{"id":1072,"date":"2025-10-09T18:08:48","date_gmt":"2025-10-09T10:08:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1072"},"modified":"2025-10-09T18:08:48","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T10:08:48","slug":"%e4%ba%ba%e6%96%87%e5%ad%a6%e7%a7%91%e5%8d%b1%e6%9c%ba-crisis-in-the-humanities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1072","title":{"rendered":"\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u5371\u673a Crisis in the Humanities"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0066 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u5371\u673a<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tCrisis
\nin the Humanities<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u5371\u673a\u300b\u7531<\/span>J. <\/span><\/strong>H. Plumb<\/span><\/strong>\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span> 1964 <\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u9009\u6bb5\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u7ecf\u5178\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u7b49\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5728<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f<\/span><\/strong>\u65e5\u76ca\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684<\/span>\u751f\u5b58\u5371\u673a<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u8981\u4e48<\/span>\u56fa\u5b88\u4f20\u7edf<\/span><\/strong>\u62d2\u7edd\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u8981\u4e48<\/span>\u9000\u7f29\u5230\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u5404\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff09\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7ecf\u5178\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d<\/span>\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5173\u6ce8<\/span><\/strong>\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4e2d<\/span>\u76ee\u7684\u611f\u7684\u7f3a\u5931<\/span><\/strong>\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d<\/span>\u5b66\u79d1\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u72ed\u9698\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d<\/span>\u4e0e\u4e16\u9694\u7edd\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5316<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u9009\u6bb5\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u9002\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5371\u673a\u300b\uff08<\/span>Crisis in the
\nHumanities<\/span><\/i>\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u7531 <\/span>J. H. Plumb<\/span><\/b> <\/span>\u535a\u58eb\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u4e8e<\/span> 1964 <\/span>\u5e74\u7531\u4f01\u9e45\u56fe\u4e66\uff08<\/span>Pelican
\nBooks A698<\/span>\uff09\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53d1\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5408\u96c6\uff0c\u7531\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8457\u540d\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u64b0\u5199\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e\u63a2\u8ba8 <\/span>\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5371\u673a<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5b66\u9662\u5982\u4f55\u5fc5\u987b\u9002\u5e94\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u8fc5\u901f\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u9c9c\u6d3b\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5371\u673a\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0e\u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7f16\u8f91 J. H. Plumb \u5728\u5f15\u8a00\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728<\/span>\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u3001\u5723\u7ecf\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u66fe\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u79d1\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u6d6a\u6f6e\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u6467\u6b8b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u5176\u6307\u5bfc\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9762\u5bf9\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u4eec\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u81ea\u6bc1\u503e\u5411\uff1a\u8981\u4e48\u76f2\u76ee\u575a\u6301\u4f20\u7edf\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u53d8\u9769\uff1b\u8981\u4e48\u9000\u7f29\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4\u5176\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u3001\u82f1\u8bed\u3001\u7f8e\u672f\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\uff09\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u5341\u5b57\u8def\u53e3\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u53d8\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u9002\u5e94\u7531\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c06\u6ca6\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7410\u4e8b\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u6c47\u96c6\u4e86\u591a\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9886\u57df\u548c\u5176\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u56f0\u5883\uff1a<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u5371\u673a\u5256\u6790<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Classics<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
      \n
    • \n\t\t\tM. I. Finley \u64b0\u6587\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u827a\u672f\u548c\u8003\u53e4\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u7a7a\u524d\u9ad8\u6da8\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8377\u9a6c\u53f2\u8bd7\u7684\u8bd1\u672c\u9500\u91cf\u8fbe\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u6559\u80b2\u5374\u5c8c\u5c8c\u53ef\u5371\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u548c\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u5b66\u7684\u786c\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\u5371\u673a\u5728\u4e8e\u4e13\u4e1a\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u8005\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6267\u7740\u4e8e\u53e4\u4ee3\u6280\u827a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5c06\u4f2f\u514b\uff08Burke\uff09\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u897f\u585e\u7f57\u5f0f\u7684\u6563\u6587\u7b49\u201c\u7410\u4e8b\u6770\u4f5c\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u672a\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u6e34\u671b\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u5bdf\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u548c\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u62d3\u5bbd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u57f9\u517b\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5224\u65ad\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u704c\u8f93\u67d0\u79cd\u201c\u7ec8\u6781\u771f\u7406\u201d\u6216\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    • \n\t\t\u5386\u53f2\uff08<\/span>History<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
