{"id":1207,"date":"2025-10-19T06:35:48","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T22:35:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1207"},"modified":"2025-10-19T06:35:48","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T22:35:48","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e6%a0%b9%e6%9c%ac%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98%e3%80%8b-education%ef%bc%9asome-fundamental-problems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1207","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u6559\u80b2\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u300b Education\uff1aSome Fundamental Problems"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0092<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u6559\u80b2\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tEducation<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\uff1a<\/strong><\/u><\/span>Some Fundamental Problems<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \"\"<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u6559\u80b2\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u300b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5176\u7248\u6743\u5c5e\u4e8e <\/span>A. G. HUGHES <\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span> E. H. HUGHES<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e <\/span>1960 <\/span><\/strong>\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5185\u5bb9\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u7684 <\/span>\u57fa\u672c\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e <\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u667a\u6167<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u8d85\u8d8a\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684 <\/span>\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7406\u89e3<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0d\u5e94\u7edd\u671b\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f20\u64ad <\/span>\u65b0\u7684\u667a\u6167<\/span><\/strong> \u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u8fd8\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86 <\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u521b\u9020\u7cbe\u795e<\/span><\/strong> \u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d <\/span>\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong> \u548c <\/span>\u7ba1\u7406\u804c\u80fd<\/span><\/strong> \u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2a\u4f53\u5145\u5206\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u6f5c\u529b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a <\/span>\u5177\u6709\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u524d\u8a00<\/span> (Preface) <\/span>\u4e0e \u5e8f<\/span> (Prologue)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u524d\u8a00\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u672c\u4e66\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5373\u6559\u5e08\u57f9\u8bad\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5ef6\u957f\u81f3\u4e09\u5e74\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u56e0\u6b64\u62e5\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5e76\u975e\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u672c\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u4ee5\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u9610\u8ff0\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8ba8\u8bba\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u6fc0\u53d1\u8bfb\u8005\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5e8f\u8a00\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e16\u754c\u4f9d\u7136\u7b3c\u7f69\u5728\u6050\u60e7\u3001\u6b8b\u5fcd\u548c\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u4e0b\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u589e\u957f<\/span>\u667a\u6167<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>wisdom<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u662f\u6280\u672f\u6280\u80fd\u6216\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 1 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u63a2\u5bfb\u667a\u6167<\/span> (In Search of Wisdom)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u667a\u6167\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6307\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u548c\u601d\u8003\uff09\u6df1\u690d\u4e8e\u6f5c\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u667a\u6167\u7684\u63a2\u5bfb\u5fc5\u7136\u5f15\u5411<\/span>\u7ec8\u6781\u95ee\u9898<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8ffd\u95ee<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u754c\u5b9a\u4e86<\/span>\u7ec8\u6781\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5982\u771f\u3001\u7f8e\u3001\u5584\uff08<\/span>Truth,
\nBeauty, Goodness<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u7231\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>the good life<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86<\/span>\u7269\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>materialism<\/span>\uff09\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u5c06\u4ef7\u503c\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8fd8\u6df1\u5165\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4eba\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>person<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u4e8b\u7269\u3001\u673a\u5668\u548c\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u975e\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u667a\u6167\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u4e8e\u627f\u8ba4\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u7b54\u7684<\/span>\u5965\u79d8<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>mysteries<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8c26\u5351\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u5e73\u9759\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 2 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2<\/span> (Education)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u660e\u786e\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5e7f\u4e49\u548c\u72ed\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u5e7f\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u6307\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u6765\u81ea\u7269\u7406\u3001\u751f\u7269\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u72ed\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u5219\u6307\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7ee7\u7eed\u6559\u80b2\u573a\u6240\u4e2d\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6709\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5916\u884c\uff08<\/span>laymen<\/span>\uff09\u4e0e\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\uff08<\/span>educationists<\/span>\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5916\u884c\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u613f\u7ed9\u4e88\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5145\u5206\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u50cf\u533b\u5b66\u6216\u6cd5\u5f8b\u90a3\u6837\u4f9d\u8d56\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u7684<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3001\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u5b66\u79d1\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6301\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u4f9b\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Principle of