{"id":1035,"date":"2025-10-08T11:44:04","date_gmt":"2025-10-08T03:44:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1035"},"modified":"2025-10-08T11:44:04","modified_gmt":"2025-10-08T03:44:04","slug":"%e5%85%b1%e4%ba%a7%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e4%b8%8b%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2-chinese-education-under-communism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muma.my\/?p=1035","title":{"rendered":"\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2 Chinese Education under Communism"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u4e25\u5143\u7ae0\u85cf\u4e66<\/span>0057 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2<\/strong><\/u><\/span><\/b><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tChinese
\nEducation under Communism<\/strong><\/u><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\"\"
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t
\n<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66<\/span>\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86<\/span>\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u53d8\u9769\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\u5411\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5f7b\u5e95\u8f6c\u578b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u4e3a\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u653f\u6cbb\u670d\u52a1<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u52b3\u52a8\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6536\u5f55\u4e86\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u3001\u5218\u5c11\u5947\u548c\u9646\u5b9a\u4e00\u7b49\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86<\/span>\u8fa9\u8bc1\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5e76\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86<\/span>\u51cf\u5c11\u5b66\u5236\u3001\u63d0\u9ad8\u6559\u80b2\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u666e\u53ca\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u6539\u9769\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u672c\u5c06<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u4e3a\u6539\u9020\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u57f9\u517b<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/strong>\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b0\u4eba<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u5373\u65e2\u662f\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u53c8\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u300b\uff08<\/span>Chinese
\nEducation under Communism<\/span><\/i>\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u7531<\/span>\u80e1\u957f\u56fe<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Chang-Tu Hu<\/span>\uff09\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6559\u80b2\u7ecf\u5178<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e1b\u4e66\uff08<\/span>Classics in
\nEducation<\/span>\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c<\/span>7<\/span>\u518c\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u65e8\u5728\u5f25\u8865\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u6559\u80b2<\/span><\/b>\u8fd9\u4e00\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u6839\u672c\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u901a\u8fc7\u7cbe\u9009\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u653f\u6743\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8003\u91cf\u3001\u539f\u5219\u4ee5\u53ca\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u7f16\u80e1\u957f\u56fe\u6559\u6388\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u5341\u5e74\uff08\u7ea61952\u5e74\u81f31962\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6539\u9769\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5bfb\u6c42\u6323\u8131\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u6096\u8bba\uff1a\u9769\u547d\u65e2\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u53d7\u5230\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e00\u3001 \u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5206\u6790<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5728\u80e1\u957f\u56fe\u7684\u5bfc\u8a00\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u53d8\u9769\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f<\/span>\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u6216\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5728\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5851\u9020\u516c\u6c11\u54c1\u683c\u7684\u9996\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u662f<\/span>\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3<\/span><\/b>\uff08Confucianism\uff09\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u4ec1<\/span><\/b>\uff08Jen\uff09\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u76ee\u6807\u662f<\/span>\u541b\u5b50<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>chun-tzu<\/span>\uff09\u6216<\/span>\u5fb7\u624d\u517c\u5907\u8005<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>superior man<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u9009\u62d4\u800c\u975e\u666e\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f<\/span>\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>imperial examinations<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4eea\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u8003\u91cf\u57fa\u672c\u8131\u8282\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5112\u5bb6\u63d0\u5021\u6559\u80b2\u666e\u53ca\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff08\u201c\u6709\u6559\u65e0\u7c7b\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u6b63\u5f0f\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86<\/span>\u58eb\u7ec5\u9636\u5c42<\/span><\/b>\uff08scholar-gentry\uff09\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff081862\u5e74\u81f31949\u5e74\uff09\u662f\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u51b2\u51fb\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u62b5\u6297\u3001\u59a5\u534f\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u8131\u79bb\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684<\/span>\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6<\/span><\/b>\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e8c\u3001 \u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0e\u539f\u5219<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u672c\u4e66\u6536\u5f55\u7684\u6587\u732e\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u80e1\u957f\u56fe\u5c06\u5176\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u201c\u4e09\u8054\u4f53\u201d\uff08triads\uff09\uff1a<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u8054\u4f53\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
      \n
    • \n\t\t\t\u8fa9\u8bc1\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Dialectical Materialism<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u5b83\u4e0e\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff08<\/span>metaphysical<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u62d2\u7684\u524d\u8fdb\u6f6e\u6d41\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><\/b>\uff08Practice\uff09\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u59cb\u4e8e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u8df5\u8fbe\u5230\u7406\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5fc5\u987b<\/span>\u56de\u5f52\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5fc5\u987b\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u9769\u547d\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u6597\u4e89\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\u9636\u7ea7\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Class Character<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5316\u5fc5\u987b\u7531<\/span>\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6587\u5316\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5373\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6240\u9886\u5bfc\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4e09\u8054\u4f53\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
        \n