        \n
      • \n\t\t\tJ. H. Plumb \u8ba4\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5883\u51b5\u201c\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u6700\u7cdf\u7684\u201d\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6307\u5bfc\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u6559\u80b2\u4ef7\u503c\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u63d0\u4f9b\u5fc3\u667a\u953b\u70bc\uff08\u5982\u57f9\u517b\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u8bc1\u636e\u8fd0\u7528\u80fd\u529b\uff09\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\t\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u53e4\u8001\u3001\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff08\u5982\u67e5\u7406\u66fc\u5927\u5e1d\u52a0\u5195\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u6216\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7b49\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5374\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\t\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u89c2\u91cd\u6784\u7684\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u89c2\u70b9 \u4ee5\u53ca\u65af\u5bbe\u683c\u52d2\u548c\u6c64\u56e0\u6bd4\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u4f7f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u53d8\u5f97\u201c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e14\u793e\u4f1a\u65e0\u529b\u201d\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\tPlumb \u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u91cd\u65b0\u786e\u7acb\u201c\u8fdb\u6b65\u201d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff08\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u53bb\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u4eec\u63a7\u5236\u672a\u6765\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      • \n\t\t\u54f2\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Philosophy<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
          \n
        • \n\t\t\tErnest Gellner \u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u56db\u6b21\u201c\u9769\u547d\u201d\uff08\u4ece\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u5230\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u8bed\u8a00\u54f2\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u8fdb\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5feb\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\t\u5f53\u524d\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u6e90\u81ea\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u665a\u671f\u601d\u60f3\uff09 \u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u89c6\u4e3a\u8bed\u8a00\u8bef\u7528\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u56de\u907f\u63d0\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u201c\u6c38\u6052\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u5374\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u9769\u548c\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\tGellner \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u201c\u80e1\u8a00\u4e71\u8bed\u201d\uff08nonsense\uff09\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u75f4\u8ff7\uff0c\u5b9e\u5219\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4ee5\u8bc6\u5b57\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5316\u201d\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5730\u4f4d\u53d7\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u5371\u673a\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        • \n\t\t\u795e\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Divinity<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
            \n
          • \n\t\t\tAlec Vidler \u64b0\u6587\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\u66fe\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5973\u738b\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u81ea\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6301\u7eed\u8870\u9000\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\t\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u57f9\u517b\u7267\u5e08\u800c\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u79d1\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff08\u5982\u5723\u7ecf\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5386\u53f2\uff09\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\tVidler \u5021\u5bfc\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u591a\u5143\u5316\u3001\u975e\u5b97\u6d3e\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\u7cfb\u5e94\u62d3\u5bbd\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u6db5\u76d6<\/span>\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b97\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u7b49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u63a2\u8ba8\u5f53\u4ee3\u7d27\u8feb\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6297\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          • \n\t\t\u6587\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff08<\/span>Literary Education<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
              \n
            • \n\t\t\tGraham Hough \u8ba4\u4e3a\u6587\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u9762\u4e34\u53cc\u91cd\u5371\u673a\uff1a\u5916\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\uff1b\u5185\u5728\u5219\u5bf9\u63d0\u5347\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u4ea7\u751f\u7591\u8651\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u60f3\uff08\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u7ec5\u58eb\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\u3002\u800c\u73b0\u4ee3\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u8363\u8a89\u5b66\u4f4d\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u53ea\u4e13\u653b\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u79d1\u5272\u88c2\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u4ee5\u674e\u7ef4\u65af\uff08Leavis\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u6279\u8bc4\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6279\u8bc4\u5c06\u6587\u5b66\u53d8\u4e3a\u8bad\u7ec3\u9274\u8d4f\u529b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b66\u751f\u53ea\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u201c\u8b66\u60d5\u201d\u548c\u6d88\u6781\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9000\u7f29\u5230\u6000\u65e7\u7684\u7530\u56ed\u7267\u6b4c\u5e7b\u60f3\u4e2d\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\tHough \u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u5e94\u5b64\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u7b49\u5b66\u79d1\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u5177\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u89c6\u91ce\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6269\u5927\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u610f\u8bc6\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            • \n\t\t\u7f8e\u672f\uff08<\/span>The Fine Arts<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
