u4e2d\u5b66\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f\u6b63\u5411 <\/span>6-3-3 <\/span>\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span><\/b>\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u4e86<\/span>\u521d\u7ea7\u4e2d\u5b66<\/span> (junior high school)<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u91cd\u7ec4\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5c06\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b66\u4f4d\u5de5\u4f5c\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9<\/span>\u521d\u7ea7\u5b66\u9662<\/span> (Junior College)<\/span><\/b> <\/span>\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u521d\u7ea7\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a <\/span>4-4-4 <\/span>\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u9006\u8f6c\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8fc7\u53bb\u5927\u5b66\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5b66\u6821\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u53d7\u5dde\u6559\u80b2\u63a7\u5236\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u8be5\u673a\u6784\u4e5f\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u5dde\u7acb\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff08\u5982\u5bb6\u957f\u548c\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u5851\u9020\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/b>\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u5b66\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6fc0\u589e\uff08\u81ea<\/span> 1890 <\/span>\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u5929\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u6240\uff09\u548c\u4e2d\u5b66\u5165\u5b66\u7387\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f31\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\t\u9ad8\u6587\u76f2\u7387\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u4f46\u6587\u76f2\u7387\u9ad8\u8fbe<\/span> 6%<\/span>\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u79fb\u6c11\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u6765\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8\uff09\u548c\u79fb\u6c11\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u9694\u79bb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u6267\u884c\u4e0d\u529b\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7f3a\u52e4\u7387\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u5355\u6559\u5e08\u5b66\u6821\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\u7684\u5355\u6559\u5e08\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u7ea6<\/span> 20 <\/span>\u4e07\u6240\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u96c6\u4e2d\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u6b63\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u51cf\u5c11\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u5b57\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u79ef\u6781\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e3e\u884c\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u5468<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u6539\u9769\u548c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u85aa\u8d44\u5f85\u9047\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u8377\u5170\u7684\u6539\u9769<\/span> (REFORMS IN HOLLAND)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>P. A. Diels<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u8377\u5170\u6559\u80b2\u6df1\u53d7\u5b97\u6559\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u4f17\u591a\u6559\u6d3e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u300a<\/span>1920 <\/span>\u5e74\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b<\/span><\/b> \u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u975e\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u957f\u671f\u6597\u4e89\uff0c<\/span>\u975e\u5b97\u6d3e\u5b66\u6821\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e0e\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u91d1\u6743\u5229<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u975e\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u6570\u91cf\u6fc0\u589e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u516c\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u5f15\u5165\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7edf\u4e00\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d (eenheidsschool) <\/span>\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u679c\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5c0f\u5b66\u4e03\u5e74\u7ea7\u4ee5\u524d\u7981\u6b62\u6559\u6388\u6cd5\u8bed\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u8377\u5170\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8d28\u7591\u8fd9\u4e00\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u65b0\u8d8b\u52bf<\/span><\/b>\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u884c\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u8377\u5170\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684<\/span>\u9053\u5c14\u987f\u8ba1\u5212<\/span> (Dalton Plan)<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u653e\u677e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u73ed\u7ea7\u6559\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u6b63\u5728\u8377\u5170\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u63a8\u5e7f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u6559\u80b2\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u56db\u6240\u56fd\u7acb\u3001\u4e00\u6240\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u6559\u3001\u4e00\u6240\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u5b97\u6d3e\u5212\u5206<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span>Lyceum <\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ecb\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u53e4\u5178\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6298\u8877\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5206\u5316\u51b3\u7b56\u63a8\u8fdf\u5230\u4e8c\u5e74\u7ea7\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u5bb6\u957f\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6b22\u8fce\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8fdb\u5c55<\/span> (RECENT ADVANCES IN CANADA)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>E. A. Hardy<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u4e5d\u4e2a\u7701\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u8054\u90a6\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c<\/span>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7701\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0a\u62e5\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u548c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5404\u7701\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u884c\u653f\u7279\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6559\u80b2\u6743\u529b\u7531\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u63a7\u5236\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3001\u5e08\u8d44\u57f9\u8bad\u3001\u76d1\u7763\uff09\u548c\u5e02\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\uff08\u7b79\u96c6\u8d44\u91d1\u3001\u5efa\u8bbe\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u8058\u7528\u6559\u5e08\uff09<\/span>\u5171\u540c\u5206\u62c5<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u66fe\u4e24\u6b21\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u989d\u62e8\u6b3e\uff08\u5404<\/span> 1000 <\/span>\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff09\u7528\u4e8e<\/span>\u6280\u672f\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u519c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u53d1\u5c55\u4eae\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n\t\t\u5b89\u5927\u7565\u7701<\/span><\/b>\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5ef6\u7eed\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d<\/span>continuation
