{"id":1117,"date":"2025-10-14T18:07:02","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T10:07:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1117"},"modified":"2025-10-14T18:07:02","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T10:07:02","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%ef%bc%9a%e5%85%a5%e9%97%a8%e8%b0%83%e6%9f%a5%e3%80%8b-education-an-introductory-survey","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1117","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u6559\u80b2\uff1a\u5165\u95e8\u8c03\u67e5\u300b  EDUCATION: AN INTRODUCTORY SURVEY"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">0073<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><u><strong>\u300a\u6559\u80b2\uff1a\u5165\u95e8\u8c03\u67e5\u300b<\/strong><\/u><\/span><span><\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:24px;\"><u><strong>EDUCATION: AN INTRODUCTORY SURVEY<\/strong><\/u><\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-34-641x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"1022\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1118\" srcset=\"https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-34-641x1024.jpg 641w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-34-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-34-768x1227.jpg 768w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-34-962x1536.jpg 962w, https:\/\/muma.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image00001-34.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u4e66\u4e3b\u8981\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5176<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u53d8\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u9996\u5148\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> W. O. <\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u83b1\u65af\u7279<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u00b7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">W. O.<br \/>\nLester Smith<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5e76\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5176\u4e3b\u9898\u6db5\u76d6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u6cbb\u7406\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u804c\u4e1a\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6301\u7eed\u7ec8\u751f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5730\u70b9\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f71\u54cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5362\u68ad\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Rousseau<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u675c\u5a01\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Dewey<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5bf9<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee5\u513f\u7ae5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u6821\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u8df5\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u8fd8\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86<\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u793e\u533a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u9752\u5e74\u670d\u52a1\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6210\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5851\u9020\u5e74\u8f7b\u4e00\u4ee3\u6027\u683c\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> W. O. Lester Smith <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u51fa\u7248\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u672c\u4e66\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1957<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7531\u4f01\u9e45\u56fe\u4e66\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Penguin Books<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u540e\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1958<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u3001<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1961<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u3001<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1962<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u3001<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1964<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u4fee\u8ba2\u518d\u7248\u3002 <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f5c\u8005\u80cc\u666f\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> W. O. Lester Smith<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u751f\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1888<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff09\u66fe\u5728\u6587\u6cd5\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u516c\u5b66\u4efb\u6559\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u8fc7\u57c3\u585e\u514b\u65af\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Essex<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Manchester<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u6559\u80b2\u5b98\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1949<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1953<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u95f4\u62c5\u4efb\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (WHAT IS EDUCATION?)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u5f00\u5b97\u660e\u4e49\u5730\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u6559\u80b2\u50cf\u8bd7\u6b4c\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u751f\u547d\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u957f\u54c1\u8d28<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6559\u80b2\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u4e0d\u4ec5\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bf9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5730\u70b9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u654f\u611f\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff08\u5982\u4e61\u6751\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u5730\u533a\uff09\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7c73\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">John<br \/>\n     Stuart Mill<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u5e7f\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u89c2\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7c73\u5c14\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5305\u62ec\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u95f4\u63a5\u6216\u5076\u7136\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u827a\u672f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u571f\u58e4\u7b49\u81ea\u7136\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6bcf\u4ee3\u4eba\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u7ed9\u4e88\u5176\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\u7684\u6587\u5316<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4fdd\u6301\u5e76\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u5df2\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7c73\u5c14\u987f\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">John<br \/>\n     Milton<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5b8c\u5907\u800c\u6177\u6168\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u4f7f\u4eba\u80fd\u591f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u719f\u7ec3\u3001\u5bbd\u5b8f\u5730\u5c65\u884c\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u516c\u79c1\u804c\u52a1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u53e4\u5178\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7279\u522b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u53d8\u6545\u548c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u6b62\u4e8e\u5b66\u6821\u6216\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u4ee3\u89c2\u70b9\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6301\u7eed\u7ec8\u751f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u5ff5\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u5b66\u9f84\u524d\u513f\u7ae5\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u6258\u513f\u6240\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u8bca\u6240\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u79bb\u6821\u540e\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u5de5\u4eba\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u5ef6\u7eed\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u90e1\u7acb\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u5373<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1944<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\uff09\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5f3a\u8c03\u6210\u957f\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5f00\u59cb\u53d7\u5230\u6839\u672c\u6027\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