{"id":1175,"date":"2025-10-18T08:58:07","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T00:58:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1175"},"modified":"2025-10-18T08:58:07","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T00:58:07","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e6%88%91%e4%bb%ac%e6%97%b6%e4%bb%a3%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e3%80%8b-education-for-democracy-in-our-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1175","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6559\u80b2\u300b Education for Democracy in Our Time"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0084<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6559\u80b2<\/u><\/span><\/strong>\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tEducation
\nfor Democracy in Our Time<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u91cd\u70b9\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9<\/span>\u5168\u7403\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u793e\u4f1a\u5371\u673a<\/span><\/strong>\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u3001<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u538b\u529b<\/span><\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u80a9\u8d1f\u7740\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span>\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5371\u673a<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u5e26\u6765\u7684<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/strong>\u3001<\/span>\u9636\u7ea7\u5206\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span><\/strong>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u666e\u53ca\u7684\u514d\u8d39\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\u548c<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u516c\u6c11\u7684<\/span>\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7ef4<\/span><\/strong>\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb\u611f\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6770\u897f<\/span>\u00b7H\u00b7<\/span>\u7ebd\u4f26\uff08<\/span>Jesse H. Newlon<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6559\u80b2\u300b\uff08<\/span>Education for Democracy in Our Time<\/span>\uff09\u4e8e<\/span> 1939 <\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u672c\u6770\u660e\u62c5\u4efb\u987e\u95ee\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u9ea6\u683c\u52b3<\/span>–<\/span>\u5e0c\u5c14\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u5217\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6249\u9875\u53ca\u524d\u8a00\uff08<\/span>Preface<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\uff08<\/span>1939<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>9<\/span>\u6708\uff09\u524d\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u624b\u7a3f\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u9700\u8fdb\u884c\u5c11\u91cf\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u7ebd\u4f26\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b63\u4e0e\u53cd\u52a8\u52bf\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u51b3\u5b9a\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3001\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u77e5\u8bc6\u81ea\u7531\u90fd\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5c40\u52bf\u8d4b\u4e88\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u6839\u636e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u81ea\u8eab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u573a\u666f\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ee5\u5236\u5b9a\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u7ebd\u4f26\u575a\u4fe1\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u6559\u5e08\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7f16\u8005\u5f15\u8a00\uff08<\/span>Editor’s Introduction<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u987e\u95ee\u7f16\u8f91\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u672c\u6770\u660e\u5728\u5f15\u8a00\u4e2d\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u63a7\u5236\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u5373<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u884c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u601d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7ebd\u4f26\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u5c42\u7ea7\u3002\u7ebd\u4f26\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u5efa\u7acb\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5371\u673a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u672c\u6770\u660e\u79f0\u8d5e\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u575a\u5b9e\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff08<\/span>Education in an Age of Uncertainty<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5c06<\/span> 20 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span> 30 <\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u538b\u529b\u3001\u6df7\u4e71\u3001\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u3002<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u53d7\u5230\u653b\u51fb<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u9769\u547d\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u4e2d\u6b27\uff08\u5982\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\uff09\u51fa\u73b0\u5426\u5b9a\u6c11\u4e3b\u539f\u5219\u7684<\/span>\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0e\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u6709\u6548\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u6559\u5e08\u627f\u53d7\u7740\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a7\u5236\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5982\u7530\u7eb3\u897f\u5dde\u7981\u6b62\u6559\u6388\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff09\u6216\u63a8\u884c\u6559\u5e08\u6548\u5fe0\u5ba3\u8a93\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u60ca\u4eba\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5c0f\u5b66\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u3001\u516c\u7acb\u4e2d\u5b66\u5165\u5b66\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u6fc0\u589e\uff08<\/span>1890<\/span>\u5e74\u4e0d\u8db3<\/span>25<\/span>\u4e07\uff0c\u73b0\u4eca\u7ea6<\/span>600<\/span>\u4e07\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u5b66\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u591a\uff08\u73b0\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span>1200<\/span>\u4e07\u9752\u5e74\u5c31\u8bfb\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u79d1\u5b66\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08<\/span>Scientific
    \n Movement<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u76f8\u4fe1\u6559\u80b2\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5f15\u5165\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u5229<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5173\u6ce8\u73b0\u6709\u5b66\u6821\u6d41\u7a0b\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5ba1\u67e5\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u4ece\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5206\u6563\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\u8fdb\u6b65\u6559\u80b2\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08<\/span>Progressive