                \n
              • \n\t\t\tQuentin Bell \u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u7f8e\u672f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u5371\u673a\u6e90\u4e8e\u201c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u201d\uff1a\u975e\u4f20\u7edf\u827a\u672f\uff08\u5982\u62bd\u8c61\u827a\u672f\u548c\u6ce2\u666e\u827a\u672f\uff09\u5df2\u88ab\u516c\u4f17\u3001\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u673a\u6784\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u5b66\u9662\u6b63\u7ecf\u5386\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5199\u751f\u5ba4\u6559\u80b2\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u8bfe\u7a0b\u201d\uff08Basic Course\uff09\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bed\u6cd5\u548c\u76f4\u89c9\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
              • \n\t\t\t\u65b0\u7684\u827a\u672f\u4e0e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6587\u51ed\uff08<\/span>Dip.A.D.<\/span>\uff09\u88ab\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e3a\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u4f4d\u7b49\u540c\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u5b66\u751f\u6295\u5165\u7ea6<\/span> 15% <\/span>\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c<\/span>\u8f85\u52a9\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>complementary
                \n studies<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u827a\u672f\u53f2<\/span><\/b>\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u8fd9\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u53f2\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u5316\uff0c\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5236\u4f5c\u8131\u8282\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              • \n\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Sociology<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
                  \n
                • \n\t\t\tDonald G. MacRae \u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u8eab\u4efd\u5371\u673a\u201d\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u65e9\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u5b54\u5fb7\uff08Comte\uff09\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u201d\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u201c\u6574\u5408\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u65e0\u7f1d\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff09\u548c\u201c\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u5b54\u5fb7\u66fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e94\u6210\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u3002MacRae \u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7a81\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u6b22\u8fce\u7684 1960 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u88ab\u5bfc\u5411\u89e3\u51b3\u5373\u65f6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u626d\u66f2\u5b66\u79d1\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u8131\u79bb\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u4f4d\u4e8e\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u4e4b\u95f4\u201d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u548c\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u5176\u9057\u4ea7\u4e2d\u7684\u4e1a\u4f59\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u60c5\u7ed3\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                • \n\t\t\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Economics<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\tJ. R. Sargent \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>\u4e13\u4e1a\u672f\u8bed\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u4e0d\u65ad\u4fee\u6b63\u9884\u6d4b<\/span><\/b>\u6765\u63a8\u52a8\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u5fc5\u7136\u4f7f\u5176\u4e0e\u5916\u884c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6e10\u884c\u6e10\u8fdc\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\t\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5728\u5904\u7406\u5927\u8427\u6761\u65f6\u66fe\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u7406\u8bba\u672a\u80fd\u8003\u8651\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\t\u73b0\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65e5\u76ca\u4f9d\u8d56<\/span>\u6570\u5b66\u516c\u5f0f<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff08Econometrics\uff09\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002 Sargent \u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e0e\u975e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u548c\u516c\u4f17\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4e14\u5171\u540c\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u68c0\u9a8c\u975e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u4ed6\u547c\u5401\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06<\/span>\u6570\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\u6062\u590d\u5230\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u7f29\u5c0f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5916\u884c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9e3f\u6c9f\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ol>\n

                    \n\t\u7ed3\u8bba<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t\u672c\u4e66\u7531 J. H. Plumb \u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c\u5e76\u5305\u542b Ian Lister \u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u4e2d\u5b66\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u8865\u5145\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u3001\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u8003\u8bd5\u5236\u5ea6\u5bf9\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t\u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5371\u673a\u300b\u8fd9\u672c\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5904\u4e8e\u201c\u7d27\u8feb\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u201d\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u9002\u5e94\u73b0\u4ee3\u5de5\u4e1a\u79d1\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u627e\u5230\u5176\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u6311\u6218\u548c\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

                    \n\t