u65e7\u7684\u3001\u4e25\u82db\u7684\u3001\u673a\u68b0\u5f0f\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u585e\u5165\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u5934\u8111<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u513f\u7ae5\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u5e7c\u513f\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u9752\u6625\u671f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u76ee\u6807\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u5e38\u8ffd\u6c42\u56db\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff1a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u57f9\u517b\u54c1\u683c\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u667a\u529b\u3001\u4f20\u627f\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u83b7\u5f97\u8c0b\u751f\u80fd\u529b<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u3001\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6216\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u76ee\u6807\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u5f80\u5f80<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u5730\u6a21\u7cca<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5f53\u4eca\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7406\u8bba<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (THEORIES THAT<br \/>\nINFLUENCE EDUCATION TO-DAY)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5851\u9020\u5f53\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5362\u68ad\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6392\u65a5\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u504f\u7231\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8fd0\u52a8<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u660e\u786e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1850<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1950<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u7684\u524d\u534a\u6bb5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u5bf9\u5362\u68ad\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Rousseau<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u88f4\u65af\u6cf0\u6d1b\u9f50\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Pestalozzi<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c\u798f\u7984\u8d1d\u5c14\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Froebel<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u63a5\u7eb3\u7f13\u6162\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u590d\u5174\u671f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u65b0\u6559\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1928<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u601d\u60f3\u8f93\u51fa\u56fd<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5362\u68ad\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Jean Jacques Rousseau<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5148\u77e5\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u7231\u5f25\u513f\u300b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Emile<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u4e3b\u5f20\u6559\u80b2\u5e94<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u987a\u4e4e\u81ea\u7136<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u6446\u8131\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u523b\u677f\u548c\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u575a\u6301<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8ba9\u5b69\u5b50\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u6210\u4eba\u4e4b\u524d\u5148\u662f\u5b69\u5b50<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u513f\u7ae5\u5206\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u5e08\u6307\u5bfc\u800c\u975e\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4ece\u505a\u4e2d\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">learn by<br \/>\n     doing<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5362\u68ad\u76f8\u4fe1<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4eba\u5929\u751f\u662f\u5584\u826f\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5173\u4e8e\u539f\u7f6a\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8bd7\u4eba\u534e\u5179\u534e\u65af\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Wordsworth<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f1f\u5927\u5148\u77e5<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6559\u80b2\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u5362\u68ad\u9065\u76f8\u547c\u5e94\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8001\u5e08\u5f00\u59cb\u79d1\u5b66\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u513f\u7ae5\u671f\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u754c\uff08\u5982\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u3001\u8363\u683c\u3001\u963f\u5fb7\u52d2\uff09\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5bf9\u5904\u7406\u6027\u3001\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u72af\u7f6a\u65b9\u9762\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bc4\u4f30\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u667a\u529b\u3001\u6210\u5c31\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u503e\u5411\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u89e3\u51b3\u6240\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u975e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7f8e\u56fd\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u675c\u5a01\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">John Dewey<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">pragmatism<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">20<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u53f6\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6210\u957f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec8\u70b9<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u675c\u5a01\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8bf8\u5982\u6d3b\u52a8\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">activity<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u3001\u9879\u76ee\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Project Method<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u548c<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u666e\u901a\u5b66\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff08\u5373\u7efc\u5408\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u7b49\u8fdb\u6b65\u6027\u6559\u80b2\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u949f\u6446\u7684\u6446\u52a8\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u9762\u4e34\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6210\u957f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u800c\u672a\u80fd\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u54c1\u683c\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u5f53\u524d\u6709\u8ff9\u8c61\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u6b63\u5728\u5bfb\u6c42\u65b0\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185\uff0c\u7531<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u66f4\u9ad8\u6743\u5a01<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u80b2\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u793e\u533a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (THE HOME AND THE<br \/>\nLOCAL COMMUNITY)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5bb6\u5ead\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u6559\u80b2\u8005<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u65b9\u793e\u533a\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u54c1\u683c\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u6539\u5584\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u9000\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u53cd\u9a73\u8bf4\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4f4f\u623f\u6761\u4ef6\u6bd4\u8fc7\u53bb\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u5730\u533a\u7684\u80ae\u810f\u548c\u60b2\u60e8\u73af\u5883\u6709\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u6539\u5584\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7236\u6bcd\u666e\u904d\u5bf9\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u798f\u7949\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u5ead\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u6536\u7f29\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u5728\u590d\u6742\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u529f\u80fd\u88ab\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u6784\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\uff08\u5982\u6d17\u8863\u3001\u98df\u7269\u8d2d\u4e70\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u57f9\u8bad\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4ee5\u524d\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