    \n Education Movement<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u7684\uff1b\u53cd\u5bf9\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5f3a\u52a0\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8be5\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u81ea\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\u4ee5\u6765\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5f3a\u8c03\u66fe\u88ab\u6279\u8bc4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u57f9\u517b\u5938\u5927\u548c\u65e0\u7eaa\u5f8b\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5de8\u5927\u56f0\u60d1\u3002\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8ffd\u968f\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5e94\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u91cd\u5efa\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u79ef\u6781\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u800c\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9002\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65b9\u6848<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5371\u673a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff08<\/span>The Nature of the Social Crisis<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7ed3\u675f<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u5c06\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u6587\u5316\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u6587\u660e\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u7269\u8d28\u6269\u5f20\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4ea7\u7269<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\u5371\u673a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n\t\t\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u9769<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u884c\u4f1a\u548c\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9650\u5236\u88ab\u6253\u7834\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    2. \n\t\t\u5784\u65ad\u4e0e\u5468\u671f\u6027\u8427\u6761<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u7ade\u4e89<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u8d22\u5bcc\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u5982\u6258\u62c9\u65af\uff09\u3002\u5de5\u8d44\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u652f\u51fa\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6269\u5f20\u548c\u6295\u673a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5468\u671f\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8427\u6761\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
    3. \n\t\t\u6280\u672f\u6027\u5931\u4e1a<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u65b0\u7684\u8282\u7ea6\u52b3\u529b\u673a\u5668\u548c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u751f\u4ea7\u6d41\u7a0b\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u8005\u4e0d\u518d\u80fd\u8fc5\u901f\u88ab\u65b0\u884c\u4e1a\u5438\u6536\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\t\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8d44\u6e90\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u4f46\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u3002\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u6709\u6743\uff08\u6709\u5f62\u8d22\u4ea7\uff09\u6b63\u5728\u5411\u901a\u8fc7\u516c\u53f8\u80a1\u4efd\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u6240\u6709\u6743\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

      \n\t\u5371\u673a\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \n\t\t\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u5de5\u5177\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53d7\u96c7\u6216\u88ab\u89e3\u96c7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5de5\u85aa\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4fdd\u969c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      2. \n\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u5371\u673a<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4fdd\u969c\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u5904\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u4ea4\u6613\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u865a\u5047\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u627f\u8bfa\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
      3. \n\t\t\u601d\u60f3\u5371\u673a<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4e24\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u7684\u51b2\u7a81<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u9700\u6c42\uff09<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u51b2\u7a81\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8c03\u548c\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \n\t\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u4e86\u5168\u4f53\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u8003\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff08<\/span>The Promise of American Life<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

        \n\t\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c1a\u672a\u5728\u62e5\u6709\u5145\u8db3\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f97\u901e\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\t\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4f20\u7edf\uff08\u5982\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\uff09\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u8fb9\u7586\u5f71\u54cd<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8fb9\u7586\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u52c7\u6c14\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u9636\u7ea7\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u660e\u663e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u4eba\u53e3\u8d8b\u52bf<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u5c06\u7a33\u5b9a\u6216\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6d41\u7a0b\u652f\u6301\u6bd4\u73b0\u6709\u89c4\u6a21\u5927\u4e09\u500d\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u7136\u7980\u8d4b\u6781\u5176\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u77ff\u4ea7\u3001\u571f\u5730\u3001\u68ee\u6797\u8d44\u6e90\u5145\u8db3\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u81ea\u7ed9\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\u6280\u672f<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5de5\u4e1a\u8bbe\u65bd\u5148\u8fdb\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u751f\u4ea7\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u6536\u5165\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e30\u88d5\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e30\u88d5\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u969c\u788d\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6280\u672f\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u51b2\u7a81\uff08\u5982\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5408\u4f5c\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u6df1\u5165\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4ecd\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u624b\u6bb5\u4e0e\u76ee\u7684\uff08<\/span>Means