{"id":1197,"date":"2025-10-18T21:49:30","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T13:49:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1197"},"modified":"2025-10-18T21:50:18","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T13:50:18","slug":"%e5%ad%a6%e6%9c%af%e6%96%87%e7%ab%a0%e8%af%a6%e7%bb%86%e4%b9%a6%e8%af%84%ef%bc%9a%e7%8b%ac%e5%b0%8a%e4%b9%89%e5%85%b4-%e4%bb%8e%e3%80%8a%e6%b8%af%e4%b8%bb%e6%b3%95%e4%bb%a4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1197","title":{"rendered":"\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174? \u2014\u2014\u4ece\u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u770b 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u67d4\u4f5b\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a ( 1862\uff0d1900)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174<\/span>?<\/span><\/b>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u4ece\u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u770b<\/span> 19 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u67d4\u4f5b\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a<\/span> ( 1862<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1900)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u534e\u4fa8\u534e\u4eba\u6587\u732e\u5b66\u520a <\/span>( <\/span>\u7b2c\u4e09\u8f91<\/span>)<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b66\u5f90\u51a0\u52c9\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174\uff1f<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u4ece<\/span><<\/span>\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4<\/span>><\/span>\u770b<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u67d4\u4f5b\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>1862-1900<\/span>\uff09\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u67d4\u4f5b\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6e2f\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u67d4\u4f5b\u82cf\u4e39\u4e3a\u89c4\u8303\u534e\u4eba\u80e1\u6912\u548c\u7518\u871c\u79cd\u690d\u4e1a\u800c\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u8d28\u7591\u4e86\u8be5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u786e\u7acb\u4e86<\/span><\/b>\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8<\/span>\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72ec\u5c0a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6761\u6b3e\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u4e66\uff0c\u5982\u6e2f\u5951\u548c\u5305\u7a0e\u6587\u4e66\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u6e2f\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u6295\u8d44\u65b9\uff08\u5982\u6912\u871c\u516c\u5c40\uff09\u5bf9\u79cd\u690d\u4e1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e2f\u4e3b\u5728\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5784\u65ad\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u603b\u7ed3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c<\/span><\/b>\u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u89c4\u8303\u4e86\u67d4\u4f5b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u5546\u4e1a\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5f53\u5730\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u6210\u719f\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6587\u7ae0\u9996\u5148\u6307\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u80e1\u6912\u3001\u7518\u871c\u7b49\u70ed\u5e26\u4ea7\u54c1\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u5c45\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u5e76\u62d3\u6b96\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u3002\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u67d4\u4f5b\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6e2f\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u5bb9\u7eb3\u5e76\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u534e\u4eba\u516c\u53f8\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u540e\u4eba\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e3a\u6240\u8c13\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u8bfb\u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u6574\u5957<\/span>\u57fa\u4e8e\u6e2f\u5951\u6765\u89c4\u8303\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u67d4\u4f5b\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6b8a\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e00 \u5f15\u8a00<\/span> (Introduction)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8282\u9996\u5148\u56de\u987e\u4e86<\/span>18<\/span>\u81f3<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u534e\u4eba\u516c\u53f8\uff08<\/span>Kongsi<\/span>\uff09\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u548c\u591a\u5143\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5305\u62ec\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u79c1\u4f1a\u515a\u5e76\u906d\u5230\u53d6\u7f14\u548c\u6253\u538b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u661f\u9a6c\u5730\u533a\u59cb\u4e8e<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span>60<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u671f\u3002\u67d4\u4f5b\u7684\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e<\/span>1919<\/span>\u5e74\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u89e3\u6563\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5f15\u8a00\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u89e3\u6563\u540e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u9057\u7559\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u8d44\u4ea7\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0e\u6b63\u7edf\u6027\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u9057\u7559\u7684<\/span>2<\/span>\u4e07\u5143\u5b58\u6b3e\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u5bbd\u67d4\u5b66\u6821\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u5bbd\u67d4\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u4e49\u5174\u9aa8\u5e72\u6210\u5458\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u516c\u6240\uff08\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u516c\u4f1a\uff09\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u5bc6\u5207\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u534e\u793e\u4e2d\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u201c<\/span>\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6240\u8c13\u7684\u7531\u67d4\u4f5b\u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u786e\u5b9a\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u9886\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u603b\u5171<\/span>81<\/span>\u6761\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u6761\uff08\u7b2c<\/span>13<\/span>\u6761\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u8bed\u4e49\u548c\u8bed\u5883\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u7b03\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  3. \n\t\t\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u4ef7\u503c\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6cd5\u4ee4\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u67d4\u4f5b\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u63cf\u7ed8\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u53ca\u6912\u871c\u516c\u5c40\uff08<\/span>Kongkek<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u5904\u63d0\u53ca\uff08\u7b2c<\/span>67<\/span>\u6761\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u5408\u5176\u4ed6\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t <\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4e8c \u7814\u7a76\u80cc\u666f\u53ca\u6750\u6599\u4ecb\u7ecd<\/span> (Research Background and