5de5\u4f5c\u574a<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5bb6\u5ead\u6b63\u5728\u6536\u7f29\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u5355\u4f4d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u2014\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7236\u6bcd\u548c\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u529f\u80fd\uff1a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ed9\u4e88\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u751f\u80b2\u548c\u517b\u80b2\u5b69\u5b50\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u5b69\u5b50<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u60c5\u611f\u529f\u80fd\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u53e3\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u662f\u5b69\u5b50\u5e94\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u538b\u529b\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7a33\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4eb2\u60c5\u662f\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7126\u8651\u3001\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4fdd\u62a4\u6216\u7ba1\u6559\u677e\u61c8\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u6709\u5bb3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f11\u95f2\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u73b0\u4ee3\u5bb6\u5ead\u4f11\u95f2\u6d3b\u52a8\u66f4\u5c11\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u5916\u51fa\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08\u5982\u770b\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\uff09\u3002\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u6614\u65e5\u90a3\u79cd\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5ea6\u8fc7\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5bb6\u6821\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u65e2\u7136\u5bb6\u5ead\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b66\u6821<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u5bb6\u957f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5408\u4f5c\uff08\u5982\u5bb6\u957f\u534f\u4f1a\uff09\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c65\u884c\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u804c\u80fd\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u7236\u6bcd\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u5b69\u5b50\u6210\u957f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6559\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u6570\u91cf\u6709\u6240\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4f46<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1944<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6cd5\u300b\u4ecd\u7136\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u8fdb\u884c\u6bcf\u65e5\u96c6\u4f53\u793c\u62dc\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u5e0c\u671b\u5b69\u5b50\u83b7\u5f97\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u9700\u8981\u5b97\u6559\u6765\u8c03\u6574\u60c5\u611f\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u83b7\u5f97\u5fc3\u7075\u5e73\u9759\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u8f7b\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u90e1\u7acb\u5b66\u9662\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u6bcf\u5e74\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">60<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4e07\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u79bb\u6821\u5c31\u4e1a\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">15<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u81f3<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">18<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5c81\u7684\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u9002\u5e94\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u81ea\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u9f84\u6bb5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e49\u52a1\u975e\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u5982\u90e1\u7acb\u5b66\u9662\uff09\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u4e00\u518d\u88ab\u63a8\u8fdf\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u793e\u533a\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u793e\u533a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u54c1\u8d28\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u5f53\u5730\u6559\u5e08\uff08\u5982\u5251\u6865\u90e1\u4e61\u6751\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6559\u5e08\uff09\u5728\u63d0\u5347\u793e\u533a\u6587\u5316\u6807\u51c6\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u82f1\u96c4\u822c\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u793e\u533a\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5821\u5792\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u6297\u8fc7\u5ea6\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u652f\u6301\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u4e61\u6751\u793c\u5802\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u7531\u4e8e\u8d44\u91d1\u9650\u5236\u800c\u663e\u5f97\u541d\u556c\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ecd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u7269\u8d28\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u89c6\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7b2c<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u7ae0\uff1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u56e0\u7d20<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> (ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL<br \/>\nFACTORS) (<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u8282\u9009\u5f00\u59cb<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">)<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u672c\u7ae0\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba8\u8bba\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"left\">\n\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u8d22\u653f\u57fa\u7840\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> 1914\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u80af\u4f69\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">Kempe Report<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u8d22\u653f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u4f7f\u7a0e\u7387\u8d1f\u62c5\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5e73\u7b49<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u653f\u5e9c\u62e8\u6b3e\u968f\u7740\u5730\u65b9\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u800c\u81ea\u52a8\u6269\u5c55\uff08\u5373<\/span><b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u62e8\u6b3e<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u539f\u5219\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u62e8\u6b3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u9769\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u62e8\u6b3e\u5236\u5ea6\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e2d\u592e\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u5728<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">1958<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u5e74\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u300b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u62e8\u6b3e\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u4e00\u822c\u62e8\u6b3e\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">General Grant<\/span><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u62e8\u6b3e\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6709\u4eba\u62c5\u5fc3\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6559\u80b2\u6807\u51c6\u4e0b\u964d\u6216\u8d44\u91d1\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62c5\u5fe7\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t\t<b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\">\u6559\u80b2\u652f\u51fa\uff1a<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size:18px;\"> \u8003\u8651\u5230\u8d27\u5e01\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u652f\u51fa\u4e0e\u6218\u524d\u76f8\u6bd4\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u652f\u51fa\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u6559\u80b2\u4ec5\u5360\u56fd\u6c11\u6536\u5165\u7684\u7ea6\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e94\u3002<\/span><span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\n\t<span style=\"font-size:18px;\">&nbsp;<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1m6NOdf583zl9RbggWMrEFMhLQPI-WMDT\/preview\" width=\"800\" height=\"1080\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n\t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e660073 &nbsp; \u300a\u6559\u80b2\uff1a\u5165\u95e8\u8c03\u67e5\u300b EDUCATION: AN INTRODUCTORY S 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