and Ends<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u672c\u7ae0\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b89\u5168<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u4e94\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u63d0\u6848\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \n\t\t\uff08\u5386\u53f2\uff09\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5047\u8bbe\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u73b0\u6709\u7ba1\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          2. \n\t\t\u6539\u826f<\/span>\/<\/span>\u8fdb\u6b65\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4fdd\u7559\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u548c\u5229\u6da6\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u3001\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\uff08\u5982\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u65b0\u653f\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\u8fd0\u52a8\uff09\u6765\u4fee\u6539\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          3. \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u4e3b\u5f20\u751f\u4ea7\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528\u800c\u975e\u5229\u6da6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u96c6\u4f53\u6240\u6709\u5236\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9010\u6b65\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          4. \n\t\t\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u63a5\u53d7\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u662f\u6839\u672c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u9769\u547d\u5efa\u7acb<\/span>\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e13\u653f<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          5. \n\t\t\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u63a5\u53d7\u751f\u4ea7\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u548c\u5229\u6da6\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46<\/span>\u5f7b\u5e95\u62d2\u7edd\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ee5\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \n\t\u7ebd\u4f26\u575a\u51b3\u4e3b\u5f20<\/span>\u624b\u6bb5\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u76ee\u7684\u76f8\u9002\u5e94<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4e13\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u8a00\u6743\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u57f9\u517b\u6c11\u4e3b\u516c\u6c11\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u76f8\u4fe1<\/span>\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u5c0a\u4e25<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u91cd\u5efa\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u62d2\u5730\u8d70\u5411\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u89c4\u5212<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u66b4\u529b\u9769\u547d\u53ea\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u653f\u6743\u3002\u4ed6\u547c\u5401\u653f\u6cbb\u515a\u6d3e\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6620\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u6d3e\uff0c\u63a8\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4<\/span>\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u8a00\u8bba\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u96c6\u4f1a\u81ea\u7531\uff09\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6559\u80b2\uff08<\/span>Education for Democracy in Our Time<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u6559\u80b2\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u7684\uff08\u5982\u4e00\u6218\u524d\u7684\u5fb7\u6cd5\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6218\u540e\u7684\u82cf\u4fc4\u548c\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \n\t\t\u673a\u68b0\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5c06\u5b66\u4e60\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u523a\u6fc0<\/span>–<\/span>\u53cd\u5e94\u673a\u5236\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e60\u60ef\u517b\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff08<\/span>\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
            2. \n\t\t\u521b\u9020\u6027\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e3b\u52a8\u3001\u4f53\u9a8c\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u8003\u548c\u884c\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \n\t\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4f53\u66f4\u660e\u667a\u5730\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0<\/span>\u5468\u5230\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u5bfc<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u57f9\u517b\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb<\/span>\u514d\u8d39\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u521d\u8877\u5177\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684<\/span>\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u57f9\u517b\u667a\u80fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5171\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u5373\u6c11\u4e3b\uff09\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u89e3\u91ca\uff09\u662f\u5b66\u6821\u6700\u7d27\u8feb\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u6c11\u4e3b\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u65b9\u6848\u8f6e\u5ed3<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \n\t\t\u4f7f\u513f\u7ae5\u3001\u9752\u5e74\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              2. \n\t\t\u704c\u8f93\u5bf9<\/span>\u667a\u529b\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u5373\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u62d2\u7edd\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              3. \n\t\t\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u62d2\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u5411<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6269\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              4. \n\t\t\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6587\u5316\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u9274\u8d4f\u529b\u548c\u521b\u9020\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              5. \n\t\t\u5b9e\u65bd<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e13\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u660e\u786e\u53cd\u5bf9\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u91c7\u53d6<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e2d\u7acb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u3001\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u5730\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d62\u5f97\u9752\u5e74\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53cd\u5bf9\u704c\u8f93<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u53ea\u6559<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u6559<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u601d\u8003\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u5371\u673a\u65f6\u671f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8c8c\u4f3c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5b66\u6821\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u65b9\u6848\uff08<\/span>A Social Program for the American School<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f53\u7cfb\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u7c7b\u4f3c<\/span> 18 <\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6027\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u9752\u5e74\u5165\u5b66\u7387\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u901a\u8bc6\u6559\u80b2\uff08<\/span>General