    \nMaterials)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8282\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u67d4\u4f5b\u79cd\u690d\u4e1a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u6e2f\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6750\u6599\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n\t\t\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\uff1a<\/span><\/b> 19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u67d4\u4f5b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u652f\u67f1\u662f\u7518\u871c\u4e0e\u80e1\u6912\u79cd\u690d\u4e1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u4f5c\u7269\u56e0\u5176\u4e92\u8865\u6027\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e2d\u57f9\u690d\u3002\u67d4\u4f5b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u4f5c\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    2. \n\t\t\u6e2f\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u8fd9\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u67d4\u4f5b\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u5f00\u57a6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u6cbf\u6cb3\u9053\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u5f62\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4e00\u6761\u6cb3\u9053\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6e2f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5f00\u57a6\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5934\u4eba\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u3002\u67d4\u4f5b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5171\u9881\u53d1\u4e86\u7ea6<\/span>163<\/span>\u5f20\u6e2f\u5951\u3002\u6e2f\u5951\u80a1\u4e1c\u3001\u6e2f\u4e3b\u548c\u79cd\u690d\u8005\u591a\u4e3a\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u6f6e\u5dde\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    3. \n\t\t\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e0e\u6587\u4e66\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6e2f\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5de5\u5177\u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\uff08<\/span>Kanun Kangchu<\/span>\uff09\u7531\u67d4\u4f5b\u738b\u516c\u963f\u6b66\u5cc7\u5361\uff08<\/span>Abu Bakar<\/span>\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u82cf\u4e39\uff09\u4e8e<\/span>1873<\/span>\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6e2f\u5951\u548c\u6e2f\u4e3b\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u8fdb\u884c\u89c4\u8303\u3002<\/span>Carl A. Trocki<\/span>\u5bf9\u67d4\u4f5b\u6863\u6848\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u6587\u4e66\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<\/span>1867<\/span>\u5e74\u540e\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e70\u5356\u6587\u4e66\uff08<\/span>surat jual-beli<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u5305\u7a0e\u6587\u4e66\uff08<\/span>surat pajak<\/span>\uff09\u7b49\u65b0\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    4. \n\t\t\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u9274\u4e8e\u539f\u59cb\u6750\u6599\u591a\u4e3a\u722a\u5937\u6587\u624b\u7a3f\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e<\/span> A. E. Coope <\/span>\u5bf9\u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c<\/span> Carl A. Trocki <\/span>\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5bf9<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u67d4\u4f5b\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u521d\u6b65\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\t <\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u4e09 \u6e2f\u4e3b\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u4e49\u52a1<\/span> (Kangchu Rights and
      \nObligations)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8282\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u6e2f\u4e3b\u7684\u6cd5\u5b9a\u804c\u8d23\u548c\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n\t\t\u6e2f\u4e3b\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6e2f\u4e3b\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6e2f\u5951\u4e2d\u5217\u660e\u7684\u80a1\u4e1c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6e2f\u4e3b\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u6765\u59d4\u4efb\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u89c4\u8303\u5176\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      2. \n\t\t\u6e2f\u4e3b\u4e49\u52a1\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6e2f\u4e3b\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u5206\u4e3a\u516d\u5927\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u89c4\u5b9a\u5f97\u6700\u4e3a\u7ec6\u81f4\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e49\u52a1\u5305\u62ec\u6ce8\u518c\u3001\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u534f\u52a9\u6267\u6cd5\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u8239\u8236\u3001\u6253\u51fb\u8d70\u79c1\u3001\u7ef4\u62a4\u9053\u8def\u6865\u6881\u3001\u767b\u8bb0\u534e\u4eba\u5a5a\u59fb<\/span>\/<\/span>\u51fa\u751f<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u7981\u6b62\u79c1\u7acb\u4f1a\u515a<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\u3002\u6e2f\u4e3b\u5bf9\u6295\u8d44\u65b9\u548c\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e3b\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u786e\u4fdd<\/span>\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u503a\u52a1\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u987a\u5229\u6d41\u8f6c<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      3. \n\t\t\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6743\u5229\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6e2f\u4e3b\u7684\u6743\u5229\u5206\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ba1\u7406<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6536\u76ca<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e24\u5927\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          \n