Relevance<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u5b66\u6821\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u5f53\u4eca\u751f\u6d3b\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u901a\u5411\u66f4\u5145\u5b9e\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6210\u957f\u4e3a<\/span>\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>persons<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u5176\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u771f\u3001\u7f8e\u3001\u5584<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\u7ec8\u6781\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c <\/span>3 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span> (Democracy)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u5bf9<\/span>\u4eba<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7686\u56e0\u5176\u4e3a\u4eba\u800c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4fe1\u4ef0\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\uff08\u5982\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c\u6613\u88ab\u5916\u884c\u5de6\u53f3\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u6f14\u53d8<\/span><\/b>\u800c\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u9769\u547d\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/span>\u793e\u533a<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>community<\/span>\uff09\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5f25\u6f2b\u7740\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u7279\u522b\u8b66\u793a\u4e86<\/span>\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>authoritarianism<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 4 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u53c2\u4e0e<\/span> (Group Participation)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7fa4\u4f53\u53c2\u4e0e<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u5927\u578b\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53c2\u4e0e\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2a\u4f53\u5b64\u72ec\u3001\u51b7\u6f20\u548c\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8ba8\u8bba\uff08<\/span>discussion<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53\u53c2\u4e0e\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u6cbb\u7597\u529f\u80fd<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>therapeutic
\nfunctions<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2a\u4f53\u51cf\u8f7b\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6548\u7387\u529f\u80fd<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\u78b0\u649e\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8fbe\u6210\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u8ba9\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u542c\u53d6\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u5bfb\u6c42\u9ad8\u5c1a\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u6743\u5a01\u662f\u5e76\u5b58\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 5 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u9886\u5bfc\u529b<\/span> (Leadership)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u65e8\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0e\u8ffd\u968f\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u90fd\u662f\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u548c\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u65e8\u5728\u89e3\u653e\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f<\/span>\u505a\u81ea\u5df1<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5a01\uff08<\/span>personal authority<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u9886\u5bfc<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>democratic
\nleadership<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e<\/span>\u542f\u53d1<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u8bc9\u8bf8\u7406\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u8bf4\u670d\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u4e0d\u5bfb\u6c42\u8868\u8fbe\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u52aa\u529b\u901a\u8fc7\u7fa4\u4f53\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0<\/span>\u603b\u4f53\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u6cd5\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>LOTS, Law of the Total Situation<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u636e\u6b64\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 6 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u81ea\u7531<\/span> (Freedom)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5e76\u975e\u5355\u4e00\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u514d\u4e8e<\/span>…<\/span>\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>freedoms-from<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53bb\u505a<\/span>…<\/span>\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>freedoms-to<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u81ea\u7531\u7edd\u975e\u65e0\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u53d7\u5230<\/span>\u9650\u5236<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>limitations<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u73af\u5883\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u63a7\u5236\uff08\u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u662f<\/span>\u653e\u7eb5<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>licence<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u66b4\u653f\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e10\u8fdb\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u65e0\u6570\u6b21\u5730\u4f53\u9a8c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u5bf9\u771f\u8bda\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 7 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb<\/span> (Personal
\nRelationships)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53\u6210\u529f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\uff0c\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u963b\u788d\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u969c\u788d\u662f<\/span>\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u7cfb\u91cf\u8868\uff0c\u4ece\u7231<\/span>\/<\/span>\u53cb\u8c0a\uff08\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u5230\u51b7\u6f20\uff08\u975e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u6050\u60e7<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4ec7\u6068\uff08\u975e\u4eba\u5316\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u3002\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u5173\u7cfb\u610f\u5473\u7740\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u7231\u7684\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>unlovable
\npersons<\/span>\uff09\u4e5f\u5e94\u4fdd\u6301<\/span>\u5bb9\u5fcd<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>tolerance<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u751f\u6d3b\u5e94\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u57f9\u517b\u793e\u533a\u7cbe\u795e\uff08<\/span>community spirit<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u5bb9\u5fcd\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u53cb\u8c0a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u751f\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 8 