                \nEducation<\/span>\uff09\u53d8\u5f97\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u88ab\u63a8\u8fdf\u5230\u4e2d\u5b66\u9ad8\u5e74\u7ea7\u6216\u521d\u7ea7\u5b66\u9662\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                \n\t\u8bfe\u7a0b\u89c4\u5212\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \n\t\t\u5f53\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u5f53\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u9700\u6c42\u4e3a\u91cd\u5fc3\u3002\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u5bb9\u5e94\u5177\u6709<\/span>\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u4ef7\u503c<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                2. \n\t\t\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u4e0e\u8fde\u8d2f\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5e94\u5c06\u5b66\u6821\u8bfe\u7a0b\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u4ece\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u80b2\u5230\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u5c0f\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                3. \n\t\t\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u89c4\u5212\u5fc5\u987b\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u8fdb\u6b65\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u62d2\u7edd\u5176\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                4. \n\t\t\u6838\u5fc3\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                5. \n\t\t\u793e\u533a\u53c2\u4e0e<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5b66\u6821\u4e0d\u5e94\u4e0e\u793e\u533a\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u5e94\u8ba9\u513f\u7ae5\u548c\u9752\u5e74\u5145\u5206\u53c2\u4e0e\u793e\u533a\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \n\t\u8fd9\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u6848\u8981\u6c42\u6559\u5e08\u5177\u5907\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684<\/span>\u5b66\u672f\u6c34\u5e73<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u672f\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u4e16\u754c\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\uff08<\/span>Control and Administration<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u5fc5\u987b\u8d4b\u4e88<\/span>\u5168\u4f53\u4eba\u6c11<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u6216\u56e2\u4f53\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5e94\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdc\u79bb\u515a\u6d3e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u5176\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u975e\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u5bf9\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u65e7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5355\u5143\u8fc7\u65f6\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u63a7\u5236\u4f53\u7cfb\u5b58\u5728\u7f3a\u9677\uff08\u5982\u884c\u653f\u5355\u4f4d\u8fc7\u5c0f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u5b9e\u9645\u63a7\u5236\u6743<\/span><\/b>\u603b\u662f\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u529b\u91cf\u6216\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\uff08\u5982\u5546\u4f1a\u3001\u5236\u9020\u5546\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09\u884c\u4f7f\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u7406\u89e3\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684<\/span>\u9636\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u52a8\u6001<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u800c\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u8bc1<\/span>\u6548\u7387<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u5e94\u4ee3\u8868\u5168\u4f53\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ee3\u8868\u5c11\u6570\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u6709\u5229\u7684\u9636\u5c42\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u6559\u5e08\u53c2\u4e0e<\/span><\/b>\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u4e13\u4e1a\u6548\u7387\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e14\u7b26\u5408\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u662f\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u516c\u4ec6<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8001\u677f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff08\u5982\u9762\u5bf9\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65e2\u5f97\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u963b\u6320\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u673a\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\uff08<\/span>Equality of Opportunity<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u60f3\uff0c<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u798f\u7949\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u662f\u6709\u6548\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u666e\u53ca\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u514d\u8d39\u5165\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u514d\u8d39\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u9752\u5e74\u56e0\u7f3a\u4e4f<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u6e90<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5982\u5b66\u8d39\u3001\u4e66\u672c\u8d39\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u8d39\uff09\u800c\u88ab\u8feb\u4e2d\u65ad\u5b66\u4e1a\u3002\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684<\/span>\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u662f\u5411\u8d2b\u56f0\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u63d0\u4f9b\u52a9\u5b66\u91d1\uff08<\/span>subsistence grants<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u7531\u4e8e\u5730\u533a\u8d22\u5bcc\u5dee\u5f02\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u8d44\u52a9\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u5730\u65b9\uff0c<\/span>\u5dde\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u987b\u53c2\u4e0e\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u547c\u5401\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\u6559\u80b2\u652f\u51fa\uff08\u4ece<\/span> $20 <\/span>\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u589e\u52a0\u5230<\/span> $40 <\/span>\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u7ea6\u4e00\u534a\u8d44\u91d1\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u8054\u90a6\u652f\u6301\u4e0d\u5e94\u5e26\u6765\u8054\u90a6\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u63a7\u5236\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e14\u66f4\u96be\u88ab<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u653f\u515a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5229\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u96c6\u4e2d\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u4f5c\u8005<\/span>\u53cd\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u91d1\u652f\u6301\u79c1\u7acb\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u516c\u5171\u652f\u6301\u53ea\u7528\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u673a\u6784<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u5371\u53ca\u653f\u6559\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8054\u90a6\u673a\u6784\uff08\u5982\u5e73\u6c11\u4fdd\u62a4\u961f<\/span> CCC<\/span>\u3001\u5168\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u7f72<\/span> NYA<\/span>\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u73b0\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u5e08\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u65b9\u6848\uff08<\/span>A Social Program for the Teaching