                \n schools<\/span><\/i><\/span>\uff08\u4e61\u6751\u5c0f\u578b\u4e2d\u5b66\uff09\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u897f\u90e8\u7701\u4efd<\/span><\/b>\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5316<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5916\u56fd\u51fa\u751f\u4eba\u53e3\u548c\u5b66\u6821\u5065\u5eb7\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73b0\u7a81\u51fa\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\u5e02\u9547\u52aa\u529b\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\u6559\u5e08\u85aa\u8d44\uff08\u5982\u591a\u4f26\u591a<\/span> 1920 <\/span>\u5e74\u589e\u52a0<\/span> 25%<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5c06\u5b66\u672f\u3001\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u7ed3\u5408\u7684<\/span>\u7efc\u5408\u4e2d\u5b66<\/span> (composite high school)<\/span><\/b> <\/span>\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \n\t\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6559\u5e08\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u5982\u5404\u7701\u8054\u76df\u548c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6559\u5e08\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\uff09\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6539\u5584\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u72b6\u51b5\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6559\u5e08\u5730\u4f4d\u63d0\u5347\u81f3\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e13\u4e1a\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u5927\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5165\u5b66\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u91cf\u76f8\u5f53\uff09\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982<\/span> F. C. Banting <\/span>\u535a\u58eb\u53d1\u73b0\u80f0\u5c9b\u7d20\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u516c\u5171\u53c2\u4e0e\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u201c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0e\u5b66\u6821\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u5bb6\u957f\u5bf9\u5b66\u6821\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8fb9\u7586\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\u201d (Frontier College)<\/span><\/b> <\/span>\u4e3a\u4f10\u6728\u8425\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u5e1d\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u79ef\u6781\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e1d\u56fd\u8054\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d77\u5916\u6559\u80b2\u8054\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u53ca\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c<\/span>\u6559\u5e08\u4ea4\u6d41<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u65af\u582a\u7684\u7eb3\u7ef4\u4e9a<\/span> (SCANDINAVIA)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>Principal Per Skantz<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u5206\u522b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u745e\u5178\u3001\u632a\u5a01\u548c\u4e39\u9ea6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u5c06\u5b66\u6821\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u745e\u5178\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5c0f\u5b66\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u535a\u5b66\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8054\u7cfb\u751a\u5c11\uff0c\u53cc\u8f68\u5236\u5e76\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u300a<\/span>1918 <\/span>\u5e74\u6b63\u5e38\u5927\u7eb2\u300b\u5c06\u5c0f\u5b66\u4ece\u667a\u529b\u4e3b\u5bfc\u578b\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u624b\u5de5\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>learning by doing<\/span>\uff0c\u505a\u4e2d\u5b66\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u5ef6\u7eed\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b>\u81ea<\/span> 1918 <\/span>\u5e74\u8d77\u5f3a\u5236\u5165\u5b66\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0e\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u57f9\u8bad\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\u5b58\u5728\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684<\/span>\u7edf\u4e00\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b>\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u7687\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>1922 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u5efa\u8bae\u5efa\u7acb\u516d\u5e74\u7684\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u662f\u56db\u5e74\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u4e09\u5e74\u9ad8\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n\t\u632a\u5a01\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n\t\t1921 \u5e74\u6700\u7ec8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u7edf\u4e00\u5b66\u6821\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u4e03\u5e74\u5236\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u662f\u4e09\u6216\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u4e09\u5e74\u5236\u9ad8\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4e60\u65f6\u95f4\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5f88\u77ed\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u4e3a\u81ea\u9009\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e61\u6751\u9ad8\u4e2d<\/span>\u201d (Country gymnasia)<\/span>\uff0c\u5c06\u9ad8\u4e2d\u8bbe\u5728\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u670d\u52a1\u519c\u6751\u513f\u7ae5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \n\t\u4e39\u9ea6\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u4e3b\u8981\u7531<\/span>\u5e02\u9547<\/span><\/b>\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u652f\u6301\u548c\u4e00\u5b9a\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t1919 \u5e74\u7684\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u63a8\u52a8\u7edf\u4e00\u5b66\u6821\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    • \n\t\t\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u514d\u8bd5\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u66f4\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u6c11\u516c\u5171\u804c\u8d23\u57f9\u8bad\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u8003\u8bd5\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u4e39\u9ea6<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u4f17\u9ad8\u7b49\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \n\t\u65af\u582a\u7684\u7eb3\u7ef4\u4e9a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6b63\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u4ece\u8d6b\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u667a\u529b\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8f6c\u5411\u6d1b\u514b\u548c\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\/<\/span>\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7406\u5ff5\u6b63\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n\t\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd<\/span> (GERMANY)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>Dr Elisabeth Rotten<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n\t\u5fb7\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u662f\u81ea<\/span> 1918 <\/span>\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u5404\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u5c0f\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9694\u79bb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n\t\u5386\u53f2\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u7cbe\u795e\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6709\u5bb3\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5916\u90e8\u7eaa\u5f8b\u548c\u670d\u4ece\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5c4f\u969c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n\t\u65b0\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7cbe\u795e\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c<\/span>Herman
                      \nLietz <\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u521b\u5efa\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e61\u6751\u6559\u80b2\u4e4b\u5bb6<\/span>\u201d
                      \n(Landerziehungsheime)<\/span>\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u4eb2\u8fd1\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u5e08\u751f\u53cb\u8c0a\u3001\u624b\u52a8\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c<\/span><\/b>\u201c<\/span>\u505a\u4e2d\u5b66<\/span>\u201d (learning by doing) <\/span>\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5316\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n\t\u6c49\u5821\u81ea\u7531\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 1918 \u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u6c49\u5821\u6559\u5e08\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u7eaa\u5f8b\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5728\u6700\u5927\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\u611f\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                      \n\t\u5b98\u65b9\u6539\u9769\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\u9b4f\u739b\u5baa\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u89c4\u5b9a\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u57f9\u517b\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u89e3\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u300a\u57fa\u7840\u5b66\u6821\u6cd5\u300b<\/span> (Grundschulgesetz)<\/span>\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u89c4\u5b9a\u6240\u6709<\/span> 6 <\/span>\u81f3<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u5c81\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0a<\/span>\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u7acb\u5c0f\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u4e3a\u5347\u5b66\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u6536\u8d39\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u6700\u8fdf<\/span> 1930 <\/span>\u5e74\u5173\u95ed\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u8de8\u5b97\u6d3e\u5b66\u6821\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5b97\u6559\u6559\u5b66\u81ea\u613f\uff1b\u4e0d\u540c\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u4e00\u8d77\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u6539\u9769\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u6269\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u5176\u8fdb\u5165\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u5dde\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86 <\/span>Aufbauschule<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u9488\u5bf9<\/span> 14 <\/span>\u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0f\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u5b66\u8d44\u683c\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \n\t\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4e2d\u5b66\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u53e4\u5178\u4e2d\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Gymnasium<\/span><\/i>\uff09\u3001\u5b9e\u79d1\u4e2d\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Real-gymnasium<\/span><\/i>\uff09\u3001\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b9e\u79d1\u4e2d\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Ober-Realschule<\/span><\/i>\uff09\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4e2d\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Deutsche Oberschule<\/span><\/i>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u6539\u9769\u8005\u4eec\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u662f\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5f3a\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f39\u6027\u7edf\u4e00\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u201d (elastische Einheits-schule)<\/span>\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769<\/span> (EDUCATIONAL REFORMS IN ITALY)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>Professor Piero Rebora<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\t\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6559\u80b2\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u662f<\/span>\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5784\u65ad<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e14\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f18\u79c0\uff0c\u4f46\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u7684<\/span>\u7cbe\u795e\u7f3a\u9677<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u5316\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6c11\u65cf\u9053\u5fb7\u611f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d<\/span>\u8fc7\u5ea6\u504f\u91cd\u667a\u529b<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u54c1\u5fb7\u3001\u4eba\u9053\u3001\u7f8e\u5b66\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\uff08\u5982\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4f53\u80b2\u548c\u827a\u672f\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                        \n\tGentile <\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff08<\/span>1923 <\/span>\u5e74\uff09<\/span><\/b> \u65e8\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u5185\u90e8\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \n\t\t\u6838\u5fc3\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6539\u9769\u6559\u5e08<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u6587\u5316\u91cd\u5851\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u7cbe\u529b\u7684<\/span>\u7cbe\u795e\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u4f7f\u547d<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u884c\u653f\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u5f39\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff1b\u53d1\u5c55<\/span>\u5ef6\u7eed\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b>\uff1b\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u6267\u884c\u4e49\u52a1\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\uff1b<\/span>\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e2d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u65b9\u9762<\/span><\/b>\uff1b\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u7b5b\u9009\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5b97\u6559\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u4f53\u80b2\u6559\u80b2\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5728\u5c0f\u5b66\u4e2d<\/span>\u6062\u590d\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6240\u6709\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u8865\u5145<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u6559\u5b66\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5730\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u5f53\u5c40\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5730\u533a\u9700\u6c42\u8c03\u6574\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u5927\u7eb2\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u6709\u5145\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u88ab\u4fee\u8ba2\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7ecf\u5178\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u6c11\u95f4\u6587\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u8003\u8bd5\u6539\u9769\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ee5<\/span>\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b66\u6821\u9009\u62e9\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                        • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u81ea\u7531\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u518d\u4fdd\u7559\u6559\u80b2\u5784\u65ad\u6743\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u79c1\u4eba\u673a\u6784\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u5373\u5b9e\u884c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b66\u6821\u81ea\u7531<\/span>\u201d (la libert\u00e0 della scuola)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u65e5\u672c<\/span> (JAPAN)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>John H. Nicholson<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n\t\u65e5\u672c\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6218\u7565\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f<\/span>\u7ef4\u62a4\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b8c\u6574\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n\t\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5bf9\u5929\u7687\u7684<\/span>\u5fe0\u8bda<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u6240\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u91c7\u7528\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u56fd\u9632\u63aa\u65bd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6559\u6761\u5f0f\u62b5\u6297\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n\t\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u91c7\u7528<\/span>\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743<\/span><\/b>\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\uff08\u5c0f\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u5b66<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5973\u9ad8\u3001\u9ad8\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u53d7\u5fb7\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u5b9e\u79d1\u4e2d\u5b66\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5212\u5206\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8def\u7ebf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                          \n\t\u6559\u80b2\u7279\u70b9\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • \n\t\t\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u91cd\u70b9\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u4ece\u5c0f\u5b66\u56db\u5e74\u7ea7\u5f00\u59cb\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u4e00\u822c\u79d1\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u4f53\u80b2\u8bad\u7ec3\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u65e7\u6b66\u58eb\u9053\u7684\u4e60\u4fd7\uff08\u6454\u8de4\u3001\u67d4\u9053\u3001\u5251\u672f\uff09\uff0c\u4e0e\u897f\u5f0f\u4f53\u80b2\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u52c7\u6c14\u548c\u81ea\u63a7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5360\u6709\u7a81\u51fa\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u53e4\u4ee3<\/span>\u6b66\u58eb<\/span> (samurai)<\/span><\/b> <\/span>\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4f20\u64ad\u7ed9\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u5546\u4e1a\u5b66\u6821\u7279\u522b\u6559\u6388<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5546\u4e1a\u9053\u5fb7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5730\u4f4d\u4f4e\u4e0b\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u9636\u5c42\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                          • \n\t\t\u8bed\u8a00\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u97f3\u8282\u62fc\u97f3\uff0c\u4f46\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u65e5\u8bed\u5b66\u8005\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u521b\u9020\u65b0\u8bcd\u6c47\u6765\u9002\u5e94\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u672f\u8bed\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \n\t\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u575a\u5b9e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u7b49\u548c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b66\u4f4d\u6570\u91cf\u4ecd\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u7ade\u4e89\u6b8b\u9177\u3002\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e94\u6240\u5e1d\u56fd\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\u5f3a\u8c03\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55<\/span> (RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AUSTRALIA)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>E. R. Garnsey<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n\t\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7531\u516d\u4e2a\u5dde\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5dde\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4ece\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u5230\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5dde\u5728\u4f53\u7cfb\u6f14\u53d8\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                            \n\t\u4f53\u7cfb\u7279\u70b9\u4e0e\u6539\u9769\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \n\t\t\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u300a<\/span>1880 <\/span>\u5e74\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u64a4\u56de\u4e86\u5bf9\u5b97\u6d3e\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u516c\u7acb\u548c\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u5e76\u5b58\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u76d1\u7ba1\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u300a<\/span>1916 <\/span>\u5e74\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u4fee\u6b63\u6cd5\u300b\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u81f3<\/span> 14 <\/span>\u5c81\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u53d7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6709\u6548<\/span>\u201d