        • \n\t\t\t\u7ba1\u7406\u6743\u5229<\/span><\/b>\u662f\u6cd5\u4ee4\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u3001\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u3001\u8d27\u7269\u3001\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u3001\u76d1\u7763\u3001\u88c1\u5b9a\u53ca\u6267\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6e2f\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7406\u804c\u8d23\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u4e0e\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\t\u6536\u76ca\u6743\u5229<\/span><\/b>\u867d\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u5185\u5bb9\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u51fa\u552e\u6743\u5229\u3001\u5206\u5305\u8f6c\u8ba9\u6e2f\u7a0e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u5784\u65ad\u8f96\u533a\u5185\u9e26\u7247\u3001\u9152\u7c7b\u3001\u732a\u8089\u3001\u8d4c\u9986\u548c\u5f53\u94fa\u4e1a\u52a1<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u8d27\u7269\uff08\u5982\u5927\u7c73\u3001\u7518\u871c\u3001\u80e1\u6912\uff09\u6536\u53d6\u89c4\u8d39\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        • \n\t\t\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e0e\u6e2f\u5951\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u548c\u6e2f\u4e3b\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u90fd\u5927\u91cf\u5904\u7406\u6e2f\u4e3b\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u754c\u5b9a\u884c\u653f\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u4e14\u903b\u8f91\u4e25\u5bc6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u5f8b\u5e08\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6e2f\u5951\u5219\u89c4\u8303\u6e2f\u5951\u80a1\u4e1c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6e2f\u5951\u7b80\u7565\uff0c\u4f46\u665a\u671f\u7684\u6e2f\u5951\uff08\u5982<\/span>1882<\/span>\u5e74\u7684<\/span>Example c<\/span>\uff09\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5f00\u6e2f\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u80a1\u4e1c\u540d\u5355\u548c\u80a1\u4efd\u5212\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6e2f\u4e3b\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728<\/span>\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u79cd\u690d\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7b49\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u548c\u80a1\u4e1c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5408\u540c\u4e92\u60e0\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u53d1\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \n\t <\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u56db \u6cd5\u4ee4\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a<\/span> (Commerce and Society
          \nBehind the Decree)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8282\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6761\u6b3e\u6240\u6298\u5c04\u51fa\u7684\u67d4\u4f5b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u65cf\u7fa4\u529b\u91cf\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \n\t\t\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u67d4\u4f5b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u662f\u51fa\u53e3\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u79cd\u690d\u4e1a\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\u7684\u8fdb\u53e3\uff08\u5982\u5927\u7c73\uff09\u3002\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6e2f\u4e3b\u5784\u65ad\u7279\u6743\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff08\u9e26\u7247\u3001\u9152\u7c7b\u3001\u8d4c\u9986\u3001\u732a\u8089\u3001\u5f53\u94fa\uff09\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u65e5\u5e38\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\u548c\u9ad8\u5229\u6da6\u5546\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          2. \n\t\t\u5784\u65ad\u7279\u6743\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5784\u65ad\u7279\u6743\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u5305\u7a0e\u6587\u4e66<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Surat Pajak<\/span>\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e66\u9762\u5316\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7279\u6743\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u662f\u6e2f\u5951\u80a1\u4e1c\uff0c\u6e2f\u4e3b\u4ec5\u884c\u4f7f\u7279\u6743\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u4ea4\u6613\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u638c\u63a7\u9e26\u7247\u5784\u65ad\u7279\u6743\u7684\u6e2f\u5951\u80a1\u4e1c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u9e26\u7247\u5305\u7a0e\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u7684\u5305\u7a0e\u5546\u8054\u5408\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u8fd0\u4f5c\u826f\u597d\u4f46\u63a7\u5236\u529b\u5f3a\u5927\u7684<\/span>\u5927\u5305\u7a0e\u8054\u76df<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          3. \n\t\t\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u503a\u52a1\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0e\u6912\u871c\u516c\u5c40\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6e2f\u5951\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u5957\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u62d3\u8352\u8005\u5411\u6295\u8d44\u65b9\u878d\u8d44\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ea7\u54c1\u507f\u8fd8\u503a\u52a1\u3002\u6295\u8d44\u65b9\uff08\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5934\u5bb6<\/span> Taukeh<\/span>\uff09\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8054\u5408\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86<\/span>\u6912\u871c\u516c\u5c40<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Kongkek<\/span>\uff09\u3002 <\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              \n