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span> (Discipline)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>discipline<\/span>\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u8bcd\u6e90\uff0c\u5b83\u6e90\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u95e8\u5f92<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>disciple<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f<\/span>\u5b66\u4e60<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>learning<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u8ffd\u6c42<\/span>\u6069\u5178<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>grace<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u9010\u6e10\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u60e9\u7f5a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ef4\u6301\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u4e0d\u6109\u5feb\u6982\u5ff5\u6302\u94a9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>self-discipline<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u6e34\u671b\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u6211\u672c\u6027\uff08\u6c42\u771f\u3001\u6c42\u7f8e\u3001\u6c42\u5584\uff09\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e0e<\/span>\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>order<\/span>\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u7eaa\u5f8b\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u7eaa\u5f8b\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u5171\u540c\u6210\u957f\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u9700\u8981\u7eaa\u5f8b\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u800c\u7eaa\u5f8b\u6700\u7ec8\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u5927\u3001\u66f4\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u653e\u4efb\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u827a\u672f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 9 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u521b\u9020\u7cbe\u795e<\/span> (The Creative Spirit)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u521b\u9020\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff08<\/span>freedom-to<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u91ca\u653e\u4e2a\u4f53\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u521b\u9020\u51b2\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u521b\u9020\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e<\/span>\u5e38\u89c4\u7cbe\u795e<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>routine spirit<\/span>\uff09\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u91cd\u590d\uff08<\/span>purposeful
\nrepetition<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u80fd\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u521b\u9020\u51b2\u52a8\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u8fdb\u6b65\u611f\u548c\u7cbe\u719f\u611f\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u7ed8\u753b\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u827a\u672f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4ea4\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u514b\u670d\u969c\u788d\uff08\u5982\u8fc7\u5ea6\u62e5\u6324\u3001\u5bf9\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u7126\u8651\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u5bf9\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6307\u8d23\uff09\uff0c\u6765\u6ecb\u517b\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u827a\u672f\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 10 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u540e\u8fdb\u6027<\/span> (Backwardness)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u5bf9<\/span>\u540e\u8fdb\u6027<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e09<\/span>R\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u8bfb\u3001\u5199\u3001\u7b97\uff09\u6210\u7ee9\u4e0d\u4f73\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b58\u5728\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684<\/span>\u6839\u672c\u540e\u8fdb\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>fundamental backwardness<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6307\u5728\u808c\u8089\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u793e\u4ea4\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u51b3\u65ad\u529b\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u654f\u611f\u6027\u548c\u601d\u7ef4\u6280\u80fd\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u56fd\u548c\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684<\/span>\u6587\u76f2<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>illiteracy<\/span>\uff09\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u540e\u8fdb\u6027\uff08\u5373\u751f\u6d3b\u827a\u672f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u540e\u8fdb\u6027\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u75c7\u72b6<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u7ea0\u6b63\u540e\u8fdb\u6027\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e<\/span>\u6839\u672c\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>fundamental education<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6fc0\u53d1\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u521b\u9020\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u673a\u68b0\u6027\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e09<\/span>R\u201d<\/span>\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u4e5f\u8b66\u544a\u4e86<\/span>\u8fc7\u65e9\u6559\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>premature teaching<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u627c\u6740\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u521b\u9020\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c<\/span> 11 <\/span>\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u670d\u52a1<\/span> (The Education
\nService)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684<\/span>\u670d\u52a1<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>service<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u9700\u8981\u5404\u65b9\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6559\u5e08\u3001\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u5bb6\u957f\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7b49\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u826f\u597d\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e<\/span>\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6709\u6548\u7684<\/span>\u6c9f\u901a<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4e66\u9762\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u804c\u80fd\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u6c9f\u901a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c<\/span>\u89c6\u5bdf\u5458<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Inspectors<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u6b63\u5728\u4ece\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u8bc4\u5224\u8005\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7edc\u5458\u548c\u54a8\u8be2\u987e\u95ee\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u670d\u52a1\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0a\u91cd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u4ece\u8bfe\u5802\u5230\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\uff09\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u548c\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7ed3\u8bed<\/span> (Epilogue)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7ed3\u8bed\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5145\u5206\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u6f5c\u80fd\u3002\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c06\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6765\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u4e86<\/span>1948<\/span>\u5e74\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff08<\/span>Universal Declaration of
\nHuman Rights<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8be5\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u672c\u4e66\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u539f\u5219\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u5168\u7403\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u613f\u666f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t