                              \n (efficient) <\/span>\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f\u8ba4\u8bc1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff08<\/span>1899 <\/span>\u5e74\u540e\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u5c3d\u4eba\u610f\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u513f\u7ae5\u57f9\u517b\u6210<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6709\u7528\u7684\u516c\u6c11<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/b>\u300a<\/span>1922 <\/span>\u5e74\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5927\u7eb2\u300b\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6700\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u513f\u7ae5\u6210\u957f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u73af\u5883\u548c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fee\u517b\u548c\u667a\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u9636\u68af\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5dde\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u534f\u8c03\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u8bc1\u4e66\uff08\u5982\u5408\u683c\u8bc1\u4e66\u3001\u4e2d\u7ea7\u8bc1\u4e66\uff09\u5c06\u513f\u7ae5\u5f15\u5bfc\u81f3\u4e0d\u540c\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u5927\u5b66\u6216\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                            • \n\t\t\u8986\u76d6\u8303\u56f4\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e3a\u504f\u8fdc\u5730\u533a\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u534a\u65e5\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u5468\u672b\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u5de1\u56de\u6307\u5bfc\u5458\u548c<\/span>\u51fd\u6388\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6548\u679c\u663e\u8457\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \n\t\u5e08\u8d44\u57f9\u8bad\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u9769\uff0c<\/span>\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\u6559\u5e08\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e0e\u5927\u5b66\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t\u804c\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u9762\u4e34\u9ad8\u6210\u672c\u548c\u673a\u4f1a\u5747\u7b49\u5316\u7b49\u96be\u9898\u3002\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5c06\u5927\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ad8\u7b49\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u5904\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u5370\u5ea6<\/span> (INDIA)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span>M. R. Paranjpe<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t\u5370\u5ea6\u66fe\u62e5\u6709\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u6587\u660e\u548c\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u5728<\/span> 100 <\/span>\u5e74\u524d\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\uff0c<\/span>\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u5916\u6765\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fdb\u6b65\u663e\u8457\uff08\u62e5\u6709<\/span> 12 <\/span>\u6240\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u5b66\u6821\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5370\u5ea6\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d<\/span>\u6700\u843d\u540e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u6587\u76f2\u7387\u4e0d\u5230<\/span> 5%<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                              \n\t\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u5c5e\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c<\/span>\u6587\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\u4f18\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u6210\u4e3a\u57f9\u517b\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c<\/span>\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6587\u5316\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5b66\u4f4d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u804c\u7684\u95e8\u7968<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u9700\u6c42\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u96be\u5bfc\u81f4\u6559\u80b2\u8bc9\u6c42\u76f8\u4e92\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a\u519c\u6751\u6587\u76f2\u8981\u6c42\u666e\u53ca\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff1b\u5927\u5b66\u4eba\u58eb\u8981\u6c42\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff1b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8981\u6c42\u6280\u672f\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u5b66\u6821\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u6c11\u65cf\u6559\u80b2\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u8361\u671f\u95f4\uff08\u5982<\/span> 1907 <\/span>\u5e74\u3001<\/span>1917 <\/span>\u5e74\u3001<\/span>1920 <\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff09\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa<\/span>\u6c11\u65cf\u6559\u80b2\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u7ba1\u7406\u7f3a\u9677\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4f9d\u8d56\u897f\u65b9\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c06\u82f1\u56fd\u65e7\u5f0f\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u5f15\u5165\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u5165\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u751f\u6d8c\u5165\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u4f4d\u8d2c\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                              • \n\t\t\u6559\u5b66\u5a92\u4ecb\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6700\u5927\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f<\/span>\u4f7f\u7528\u5916\u8bed\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u5b66\u5a92\u4ecb<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8fd9\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u638c\u63e1\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u65e7\u5f0f\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u505a\u6cd5\u4ecd\u5728\u6301\u7eed\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \n\t\u5c55\u671b\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5370\u5ea6\u6b63\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u83b7\u53d6\u8fdb\u6b65\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u9700\u8981\u505c\u6b62\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e73\u63a8\u5f0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u50f5\u786c\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5b66\u6821\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                                \n\t