                  \nProfession<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u6559\u5e08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u5173\u952e\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u6325\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u4e0d\u80fd\u7f6e\u8eab\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u4e8b\u52a1\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u6559\u5e08\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u6559\u5e08\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6765\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u96c6\u4f53\u793e\u4f1a\u804c\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u884c\u4e1a\u5fc5\u987b\u6f84\u6e05\u5176\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u804c\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u9886\u5bfc\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5851\u9020\uff08\u53cd\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u516c\u3001\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u634d\u536b\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u884c\u4e1a\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4e0e<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u529b\u91cf\u7ed3\u76df<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u79d1\u7f57\u62c9\u591a\u5dde\u6559\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\u4e0e\u52b3\u5de5\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u6210\u529f\u6848\u4f8b\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u6559\u5e08\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5fc5\u987b\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u7279\u6743\u548c\u53cd\u52a8\u52bf\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u6559\u5e08\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u5e08\u8054\u5408\u4f1a<\/span> AFT<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7ebd\u4f26\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u52b3\u5de5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e14\u7b26\u5408\u4e13\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u52a0\u5165\u5de5\u4f1a\u662f\u5baa\u6cd5\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6559\u5e08\u4e0e\u52b3\u5de5\u8fd0\u52a8\u6709\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46\u96b6\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u9002\u5b9c\u6027\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u5730\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u4f5c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u6bd4\u6b63\u5f0f\u96b6\u5c5e\u66f4\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u672a\u6765\uff08<\/span>Education and the Future of American
                  \nDemocracy<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                  \n\t\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u56db\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. \n\t\t\u666e\u904d\u771f\u7406\uff08<\/span>Universal
                    \n Truth<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\u65e0\u5173\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u54c8\u94a6\u65af\u6821\u957f\u548c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff09\u3002\u7ebd\u4f26\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u662f<\/span>\u53cd\u52a8\u7684<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u5f15\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u505c\u6ede\uff0c\u4e14\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  2. \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u5373\u5ba3\u4f20\uff08<\/span>Education
                    \n as Propaganda<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u7528\u4f5c\u5411\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u704c\u8f93\u9884\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u73b0\u72b6\u6216\u63a8\u52a8\u6fc0\u8fdb\u53d8\u9769\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u86ee\u529b\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u77e5\u8bc6\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  3. \n\t\t\u8fdb\u6b65\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u65e8\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\uff08\u53ea\u6559<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u601d\u8003<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u6559<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u601d\u8003\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u7ebd\u4f26\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u4f3c\u662f\u800c\u975e\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6307\u5bfc\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u5b66\u6821\u5728\u5371\u673a\u65f6\u671f\u65e0\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  4. \n\t\t\u81ea\u89c9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c4\u5212\uff08<\/span>Conscious
                    \n Democratic Planning<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u672c\u4e66\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u9752\u5e74\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c<\/span>\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u8bda\u5b9e\u5730\u3001\u73b0\u5b9e\u5730<\/span><\/b>\u5904\u7406\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u6c11\u798f\u7949\u7684\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u59cb\u7ec8\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    \n\t\u7ebd\u4f26\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c<\/span>\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u5982\u679c\u56de\u907f\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6295\u5411\u53cd\u5bf9\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t\u4ed6\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u672a\u6765\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u672a\u6765\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u5411\u548c\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b63\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u7684<\/span>\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span><\/b>\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u652f\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t