            • \n\t\t\t\u6912\u871c\u516c\u5c40\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u516c\u5c40\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u80e1\u6912\u4e0e\u7518\u871c\u3002\u6cd5\u4ee4\u89c4\u5b9a\u516c\u5c40\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u5ea6\u91cf\u8861\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff08\u7b2c<\/span>67<\/span>\u6761\uff09\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u516c\u5c40\u5728\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u6838\u5fc3\u7ba1\u7406\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u65e0\u5176\u540c\u610f\u8d27\u7269\u65e0\u6cd5\u5378\u8d27\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u516c\u5c40\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6912\u871c\u516c\u5c40\u638c\u63a7\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u4f9b\u7ed9\u548c\u8d27\u7269\u6d41\u8f6c\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5728\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u7ef4\u62a4\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5f15\u8d77\u653f\u5e9c\u987e\u5fcc\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u67d4\u4f5b\u653f\u5e9c\u66fe\u5229\u7528\u5e7f\u5e9c\u4eba\u9ec4\u4e9a\u798f\u6e17\u900f\u516c\u5c40\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u6f6e\u5dde\u4eba\u5bf9\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4ee5\u9ec4\u4e9a\u798f\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5e7f\u5e9c\u4eba\u52bf\u529b\u51ed\u501f\u5efa\u7b51\u4e1a\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u800c\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u67d4\u4f5b\u65b0\u5c71\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u7f18\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u5e7f\u8087\u4f1a\u9986\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u6f6e\u7c4d\u4eba\u58eb\u5408\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5bbd\u67d4\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u518d\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u5728<\/span>1873<\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u5236\u5b9a\u65f6\uff0c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u603b\u90e8\u5df2\u7ecf\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u4e14\u51fa\u73b0\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u67d4\u4f5b\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u5219\u76f8\u5bf9\u7279\u6b8a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u906d\u9047\u5176\u4ed6\u4f1a\u515a\u7684\u6311\u6218\u6216\u5185\u90e8\u74e6\u89e3\u3002\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7b2c<\/span>13<\/span>\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u67d4\u4f5b\u653f\u5e9c\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6765\u7ba1\u5236\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u534e\u4eba\u81ea\u6cbb\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u5e7f\u8087\u4f1a\u9986\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u8bc1\u660e\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5e76\u672a\u5f7b\u5e95\u4fdd\u969c\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \n\t <\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u4e94 \u7ed3\u8bba<\/span> (Conclusion)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u7ed3\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u67d4\u4f5b\u6e2f\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u65cf\u7fa4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \n\t\t\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5546\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u6e2f\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u534e\u4eba\u548c\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u5408\u4f5c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u67d4\u4f5b\u653f\u5e9c\u529b\u56fe\u4ecb\u5165\u534e\u4eba\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u89c4\u8303\u6e2f\u4e3b\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u804c\u8d23\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5784\u65ad\u7279\u6743\u5305\u7a0e\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u7684\u503a\u52a1\u5173\u7cfb\u505a\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a<\/span>\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5546\u54c1\u3001\u7279\u6743\u53ca\u8d44\u672c\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\u5316<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u534e\u4eba\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u7684\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              2. \n\t\t\u65cf\u7fa4\u878d\u5408\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u300a\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u300b\u5728\u65cf\u7fa4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u878d\u5408\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u53ea\u51fa\u73b0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u534e\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Chinese<\/span>\uff09\u6216<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9a6c\u6765\u4eba<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>Malay<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u79f0\u547c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u65b9\u8a00\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u867d\u7136\u9ec4\u4e9a\u798f\uff08\u5e7f\u5e9c\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u5bf9\u6f6e\u5dde\u4eba\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u79cd\u690d\u4e1a\u5e26\u6765\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u9020\u6210\u65cf\u7fa4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7d27\u5f20\u4e0e\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5e7f\u5e9c\u4eba\u548c\u6f6e\u5dde\u4eba\u6700\u7ec8\u5408\u4f5c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5bbd\u67d4\u5b66\u6821\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              3. \n\t\t\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff1a<\/span><\/b> \u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u5728<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u5177\u6709\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7b2c<\/span>13<\/span>\u6761\u5bf9\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7279\u8bb8\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6e2f\u4e3b\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5f3a\u5316\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u529b\u5ea6\uff0c\u53c8\u4f7f\u4e49\u5174\u53d7\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u5c06\u8be5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72ec\u5c0a\u4e49\u5174<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u662f\u4e3a\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b89\u7136\u79bb\u573a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u821e\u53f0\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u9650\u5236\u6e2f\u4e3b\u521b\u8bbe\u65b0\u7684\u4f1a\u515a\uff0c\u8be5\u5236\u5ea6\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u4e49\u5174\u516c\u53f8\u8870\u843d\u671f\u6240\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u67d4\u4f5b\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b89\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\"\"\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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