      • \n\t\t\t\u6c11\u65cf\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff08Nationalism\uff09\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u73cd\u60dc\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5c48\u8fb1\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u50b2\u6162\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u5916\u56fd\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5316\u4fb5\u7565\u201d\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u91cd\u7ec4\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\t\u79d1\u5b66\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff08Scientism\uff09\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53d1\u5c55\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4ee5\u52a0\u901f\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5176\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5173\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08\u5fc5\u987b\u662f<\/span>\u8fa9\u8bc1\u7684\u5e76\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><\/b>\uff09\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\t\u5927\u4f17\u6027<\/span><\/b>\uff08Popularism\uff09\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e<\/span>\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u9700\u6c42<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u53e3\u53f7\u662f\u201c<\/span>\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u52b3\u52a8\u5316\uff1b\u52b3\u52a8\u4eba\u6c11\u77e5\u8bc6\u5316<\/span><\/b>\u201d\u3002\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u6269\u5927\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u62db\u751f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u521b\u5efa<\/span>\u4e1a\u4f59\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b>\uff08spare-time schools\uff09\u548c\u201c<\/span>\u7ea2\u4e13\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/b>\u201d\uff08Red-and-Expert
        \n Colleges\uff09\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      • \n\t\t\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e09\u8054\u4f53\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/b>\n\t<\/li>\n
          \n
        • \n\t\t\t\u653f\u6cbb\u6302\u5e05<\/span><\/b>\uff08Politics\uff09\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5c06<\/span>\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6<\/span><\/b>\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u201c<\/span>\u53c8\u7ea2\u53c8\u4e13<\/span><\/b>\u201d\u7684\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u95e8\u542c\u547d\u4e8e\u515a\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u90e8\u95e8\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\t\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u52b3\u52a8\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408<\/span><\/b>\uff08Production\uff09\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u6d88\u9664\u6559\u80b2\u9636\u7ea7\u6027\u3001\u83b7\u53d6\u771f\u77e5\uff08\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7ed3\u5408\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u52a8\u5458\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u5206\u4e3a<\/span>\u4e1a\u4f59\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u534a\u5de5\u534a\u8bfb\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u5b66\u6821<\/span><\/b>\u3002\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u5b66\u6821\u5c06\u751f\u4ea7\u52b3\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5927\u5b66\u8bbe\u7acb\u5de5\u5382\u548c\u519c\u573a\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\t\u515a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Party Control<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u515a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u675c\u7edd\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u3002\u6240\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5<\/span>\u515a\u59d4\u4f1a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Party leadership<\/span>\uff09\u4e3a\u6839\u672c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ol>\n

          \n\t\u4e09\u3001 \u6838\u5fc3\u6587\u732e\u5185\u5bb9\u6982\u89c8<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

          \n\t\u672c\u4e66\u9009\u7f16\u4e86\u591a\u7bc7\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6559\u80b2\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\t\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u300a\u5b9e\u8df5\u8bba\u300b\uff08On Practice\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u5e76\u987b\u56de\u5f52\u5230\u9769\u547d\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u53bb\u68c0\u9a8c\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u300a\u53cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff08Combat Liberalism\uff09\u62a8\u51fb\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u6839\u672c\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5e76\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u515a\u5185\u56e2\u7ed3\u548c\u9769\u547d\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u5218\u5c11\u5947<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5458\u7684\u4fee\u517b\u300b\uff08<\/span>How to Be a Good Communist<\/span>\uff09\u6307\u51fa\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5458\u7684\u4fee\u517b\u4e0d\u80fd\u8131\u79bb<\/span>\u9769\u547d\u5b9e\u8df5<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u5e76\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u65e7\u793e\u4f1a\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u5206\u79bb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5f0a\u75c5\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4fee\u517b\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u4fee\u517b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u90ed\u6cab\u82e5<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u300a\u9a73\u4e00\u9879\u53cd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7eb2\u9886\u300b\uff08<\/span>In Refutation of an Antisocialist
            \n Scientific Program<\/span>\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8bbe<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u8981\u6c42\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\u9646\u5b9a\u4e00<\/span><\/b>\u548c<\/span>\u6768\u79c0\u5cf0<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u8bb2\u8bdd\u5219\u5177\u4f53\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\uff1a<\/span>\n\t<\/li>\n
              \n
            • \n\t\t\t\u9646\u5b9a\u4e00<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u52b3\u52a8\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u300b\uff08<\/span>Education Must Be Combined with
              \n Productive Labor<\/span>\uff09\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u575a\u6301\u7684<\/span>\u5168\u9762\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/b>\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6709\u6587\u5316\u3001\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c9\u609f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u8fbe\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u52b3\u52a8\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\u6768\u79c0\u5cf0<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f\uff09\u548c<\/span>\u9646\u5b9a\u4e00<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb2\u8bdd\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86<\/span>\u5b66\u5236\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5728\u5341\u5e74\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u5185\uff0c\u5c06\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u5168\u65e5\u5236\u6559\u80b2\u5e74\u9650\u7f29\u77ed\u81f3\u7ea6\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u73b0\u6709\u5927\u5b66\u4e00\u5e74\u7ea7\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u6539\u9769\u63aa\u65bd\u5305\u62ec\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0b\u79fb\u3001\u5408\u5e76\u548c\u7cbe\u7b80\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u6559\u6750\u4ee5\u7eb3\u5165\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u603b\u7ed3<\/span><\/b>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u53f2\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u3001\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e0e\u5927\u4f17\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u5173\u952e\u6587\u732e\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u65b0\u653f\u6743\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u6559\u80b2\u6574\u5408\u4e3a<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/b>\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u5168\u9762\u7ba1\u63a7<\/span><\/b>\uff08totalitarian\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u515a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc<\/span><\/b>\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u201c\u7ea2\u4e13\u201d\u7684\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\uff0c\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u5b9e\u73b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5f7b\u5e95\u8f6c\u578b\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t